WEATHERING

1. Which of these statements are true about mechanical weathering?

1. breaks rock material into smaller pieces
2. changes the chemical composition of rocks
3. moss growing on the wall fence creates crack on the walls
4. beach rock gets hot in daytime and cools in the evening thus creating fracture on the rock
a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 1 and 4 d. 2 and 3
2. Which of the following activities has resulted in an increased rate of chemical weathering through
acidification?
a. The production of SO2 and NO in the atmosphere that combine with rain to form acids.
b. The release of too much carbon dioxide in the air that turn rain into weak acid.
c. The disintegration of rocks during construction and mining
d. The growth of plant roots on the rock crack.
3. Which is not included in the group?
a. abrasion b. acidification c. carbonation d. hydration
4. In which of the following climates will chemical weathering be most rapid?
a. hot and dry b. cold and dry c. hot and humid d. cold and humid
5. Which of the following do not describe weathering?
I. The process by which rocks are broken during severe weather
II. The process by which rocks are formed by heat and pressure
III. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down
IV. The process by which rocks are chemically strengthened due to exposure to heat and pressure
a. I, II and III b. I, II and IV c. I, III and IV d. II, III and IV
6. How does gravity contribute to weathering?
a. by expansion of rocks c. by creating holes in rocks
b. by abrasion of the rocks d. by splitting rocks particles
7. Which of the following is an example of biological weathering?
a. Freeze- thaw c. Abrasion due to the movement of glaciers
b. Wind blowing sand onto a rock d. Plant that grows on the cracks of the rocks
8. What happens to pieces of rock as they are transported by a river?
a. smaller and more jagged c. much larger and rounder
b. gets larger and more jagged d. they get smaller and rounder
9. In hydration, water is an active agent of chemical weathering. What happens when water loosely
combines with the
minerals of the rock?
a. cements minerals of the rock together c. transports the rock into a lower altitude
b. converts the mineral into another kind d. breaks down the molecular binding of the minerals
10. Which type of rocks tends to weather more rapidly through the hydrolysis process?
a. Rocks that contain iron. c. Rocks that contain feldspar.
b. Rocks that contain quartz. d. Rocks that are impermeable.
11. Which is an example of oxidation?
a. Some of the minerals get dissolved in water.
b. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time.
c. The joints enlarge in size and lime is removed in the solution.
d. Due to the absorption of water by rocks, its volume increases.
12. What are the two things that affect the rate of weathering?
a. rain and ice
b. time and date
c. type of rock and climate
d. size of rock and time of the year
13. Which of the following best describes chemical weathering?
a. The process by which rocks are broken down by physical forces
b. The process by which rocks are broken down by chemical means
c. The process by which rocks are broken down by anthropogenic activities
d. all of these
14. Weak organic acids are produced by the action of the growing root of lichens. These acids react
with some minerals
in rocks resulting in the decomposition of rocks. How will you classify this process?
a. Physical weathering
b. Chemical weathering
c. biological weathering through physical means
d. biological weathering through chemical compounds
15. Which of the following conditions promotes slow chemical weathering?
a. fracturing
b. thick soil
c. high amount of rainfall
d. cold temperatures

EARTHS INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES

1. As you move from the surface of Earth to the inner core, what happens to the temperature?
A. It increases. B. It decreases. C. It stays the same. D. It increases, then decreases.
2. As you move from the surface of Earth to the inner core, what happens to the density of the
materials of each layer?
A. Density increases C. Density stays the same
B. Density decreases D. Density increases, then decreases
3. What prevents the iron and other minimal amount of some elements in the core from melting?
A. Density B. Pressure C. Temperature D. Vapor
4. Why do some isotopes play a minor role in the production of heat in the interior of the earth?
A. Due to its abundance in the core C. Due to chemical stability
B. Due to the heat it releases D. Due to its high energy capacity
5. Heat flows from the different layers to the earth. What type of heat transport occurs between the
mantle and the core?
A. Conduction B. Convection C. Radiation D. Sublimation
6. Which of the following is an isotope that is present in the core of the earth?
A. Uranium – 235 B. Uranium – 253 C. Uranium – 523 D. Uranium – 325
7. Which of the following pertains to the spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus resulting in
the release of energy
and matter from the nucleus?
A. Convection B. Gravitational pressure C. Radiation D. Radioactive decay
8. As you move from the surface of Earth to the inner core, what happens to the pressure?
A. It increases B. It decreases C. It stays the same D. It increases, then decreases
9. Why is earth considered as a thermal engine?
A. The main source of internal energy is the sun.
B. The main source of heat comes from the produced decay of some naturally occurring isotopes
from its interior.
C. The moon gives energy to earth and convert it to thermal energy.
D. The pressure of the materials in the crust causes materials to be molten.
10. Why does Earth’s internal heat builds up due to gravitational pressure?
A. Because there is no escape of heat from Earth’s surface
B. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is less than the heat generated
C. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is greater than the heat generated
D. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is equal than the heat generated
11. How did Earth generate heat on its early stage of formation?
A. By radioactive decay C. By absorption of solar energy
B. By gravitational pressure D. By collision of the masses of gas and dust
12. Which of the following sentences in incorrect?
A. As someone goes down the center of the earth, the pressure increases, thus, the temperature
increases.
B. As someone goes down the center of the earth, the density of the materials increases, thus, the
temperature increases.
C. Due to radioactive decay in the center of the Earth, the planet is cooling off.
D. There are remains of primordial heat of the Earth.
13. The heat escaping from the core also makes material move around in different layers of the
planet. Which of the
following will best describe the given sentence?
A. It is true. C. It depends upon the layer of the Earth.
B. It is false. D. It cannot be determined due to the composition of Earth.
14. How do radioactive isotopes emit heat energy and contribute to Earth’s internal heat?
A. By pressure freezing
B. By gravitational pressure
C. By preserving the primordial heat
D. By spontaneous radioactive decay
15. Which of the following is the main source of Earth’s internal heat?
A. Primordial heat
B. Radioactive elements
C. Gravitational pressure
D. Dense core material

PLUTONISM AND VOLCANISM

1. How does decompression melting occur?
A. It occurs when the temperature decreases directly proportional to pressure.
B. It occurs when the temperature increases inversely proportional to pressure.
C. It occurs when the temperature is constant but the pressure decreases.
D. It occurs when the temperature is constant but the pressure increases.
2. How is magma formed?
A. Magma is formed through movement of rocks and minerals.
B. Magma is formed under the earth’s mantle through solar radiation.
C. Magma is formed through heating and cooling of materials on the earth’s surface
D. Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special location deep in the crust or in the upper
mantle.
3. What happens after magma is formed?
1. Magma escapes by intrusion.
2. Magma escapes by extrusion.
3. Magma escapes to the bodies of water.
4. Magma escapes through a magma chamber.
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1, 2 and 4 C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4
4. Which geologic process takes place inside cracks and infiltrates the upper mantle allowing liquids
and gases to reach
the surface of the earth?
A. Hydration B. Plutonism C. Tectonic D. Volcanism
5. Magma varies widely in composition. Which among the following is the most abundant element
composition in
magma?
A. Aluminum B. Oxygen C. Silicon D. Sodium
6. What is the tendency of a magma with high silica content?
A. It tends to be hotter.
B. It tends to be less viscous.
C. It tends to be more viscous.
D. It tends to be less explosive.
7. Which of the following statements describe volcanism?
1. A geological phenomena that occur on the surface of the earth
2. The motion takes place inside cracks that infiltrate the upper mantle
3. The process where magma infiltrates the crust but fails to make it to the surface
4. A process correlated with the flow and transportation of igneous towards the surface
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1, 2 and 4 C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4
8. What is the effect of the magma’s viscosity on volcanic eruption?
A. It becomes less explosive.
B. It becomes more explosive.
C. It has less magma emission.
D. It has more magma emission.
9. Which of the following statements do not describe plutonism?
1. A geological phenomena that occur on the surface of the earth
2. A motion that takes place inside cracks that infiltrate the upper mantle
3. A process where magma infiltrates the crust but fails to make it to the surface
4. A process correlated with the flow and transportation of igneous material towards the surface
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1, 2 and 4 C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4
10. Which igneous rock formation is produced when the process of crystallization takes place on the
Earth’s surface?
A. Andesite B. Granite C. Plutonites D. Volcanites
11.When does metallogenesis occur?
A. If magma reach Earth’s surface.
B. If magma differentiation occurs.
C. If magma infiltrates but fail to make it to the Earth’s surface.
D. If magma infiltrates but fail to make it to the Earth’s surface and magma differentiation occurs
12. What happened during flux melting?
A. Rock’s melting point is reduced by adding some oxygen or carbon dioxide.
B. Rock’s melting point is increased by adding some water or carbon dioxide.
C. Rock’s melting point is reduced by adding some water or carbon dioxide.
D. Rock’s melting point is increased by adding some oxygen or carbon dioxide.
13. What temperature and pressure conditions allow magma to form?
A. low pressure and high temperature
B. low pressure and low temperature
C. high pressure and low temperature
D. high pressure and high temperature
14. Why does partial melting of rocks on mantle occur?
A. Because rocks are pure materials.
B. Because rocks are made of metals.
C. Because rocks are made up of silicates.
D. Because rocks composition has different melting points.
15. Which of the following factors affect the melting of rocks?
A. temperature and pressure
B. pressure and minerals components of a rock
C. temperature and minerals components of a rock
D. temperature, pressure and minerals components of a rock
METAMORPHISM
1. Which of the following statements about metamorphism of a shale is false?
a. With increasing metamorphism, foliation develops
b. With increasing metamorphism, the amount of water decreases
c. With increasing metamorphism, the clay minerals breakdown to form micas
d. With increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the minerals gets smaller
2. Which of the following has the correct set of major agents of metamorphism?
a. Temperature and pressure
b. Pressure and tectonic forces
c. Temperature and mineral fluids
d. Hydrothermal fluids and pressure
3. Which of the following correctly describes the major role of pressure in producing metamorphic
rocks?
a. Pressure leads to foliation in the rock
b. Pressure decreases the size of mineral crystals
c. Pressure leads to mineralogical changes in the rock.
d. Pressure facilitates change in mineral composition of the rock.
4. What type of metamorphic rock will form if a mud rock experiences high-grade metamorphism?
a. Gneiss
b. Phyllite
c. Schist
d. Slate
5. Granite is an igneous rock that are formed through slow solidification of magma; accordingly, it
does not change very
much at lower metamorphic grades. Why is this so?
a. Granite minerals are still stable at lower temperatures.
b. Granite, like any other igneous rocks is geologically impossible to become a parent rock of
metamorphic rock.
c. Granite remains largely unchanged at lower metamorphic grades because its surrounding
environment is constantly stable.
d. All of the above.
6. What process contributes to metamorphism of oceanic crust at a spreading ridge?
a. Dissolved minerals in the water confined within the rocks react with the heat and triggers
chemical reaction.
b. Heat coming out from hydrothermal vents under the ocean heats up the rock and forms
recrystallization of the original mineral
content of the rock.
c. Minerals present in the ocean water percolates through the rocks and deposits the minerals
within the rocks while replacing
other minerals.
d. Interaction of plates below the spreading oceanic crust creates horizontal movements and deform
the rocks within leading to
formations of foliations and cracks.
7. While walking, Daniel picked up a rock that have been washed up on the beach. Noticing that it
has wavy bands of light
and dark colored minerals, he claimed that the rock is a metamorphic rock. Which of the following
inferences about its
formation is the most correct?
a. Pressure was the main agent in rock’s formation which aligned the minerals into new orientation.
b. The rock was formed through high-pressure made by the impact of large body into the Earth’s
surface.
c. The minerals in the rocks were altered through recrystallization changing their size into large
crystals.
d. The bands in the rock was formed through deposition of minerals from the hot fluids that
surround it during formation process.
8. Which of the following is the source of increase of temperature and pressure in regional
metamorphism?
a. Impact metamorphism
b. Local intrusive heat source
c. Increased rate of radioactive decay
d. Increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial
9. Which of the following metamorphic rocks can NOT form from a shale?
a. hornfels
b. marble
c. schist
d. slate
10. On a local field trip, a group of students noticed that they are walking across a path made of
rocks that starts from a
shale into a slate and into a phyllite. What can you infer to the direction taken by the students in
relation the grades of
metamorphic rocks?
a. It follows a decreasing metamorphic grade.
b. It indicates an increasing metamorphic grade.
c. It indicates an increasing degree of contact metamorphism.
d. It shows an in decreasing degree to regional metamorphism.
11. In which geographic area will there be a highest potential for regional metamorphism?
a. In the Philippine trench
b. Near an igneous intrusion
c. At the core of the Himalayas
d. Mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean
12. Which of the following does NOT belong to the group?
a. Gneiss
b. Hornfels
c. Marble
d. Quartzite
13. Blueschist metamorphism takes place within subduction zones. What is the temperature and
pressure characteristics
of this geological setting?
a. Low temperature and pressure
b. High temperature and pressure
c. Low temperature and high pressure
d. High temperature and low pressure
14. How does the presence of a hot pluton contribute to metasomatism?
i. A hot pluton heats the surrounding water, causing groundwater to circulate around the rocks.
ii. Magma within the pluton is the source of minerals that see through the rocks and cause chemical
exchange.
iii. The heat coming from pluton heats up the rock and triggers recrystallization of its original
minerals
a. Only i is correct
b. Only ii is correct
c. i and ii are correct
d. All are correct
15. The diagram below shows microscopic illustration of minerals of certain sedimentary rock
(parent rock) which is
subjected to high pressure and temperature underground forming a foliated metamorphic rock.

What type of metamorphism occurs in the given illustration?

a. Burial metamorphism
b. Contact metamorphism
c. Regional metamorphism
d. Shock metamorphism

ROCKS BEHAVIORS UNDER STRESS

1. Ava plays a clay bar. She pushed the two sides of the clay bar using equal force from her hands on
the same axis.
What type of stress did she exerted on the clay bar?
A. Compressional stress
B. Direct stress
C. Shear stress
D. Tensional stress
2. How does the bar of clay behave after the application of stress in item no. 1?
A. The clay bar will lengthen.
B. The clay bar will break apart.
C. The clay bar will fold or fracture.
D. The clay bar will be pulled apart.
3. Mountains are a result of high-impact stress caused when two plates collided. What kind of stress
caused it to form?
A. compressional stress B. rock stress C. shear stress D. tensional stress
4. Which of the following type of stress is exerted in convergent plate boundaries?
A. Compressional stress B. Direct stress C. Shear stress D. Tensional stress
5. Which of the following location are shear stress commonly occur?
A. Combine plate boundaries
B. Convergent plate boundaries
C. Divergent plate boundaries
D. Transform plate boundaries
6. What happened to the rocks under shear stress?
A. The rocks are squeezed.
B. The rocks fold or fracture.
C. The rocks are pulled apart.
D. The rock walls slip to each other on opposite direction.
7. Which of the following type of fault is found in divergent plate boundaries?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike Slip
D. Transverse

8. East African Rift formed by stress that causes the hanging wall to drop down. Which among the
type of fault did it
belongs?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike Slip
D. Transverse
9. A compressive stress was exerted on the rock layers forming a simple fold or bend. What is the
type of fold formed on
the rock layers?
A. Anticline
B. Incline
C. Monocline
D. Syncline
10. What will happen to the rock if it is exposed to a tension stress?
A. Rocks will be pulled apart
B. Rocks will be compressed
C. Rocks will fold or form fracture
D. Rocks will be squeezed together
11. What type of fold is formed when a compressive stress resulted to a landmass that arches
upward?
A. Anticline
B. Incline
C. Monocline
D. Syncline
12. What type of fault is shown on the illustration below?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike Slip
D. Transverse
13. Reverse fault formed through the stress that causes the hanging wall to move up. Which among
the following are the
result of this type of fault?
A. Himalayas
B. East African Rift
C. Marikina Fault
D. West Valley
14. Which of the following type of fault system creates the world’s highest mountain ranges?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike Slip
D. Transverse
15. Which of the following type of fault formed the San Andreas Fault?
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike Slip
D. Transverse

SEAFLOOR SPREADING
1. How did drilling samples show that sea-floor spreading really has taken place?
a. The ocean is changes in size and shape.
b. The molten materials cool and forms a strip of solid rocks in the center of the ridge.
c. The Atlantic Ocean only has a few short trenches, the spreading ocean floor has nowhere to go.
d. The further away from the ridge the samples were taken, the older the rocks were, the younger
rocks were always in the center
of the ridges.
2. In seafloor spreading, in which of the following parts does molten material rises from the mantle
and erupts or flows
out?
a. Along mid-ocean ridges
b. In the deep ocean trenches
c. In the north and south poles
d. Along the edges of all continents

3. Mr. Alvarez wants to make a research about the magnetic property of the sea floor. One day he
joined his friend inmaking a research. He noticed that he used a device that detect magnetic field.
What do you call that instrument?
a. geologist’s compass c. seismometer
b. magnetometer d. sonar

4. Which is not involved in the process of seafloor spreading?

a. magma c. it tends to happen near the edges of continents
b. mid-ocean ridges d. the newest rock is at the center of the mid-ocean ridges
5. How will you compare the age of the rocks in the seafloor?
a. both younger and older rocks are at the middle at the ridge
b. the younger rocks are at the left side, the older are at the right side
c. the younger rocks are in the middle at the ridge, the older are far from the ridge
d. the older rocks are in the middle at the ridge, the younger are far from the ridge
6. What are the evidences that support the theory of seafloor spreading?
a. Magma, magnetic strips, drilling sample
b. Deep ocean trench, mid-ridges, magnetic strips
c. Molten materials, magnetic polarity, abyssal plain
d. Molten materials, magnetic strips, drilling sample
7. What feature of seafloor is shallow, gradually sloping seabed around the edge of a continent and
has a depth less than
200 meters and can be thought of as the submerge edge of a continent?
a. Abyssal plain b. Continental shelf c. Continental slope d. Mid- ocean ridge
8. Which is the correct sequence on seafloor spreading
1. This forms new oceanic crust at the ridges
2. Magma moves up from the mantle and erupt as pillow lava.
3. Then the new oceanic crust forms, it pushes the older crust aside.
4. This crust eventually subducts at the deep ocean trenches and melt back into the mantle.
a. 2-1-3-4
b. 1-2-3-4
c. 3-1-4-2
d. 4-3-2-1
9. What device uses sound waves off underwater objects and then record the echoes of these sound
waves.
a. magnetometer b. geologist’s compass c. sonar d. seismometer
10. How was new oceanic crust formed?
a. when the ocean changes in size and shape.
b. when a deep valley along the ocean floor slowly sink towards the mantle.
c. when molten material erupts through the mid ocean ridge called seafloor spreading.
d. when molten material cools and forms strip of solid rocks in the center of the ridge.
11. Before the invention of sonar device, what was the belief of many people about the ocean floor?
a. an oblate spheroid. b. a perfect circle c. empty d. a flat surface
12. Who proposed that seafloor is spreading?
a. Alfred Wegener
b. Alfred Williams
c. Harry Hess
d. Harry Humphrey
13. Which of the following causes seafloor spreading?
a. Earthquakes and convection
b. Magma and convection
c. Magma and subduction
d. Volcanoes and earthquakes
14. What is the age of the oldest seafloor?
a. 1.8 million years
b. 180 million years
c. 4 billion years
d. 3 billion years
15. Which of the following provide evidences for seafloor spreading?
a. Explosive stratovolcanoes and rock drilling
b. Floating continents and the ages of continental rocks
c. The pattern of seafloor ages and the pattern of seafloor magnetic strips
d. The pattern of seafloor magnetic strip and the age of continental rocks

STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF OCEAN BASINS

1. Where does upwelling process most likely occur?

A. Abyssal plane B. Mid-oceanic ridge C. Seamount D. Trench
2. What happens during embryonic stage of ocean basin?
A. Formation of young to mature mountain belts
B. Formation of narrow seas with matching coasts
C. Formation of ocean basin with continental margins
D. Formation of complex system of linear rift valleys on continents
3. Which of the following is most likely to occur during juvenile stage of the ocean basin?
A. Formation of young to mature mountain belts
B. Formation of narrow seas with matching coasts
C. Formation of ocean basin with continental margins
D. Formation of complex system of linear rift valleys on continents
4. Which is an example of the ocean basin in mature stage?
A. Atlantic Ocean
B. East African Rift Valley
C. Pacific Ocean
D. Red Sea
5. An ocean basin formed a narrow, irregular seas with young mountains. What stage of the Wilson
cycle was exhibited?
A. Juvenile
B. Mature
C. Suturing
D. Terminal
6. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the Wilson Cycle?
I. Young to mature mountain belts 6
II. Narrow seas with matching coasts 2
III. Ocean basin with continental margins 3
IV. Narrow irregular seas with young mountains 5
V. Islands arcs and trenches around basin edge 4
VI. Complex system of linear rift valleys on continent 1
A. I, II, III, IV, V, VI
B. VI, V, IV, III, II, I
C. VI, II, III, V, IV, I
D. I, V, VI, IV, III, II
7. Which of the following is the best example of ocean basin in Suturing stage?
A. Atlantic Ocean B. Himalayas Mountains C. Pacific Ocean D. Red Sea
8. In which stage of ocean basin formation does divergence occur?
A. Juvenile and Mature B. Embryonic and Juvenile C. Mature and Declining D. Terminal and Suturing
9. Which of the following structure of the ocean basin is a partly shallow extension of the continent
underwater?
A. Continental rise B. Continental Shelf C. Continental slope D. Island
10. Which of the following best describes continental slope?
A. It is the flattest part of the ocean.
B. It where the ocean actually begins.
C. It starts from oceanic crust to continental crust.
D. It is part of the ocean basin that extends up from the ocean floor.
11. Which of the following is the deepest part of the ocean?
A. Abyssal plain B. Continental slope C. Seamount D. Trench
12. Which of the following refers to the seafloor mountain system?
A. Abyssal plain B. Continental slope C. Mid-oceanic ridge D. Trench
13. Why are undersea mountains flat?
A. because of earthquake
B. because of large marine animals
C. because of erosion caused by waves
D. because of large ships that pass through it
14. How will you categorize the stage of the ocean basin that formed island arcs and trenches
around basin edge?
A. Declining B. Embryonic C. Juvenile D. Mature
15. Which stage of ocean basin form a rift valley?
A. Declining B. Embryonic C. Suturing D. Terminal
MOVEMENTS OF PLATES