Linear momentum

 
 p
m

 
L in e a r m o m e n tu m : p  m 

m
Units : kg
s
Impulse
 
F ext is necessary for  p
 
Newton ' s 2 nd law Fext  m a
 
 υ  m υ
Fext  m 
t  t

 p
Fext  Impulse force
t
 
Impulse  J  Fext t
   
J  Fext t  p f  p i
Momentum and Impulse
 Momentum and impulse: problem solving Given:
A baseball with mass of 0.145kg is pitched at 20m/s. The player • m = 0.145kg
• v1 = 20m/s
hits the ball horizontally, so that the velocity of the ball
• v2 = 30m/s
immediately after the hit is 30m/s. The time of contact between • t = 0.001s
the ball and the bat is 0.001s
Find:
Q1. What is the average force applied to the baseball? •F=?
 
+  p f  mυ f
 
F t  p f  p i  
υf p i  mυi
 p  p
f i
υi F
t
0.145   30  20 
F  7250 N
0.001
Linear momentum of system of particles
    
P  p1  p 2  p 3  ....... p N

    
P  m1 v1  m 2 v 2  m 3 v 3  .......m N v N

 
P  MVCOM

 
dP dVCOM  
M  MaCOM  Fnet
dt dt
 Series of collisions

υi

 
J   np
 
 J
Favg    n
 mv 
t t
 LM conservation for ISOLATED systems
Consider a collision between 2 tennis balls moving in 1D in opposite directions.
In this case, only the internal, reaction forces are applied to the balls during the
collision, therefore, the system is considered ISOLATED from external forces.

υ1i υ2i
m1 F1 F2
m2
υ1 f υ2 f
From Newton’s 3d law: F1   F 2 (1)
If we multiply eq. (1) by dt and integrate over time:

 F1 dt    F 2 dt (2) By definition:
 F dt  p f  p i (3)
By combining eq.(2) and (3) we obtain:
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM:

p 1 f  p 1i    p 2 f  p 2 i  p 1 f  p 2 f  p 1i  p 2 i
Conservation of linear momentum: appications
 Types of collisions

Perfectly elastic collision:

• The colliding objects bounce off each other
• Total kinetic energy ETK is conserved
• Linear momentum is conserved

Perfectly inelastic collision:

• The colliding objects may stick to each other after the collision
• Total kinetic energy ETK is NOT conserved
• Linear momentum is conserved
 Conservation of linear momentum: collisions in 1D
When a 1000kg car moving at 5m/s hits the rear Given:
• m1 = 1000kg, m2 = 1400kg
end a 1400kg car moving at 2m/s, the bumpers
• v1 = 5m/s, v2 = 2m/s
lock together.
Find:
Q1. What is the final speed of the 2 cars? •v=?

υ 1i  5 m / s υ 2 i  2 m / s υ12 f

m1   m2  m1  m 2

p1i  p 2 i  m1υ1i  m 2 υ 2 i
  
p1 f  p 2 f   m1  m2  υ12 f
  
m1υ1i  m 2 υ 2 i   m1  m2  υ12 f
m1 υ1i  m 2 υ 2 i 7800
 υ12 f   3.25 m / s
 m1  m2  1000  1400
 Conservation of linear momentum: collisions in 1D
When a 1000kg car moving at 5m/s hits the rear Given:
• m1 = 1000kg, m2 = 1400kg
end a 1400kg car moving at 2m/s, the bumpers lock
• v1 = 5m/s, v2 = 2m/s
together.
Find:
Q1. What is the initial and final energy of the cars? •v=?

υ 1i  5 m / s υ 2 i  2 m / s υ12 f

m1 m2 m1  m 2
1 1 1 1
E Ki  m1 υ 1i  m 2 υ 2 i  1000  5   1400  2   1 5 3 0 0 J
2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2
1 1
E Kf   m1  m 2  υ12 f   1000  1400   3.25   1 2 6 7 5 J
2 2

2 2
Conclusion: Total energy in this case is not conserved!