What I Need To Know

(Objectives)
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. enumerate the types of weathering;
2. describe how rocks undergo weathering;
3. identify the two primary internal sources provide
heat for the Earth;
 What I Need To Know
(Objectives)
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
4. compare and contrast the two primary heat
sources of the Earth;
5. identify the different types of magma according
to the content and formation; and
6. explain the process of magma formation.
What I Know (Pre-T
 1. At the earth’s center the temperature
may reach up to _________.

A 5,000K B 7,000K

C 9,000K D 10,000K

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 2. What do you call to the rate of increasing
temperature with respect to increasing depth in the
Earth’s interior?

Geothermal
A Residual Heat B Energy
Geothermal
C Primordial Heat D Gradient
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 3. It refers to the transfer of energy as heat from
one substance to another.

A Conduction B Convection

C Heat D
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 4. What is the process by which air or other matter
rises or sinks because of variation or difference in
temperature?

A Conduction B Convection

C Heat D
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 5. Which of the following refers to the process at or
near Earth’s surface that causes rocks and minerals to
break down?

A Decomposition B Erosion

C Disintegration D Weathering

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 6. Which of the following is the type of weathering
wherein rocks are broken down into smaller pieces but
retain its physical composition?

Mechanical Chemical
A weathering B weathering
Biological
C weathering D Both a and b

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 7. Which of the following is the term used to
describe the broken fragments of rocks?

A Clasts B Minerals

C Pebbles D Sand

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 8. Rocks that contain both water and
water-containing minerals.

A Andesite B Basalt

C Rhyolite D Granite

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 9. The type of magma formed by
melting of the continental crust.

A Basaltic magma B Andesitic magma

C Rhyolitic magma D Felsic magma

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 10. Which of the following magmas has the
lowest viscosity and therefore flows the fastest?

A Felsic B Intermediate

C Mafic D Ultramafic

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What’s In
(Review of the previo
lesson)
 1. Malampaya is one of the fossil fuel reservoirs of the
Philippines situated at the island of Palawan. What
type of fossil fuel is harnessed in it?

A Biomass B Coal

C Natural Gas D Oil

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 2. Which of the following fossil fuel is formed
from organic materials which are mostly algae?

A Biomass B Coal

C Natural Gas D Oil

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 3. Why is coal considered as non-
renewable energy source?
Because it is
A sustainable.
Because it takes millions
C of years to form.
Because it is
B expensive to mine.
Because it can be
D regenerated or replaced.

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 4. Which of the following processes involved
crushing and grinding of mineral ore?

A Analysis B Comminution

C Dewatering D Sampling

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 5. Which of the following mining
methods is applicable in mining gravel?

A Dredging B Open-pit mining

Underground
C Strip mining D mining
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What’s New
(Introduction of the new
lesson)
A. Do you ever wonder how rocks break down into
sediments? What natural processes do you think is
involve to change the shape of Earth’s surface?
Fireworks exploding

PC CC
 Digesting food

PC CC
 Digesting food

PC CC
Rusting of metal

PC CC
Burning plastics

PC CC
Filling a balloon with natural air

PC CC
Cutting of woods

PC CC
 Baking cakes

PC CC
Making sand castle

PC CC
 Frying an egg

PC CC
 Melting ice

PC CC
C. Do you still remember how the 3 layers of the earth
look like? Draw the Earth’s 3 major layers. Give the
names of each layer by putting labels in the
illustration.
What Is It (Lesson
Proper)
eathering of rocks
Weathering is a
process wherein rocks and
minerals are broken down and
dissolved on the Earth’s surface
(National Geographic, 2018).
 acids plant
ice
s
Weathe
ring
wate anim
salts
 Weathe
ring
disintegra decompos
tion ition
Disintegration is a
process that describes how large
masses of rocks and
mechanically broken down into
smaller chunks or fragments.
Decomposition is a
process that describes changes
in the chemical composition of
rocks to form new products.
The weathered rocks and other
products of weathering such as
clasts (broken fragments of
rocks) are transported elsewhere
in a process called erosion.
 Weathe
ring
mechanic
chemical
al
Mechanical weathering
involves the disintegration of
rocks causing it to break while
retaining its chemical properties.
 Thermal
expansion
and
contractio
Mechan Freeze-
thaw
n
ical
Weathe
unload
ing
ring
hydrat Salt
crystal
ion growth
a. Unloading – It is caused by the
expansion of the upper portion of a
block intrusive igneous
rock. It is common
for granitic rocks and
rocks that lack
internal bedding.
b.Thermal Expansion and
Contraction – High temperature causes
rock to expand while low temperature
causes rocks to contract.
c. Freeze-Thaw Weathering (ice
wedging) –water penetrates into rock
cracks. As temperature drops, the water
freezes and expands
causing the widening of cracks.
d. Salt crystal growth – This is common
in rocks near seawater. Water that contains
dissolved salt penetrates into cracks and
crevices. As temperature rise, water will
evaporate leaving the salt inside it.
e. Hydration – is the result of the
absorption or combination of water and a
particular substance on the rock, leading to
a change in shape.
The volume of rocks increases through
hydration.
Chemical weathering is a
type of weathering caused by
changes in chemical properties
of minerals and rocks.
Carbonat
ion
chemica Soluti
on
l
Weathe
Oxidat
ion
ring Hydroly
sis
a. Oxidation – is the process in which
oxygen reacts with the rock and changes
its mineral composition. The greatest
impact of this process is observed on
ferrous minerals.
b. Carbonation – decomposes rocks
through the aid of water and carbon
dioxide. This process results in the
enlargement of rocks and removal of
lime, which holds the particles together.
c. Solution – mineral-forming ions are
dissociated and are carried away in the water.
Some rocks containing mineral that are insoluble
or slightly insoluble undergoes solution process
when water is acidic. Lichens and mosses aid in
the solution process of such types of rocks by
secreting acidic substances that readily mix with
water from precipitation.
d. Hydrolysis – is a reaction in which
chemical bonds are broken down by the
addition of water. Example of hydrolysis is
turning feldspar into clay.
 Rock
ROCK
TYPE Variabili struct
ure
ty of
Weather
Climat ing topogr
e time aphy
a. Climate – areas that are cold and dry
tend to have slow rates of chemical
weathering and weathering is mostly
physical; chemical weathering is most
active in areas with high temperature
and rainfall.
b. Rock Type – some rocks contain
minerals that are highly susceptible to
weathering while there are rocks that
contain minerals that are highly
resistant to weathering.
c. Rock Structure– rate of weathering is
affected by the presence of joints, folds, faults,
bedding planes through which agents of
weathering enter a rock mass. Highly
jointed/fractured rocks disintegrate faster than
a solid mass of rock of the same dimension.
d. Topography – Physical weathering
occurs more quickly to highly elevated areas
with steep slope due to the help of gravity. In
areas with gentle slopes, water may stay
longer on the surface which causes chemical
weathering to occur more quickly.
e. Time – the length of exposure to agents
of weathering affects the rate of erosion.
ources of heat
Geothermal gradient is
defined as the rate of
increasing temperature with
respect to increasing depth in
the Earth’s interior.
 Sources
of
internal
primordia heat
20%
radioactiv
80%
l heat e heat
U- U-
238 major heat- 235
producing
isotopes
K- TH-
40 232
 three
mechanism
s of heat
transfer
CONV
COND
ECTIO RADIA
UCTIO
N TION
N
1.Conduction is the transfer of
energy as heat from one substance to
another. Solid substances where
molecules are closely packed are
relatively good conductors.
2.Convection is the process by
which air or other matter rises or
sinks because of variation or
difference in temperature. This
occurs when gases or liquids are
heated unevenly.
3.Radiation is the direct result of
random movements of atoms and
molecules in matter. The sun is a
clear example of heat radiation that
transfer heat across the solar system.
Geothermal gradient is
defined as the rate of
increasing temperature with
respect to increasing depth in
the Earth’s interior.
Formation of
magma
 three
types of
magma
based on how they are formed
basal rhyoli andesit
tic ic
tic
1.Basaltic magma is formed
by the dry partial melting
of the mantle. The mantle is
located just below the
Earth’s crust.
Basalts are rocks that make
up most of the ocean’s crust;
therefore, basaltic magma is
normally found in oceanic
volcanoes.
2. Rhyolitic magma on the other
hand forms because of wet melting
of the continental crust. Rhyolites
are rocks that contain water and
water-containing minerals, such as
biotite.
3. Andesitic magma is formed
through the wet partial melting of
the mantle. The mantle under the
ocean has contact with water.
intermed
iate three mafic
types of
magma
based from the amount of silica they contain
ultram
felsic afic
1. Felsic magma has the
highest silica content of all.
Because of this, felsic magma
has the highest gas content and
viscosity but has the lowest
average temperature.
2. Intermediate magmas have
higher silica content than that
of mafic magma. Because of
this, intermediate magma has
higher gas content and higher
viscosity.
2. Intermediate magma. This is
more gaseous and sticky lava has
the tendency to violently explode
and cools as andesite rock.
3. Mafic magma has relatively
low silica content but has high
iron and magnesium content.
This magma both has low gas
content and viscosity.
4.At present, the planet is too cool
for ultramafic magma to form
which is most likely a positive thing
since ultramafic magma would be
the hottest and most viscous
magma, among others.
 Special Conditions
Required for the
Formation of Magma
a. Crust and mantle are almost
entirely solid, indicating that
magma only forms in special places
where pre-existing solid rocks
undergo melting.
 Special Conditions
Required for the
Formation of Magma
b. Melting due to decrease in pressure
(decompression melting): The
decrease in pressure affecting a hot
mantle rock at a constant temperature
permits melting forming magma.
 Special Conditions
Required for the
Formation of Magma
c. Melting as a result of the addition of
volatiles (flux melting): When volatiles mix
with hot, dry rock, the volatile decreases
the rock’s melting point and they help break
the chemical bonds in the rock to allow
melting.
 Special Conditions
Required for the
Formation of Magma
d. Melting resulting from heat transfer from
rising magma (heat transfer melting): A
rising magma from the mantle brings heat
with it that can melt the surrounding rocks
at the shallower depths.