ILLUMINATION SCHEMES

FLOOD LIGHTING
STADIUM LIGHTING
STAGE LIGHTING
Ass. By, Prof. Abdul Qadir
Chang

(GL) Sheeraz Ali– K16EL-07 (AGL) Muzamil - K16EL-55

Ashok K. Keswani- K16EL-70 Gul Mohd. Shah- K16EL-11
Mohd. Nouman- K16EL-04 Hussain Shah- K15-16EL-66
|| Lighting Schemes ||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||

Lighting Schemes
Direct lighting
Indirect lighting
Semi direct lighting
Semi indirect lighting
General lighting
DIRECT LIGHTING
|| DIRECT LIGHTING ||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

As is clear from the name, in

this system almost 90 to 95 %
light falls directly on the object
or the surface. The light is
made to fall upon the surface
with the help of deep reflectors.
Such type of lighting scheme is
most used in industries and
commercial lighting. Although
this scheme is most efficient but
it is liable to cause glare and
shadows.
INDIRECT LIGHTING
|| INDIRECT LIGHTING ||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

In this system, the light does not

fall directly on the surface but more
than 90 % of light is directed
upwards by using diffusing
reflectors. Here the ceiling acts as a
source of light and this light is
uniformly distributed over the
surface and glare is reduced to
minimum. It provides shadow less
illumination which is useful for
drawing offices and composing
rooms. It is also used for decoration
purposes in cinema halls, hotels etc.
SEMI DIRECT
LIGHTING
|| SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

This is also an efficient system of

lighting and chances of glare are
also reduced. Here transparent type
shades are used through which
about 60 % light is directed
downward and 40 % is directed
upward.

This also provides a uniform

distribution of light and is best
suited for room with high ceilings.
SEMI INDIRECT
LIGHTING
|| SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

In this system about 60 to 90 % of

total light is thrown upward to the
ceiling for diffused reflection and
the rest reaches the working plane
directly.

A very small amount of light is

absorbed by the bowl.

It is mainly used for interior

decoration.
GENERAL LIGHTING
|| GENERAL LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

This system employs such type of luminaries, shades

and reflectors which give equal illumination in all the
directions.
|| DESIGNING |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||
P O W E

 Design of Indoor Light Scheme

F R O M

While designing a good lighting schemes, the

following points must be kept in mind :
1. It should provide adequate illumination.
2. It should provides uniformly distributed
light fall over working plane.
3. It should avoid glare and shadows as far as
possible.
4. It should provide light of suitable colors.
|| DESIGNING |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||
P O W E

 Fctors required for Light Scheme

F R O M

The following factors are required to be

considered while designing the lighting
scheme :
1. Illumination level
2. Quality of light
3. Co efficient of utilization
4. Depreciation factor
5. Space height ratio
|| ILLUMINATION LEVEL|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

This is the most vital factor in deciding the number

and wattage of luminaries so that we are able to see
and recognize the object properly.

Colors of the body have the property of reflecting

the light in different proportions, degree of
illumination, its distance from the viewer, contrast
between the object to be seen and its surroundings.
|| ILLUMINATION LEVEL|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

Type of work recommended illumination level

 Offices 100-400 lumens/ meter square
 Schools 250-400 lumens/ meter square
 Industry 1000 lumens/ meter square
 Shops 250-500 lumens/ meter square
 Hotels 80-100 lumens/ meter square
 Hospitals 250-3500 lumens/ meter square
|| QUALITY OF LIGHT |||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

This means that the illumination should not be

harmful to the viewers. It should be glare free,
shadow less and contrast free. Direct glare from the
source of light is most common factor. Presence of
polished and glassy surface will cause indirect glare
unless diffused light is used.

Hard and long shadows can be avoided by using a

large number of lamps and adjusting the mounting
height.
|| Co-efficient of Utilization |||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

A surface to be illuminated receive light either

directly from the lamps or reflected from the ceiling
and walls or both. In this case, the total flux
reaching the surface will never be equal to the flux
emitted by the lamp, due to absorption by
reflectors, ceiling and walls.

Utilization factor =
lumens reaching at the working Place
total lumens emitted by the source

Usually it varies from 0.5 to 0.8.

|| DEPRICIATION FACTOR |||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

The total flux emitted by the source and its fitting

may be reduced due to deposition of dust upon the
surfaces. Similarly quantity of light reflected from
the ceiling and walls also decreases with the passage
of time. This is called as depreciation facto.

Usually it varies from 1.3 to 1.6.

|| SPACE HEIGHT RATIO ||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

The ratio of space (horizontal distance ) between the

two adjacent lamps to the vertical height of the
lamps above the working plane is called space
height ratio.

So the distance between the lamps is not too much.

An ideal scheme could be when there is large
number of small size lamps are used also it increases
the cost of installation.

So the space height ratio is 1 to 1.5.

FLOOD LIGHTING
|| FLOOD LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

Flood lighting means flooding of large surface with

light from powerful projectors.
|| FLOOD LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

It is employed to serve one or more of the following

purpose :
• Aesthetic flood : For enhancing beauty of building
at night such as public place , ancient building and
monument , religious building on important festival
occasion, etc.

• Industrial and commercial flood: For illuminating

railway yards, sport stadium, car parking,
construction sites , quarries, etc. • Advertising : for
illuminating advertisement boards and showcases.
|| FLOOD LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

• Advertising : for illuminating advertisement

boards and showcases.
• For flood lighting, it is necessary to concentrate
light from light source into relatively narrow beam.
• The particular type of reflector and it’s housing
4

used for concentrating the light into narrow beam is

known as flood-light projector.
• It may be robust and weatherproof.
• The reflecting surface may be made of silvered
glass or chromium plate or stainless steel.
|| PROJECTORS CLASSIFICATION|||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

Projector are classified according to the beam

spread:
1. Narrow beam projector with beam spread
between 12 -25 . these area used for distance
beyond 70 meter.
2. Medium angle projector: projectors with beam
spread between 25 – 40 . These are used for distance
between 30 to 70 meters.
3. Wide angle projectors : projectors with beam
spread between 40 – 90 .these are used for distance
below 30 meters.
|| PROJECTORS LOCATION |||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

The Symmetric projector sectors kept 20 to 35

meters away from the surface to be floodlighted and
providing approximate parallel beam having beam
spread of 20 – 30.

The unsymmetrical reflector mounted in a basement

area or on a bracket attached to the building is used
which directs more intense light towards the top of
the building.
|| PROJECTORS LOCATION |||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

The Symmetric projector sectors kept 20 to 35

meters away from the surface to be floodlighted and
providing approximate parallel beam having beam
spread of 20 – 30.

The unsymmetrical reflector mounted in a basement

area or on a bracket attached to the building is used
which directs more intense light towards the top of
the building.
|| STADIUM LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

LED stadium lights are the perfect high efficiency

lighting solution for any sport application. The high
quality of light emitted from LED sports lighting
fixtures allows for an improved fan experience and
increased safety.
|| STADIUM LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

THE LIGHTING SYSTEMS USED IN STADIUM

LIGHTS:

Metal Halide Lamp: A metal halide lamp is a type

of high intensity discharge light that produces
bright light (in blue and white spectrums). Since the
1960s, metal halides have been used in a number of
applications – from sports fields to retail stores.
Their ability to produce bright, white light, their
relatively long lifespan, and their high luminous
efficacy made them the go-to lighting choice for
years.
|| STADIUM LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

LED: LED lights have a very high color rendering

index (80 and above) which means they bring out
the true colors of objects very well. They are also
available in a variety of color temperatures to fit
different applications.
Because LEDs consume very little electricity, they
can be powered by solar and decrease demand on
the power grid.
|| STADIUM LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTS TO STADIUMS

They Help Teams to Cut Down Energy Costs

Safe for People and the Environment

Controllable Light Output

Perfect for Broadcasting

They Improve the Game

|| STADIUM LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

There are three type of classes:

|| STAGE LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

Stage lighting is the craft of lighting as it applies to

the production of theater, dance, opera, and other
performance arts.
|| STAGE LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

Several different types of stage lighting instruments

are used in this discipline. In addition to basic
lighting, modern stage lighting can also include
special effects, such as lasers and fog machines.
People who work on stage lighting are commonly
referred to as lighting technicians or lighting
designers.

The equipment used for stage lighting (e.g., cabling,

dimmers, lighting instruments, controllers)
|| STAGE LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

Functions of Stage lighting:

Selective visibility
Mood
Focus
Location & Time
Projection (Stage)
Composition
Effect
Transition
|| STAGE LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

Types of Stage lighting:

Profile:
These fixtures feature a compound lens which
allows the designer to place obstructions within the
image path which are then projected. These
obstructions could be "gobos" or shutters. A profile
is a spot light, but allows for precise focusing. This
term is mostly used in the United Kingdom and
Europe, as "profile spots" in the United States and
Canada are referred to as "ERS,
|| STAGE LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

Types of Stage lighting:

Profile:
These fixtures feature a compound lens which
allows the designer to place obstructions within the
image path which are then projected. These
obstructions could be "gobos" or shutters. A profile
is a spot light, but allows for precise focusing. This
term is mostly used in the United Kingdom and
Europe, as "profile spots" in the United States and
Canada are referred to as "ERS,
|| STAGE LIGHTING |||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

Types of Stage lighting:

Fresnel:
A typical moving light allows the designer to control
the position, color, shape, and strobing of the light
beam created. This can be used for exciting effects
for the entertainment or dance floor use. Moving
lights are also often used instead of having a large
number of "generic" lights. This is because one
moving light can do the work of several generics.
|| THANKS |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||

THAT’S ALL
THANKS ALL