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2004
 Spotting patterns
• L.O.: • H.W:
1- To identify the physical • 1-Name the least
and the chemical properties. reactive metal in group
1
2- Spotting patterns and
trends ascross periods and • 2- How many outer
down groups. shell electrons in:
3- Electron arrangement in • Group 1
shells. • Group 2
2- Keywords: • Draw an atomic
• properties. diagram for Mg.
• shells
•
Periodic Law
The periodic recurrence of elements with similar
physical and chemical properties, when the
elements are listed in order of increasing atomic
number, results directly from the periodic
recurrence of similar electronic configurations in
the outer shells of respective atoms
Arrangement of electrons
 Valence electrons
• Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost electron shell of
an element. Sometimes, it is also regarded as the basis of Modern 
Periodic Table. In a period, the number of valence electrons increases
as we move from left to right side. However, in a group this periodic
trend is constant, that is the number of valence electrons remains the
same.
The trend in boiling point in periods 2&3 elements
• A graph to show how atomic number affects the atomic mass- this data
will allow the chemist to predict the state of the element at room
temperature
• As you move from the top to the bottom of the periodic
table, you’ll find a rough correlation exists between the
atomic mass of elements and their boiling points. Lighter
elements such as hydrogen and helium tend to have very low
boiling points, and elements with greater atomic mass boil at
higher temperatures. The atomic mass affects the forces
between atoms, which in turn determine boiling points.
• London Forces
• Attractive forces between atoms in a substance affect its boiling point. The stronger the force, the harder it is to “pry” atoms
apart from each other and turn them into a gas; elements with high boiling points require more heat energy to separate the
atoms. Chemists call this attraction the London Dispersion force; it is produced by the random motions of electrons in atoms,
where one side of an atom is momentarily more negative than the other, attracting other atoms with the opposite electric
charge. Although London forces are weak compared to other bonding forces, they strongly influence melting and boiling points.

• Atomic Mass
• Most periodic tables list the atomic mass and atomic number for every element. The atomic mass is the number of protons and
neutrons added together. As elements have isotopes having different numbers of neutrons, the periodic table gives an average
mass. The atomic number is simply the number of protons, which is a constant for each element. The table starts with the lowest
atomic numbers at the top left and has the highest at the bottom right. Atomic masses increase as atomic numbers do, so the
two are strongly linked.

• Periodic Column Trend

• As you progress downwards in the periodic table along a given column, the atomic mass tends to increase along with the boiling
point. For example, in the column for noble gases, helium, at the very top, has a boiling point of minus 269 degrees Celsius
(minus 452 degrees Fahrenheit). Progressing towards the bottom, the element krypton boils at minus 152 degrees Celsius (minus
242 degrees Fahrenheit). Radon, at the bottom of the column, boils at minus 62 degrees Celsius (minus 79 degrees Fahrenheit) --
warmer by 207 degrees Celsius (404 degrees Fahrenheit).

• Exceptions to the Trend

• You won’t find an absolute correlation between atomic mass and boiling point; several exceptions contradict the rule. For
example, carbon, which has a relatively modest atomic mass of about 12, also has the highest boiling point of any element --
3,825 degrees Celsius (6,917 degrees Fahrenheit) -- due to the strong covalent bonds between atoms. Beryllium also has an
exceptionally high boiling point at 2,471 degrees Celsius (4,480 degrees Fahrenheit) with a low atomic mass of 9. Another
exception is the metal mercury, with a relatively low boiling point of 356.73 degrees Celsius (674.11 degrees Fahrenheit) despite
a hefty atomic mass of 200.6.