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Ch4 Amplitude Modulation
Ch4 Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Baseband vs Passband Transmission
Baseband signals:
Voice (0-4kHz)
TV (0-6 MHz)
A signal may be sent in
its baseband format
when a dedicated wired
channel is available.
Otherwise, it must be
converted to passband.
Modulation: What and Why?
The process of shifting the baseband signal to
passband range is called Modulation.
The process of shifting the passband signal to
baseband frequency range is called
Demodulation.
Reasons for modulation:
Simultaneous transmission of several signals
Practical Design of Antennas
Exchange of power and bandwidth
Types of (Carrier) Modulation
In modulation, one characteristic of a signal
(generally a sinusoidal wave) known as the
carrier is changed based on the information
signal that we wish to transmit (modulating
signal).
That could be the amplitude, phase, or frequency,
which result in Amplitude modulation (AM),
Phase modulation (PM), or Frequency
modulation (FM). The last two are combined as
Angle Modulation
Types of Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Double Sideband with carrier (we will call it AM):
This is the most widely used type of AM modulation.
In fact, all radio channels in the AM band use this type
of modulation.
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC):
This is the same as the AM modulation above but
without the carrier.
Single Sideband (SSB): In this modulation, only half
of the signal of the DSBSC is used.
Vestigial Sideband (VSB): This is a modification of
the SSB to ease the generation and reception of the
signal.
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
Assume that we have a message signal m(t) with
bandwidth 2 B rad/s (or B Hz). m(t) M().
c(t)
c(t)
e (t)=gDSBSC(t)cos(ct)
= m(t)cos2(ct) DSBSC Demodulator (receiver)
+ z(t) HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C q(t)
– y2(t) BW = 4B
x2(t)
c(t)
+
Non-Linear Device
a( . )+b( . )2
c(t)
m(t)
A >> m(t)
vo(t)
(to ensure switching R BPF
at every period).
A cos( t)
c
LPF m(t)
[A+m(t)]cos(ct) R
Rectifier Detector: Time Domain
Rectifier Detector (Frequency Domain)
Envelope Detector
R vo(t)
[A+m(t)]cos(ct) C
HLPF()
m2(t)
X X BW = 2B
m2(t)/2
m2(t)sin(ct)
QUADRATURE
m1(t)sin(ct)cos(ct) + m2(t)sin2(ct)
modulator branch m1(t)cos(ct) + m2(t)sin(ct) =m1(t)sin(2ct)/2 + m2(t)/2 – m2(t)cos(2ct)/2
QAM Modulator/Demodulator
m1(t)cos(ct)cos[(c+t+ + m2(t)sin(ct)cos[(c+t+
=(1/2)[m1(t)cos(t+) + m1(t) cos(2ct+t+) – m2(t)sin(t+) + m2(t)sin(2ct+t+)]
m1(t)cos(ct)
HLPF()
m1(t) X X BW = 2B
(1/2)[m1(t)cos(t+) – m2(t)sin(t+)]
cos(ct) cos[(c+t+
Phase Shifter Phase Shifter
sin(ct) – /2 – /2 sin[(c+t+
HLPF()
m2(t) X X BW = 2B
(1/2)[m1(t)sin(t+) + m2(t)cos(t+)]
m2(t)sin(ct)
H() = – jsgn()
sgn
–j /2
It is basically a /2 phase shifter
–/2
Hilbert Transform of cos(ct)
cos(ct) ↔ ( – c) + ( + c)]
HT[cos(ct)] ↔ -j sgn() ( – c) + ( + c)]
= j sgn() ( – c) ( + c)]
= j ( – c) + ( + c)]
= j ( + c) - ( - c)] ↔ sin(ct)
cos(ct-/2) = sin(ct)
Time-Domain Operation for Hilbert
Transformation
For Hilbert Transformation H() = -j sgn().
What is h(t)?
sgn(t) ↔ 2/(j) [From FT table]
2/(jt) ↔ 2sgn(-) [symmetry]
1/(t) ↔ -j sgn()
Since Mh() = - j M()∙sgn() = H() ∙ M()
1
Then mh (t ) * m(t )
t
1 m( )
d
t
Finally …
gUSB (t ) m (t )e j C t m (t )e jC t
g LSB (t ) m (t )e jC t m (t )e j C t
1 1
gUSB (t ) m(t )e jC t jmh (t )e jC t
2 2
1 1
m(t )e jC t jmh (t )e jC t
2 2
m(t ) cos(C t ) mh (t ) sin(C t )
1 1
g LSB (t ) m(t )e jC t jmh (t )e jC t
2 2
1 1
m(t )e jC t jmh (t )e jC t GUSB ( ) M ( C ) M ( C )
2 2
m(t ) cos(C t ) mh (t ) sin(C t ) GLSB ( ) M ( C ) M ( C )
Generation of SSB
Selective Filtering Method
Realization based on spectrum analysis
Phase-Shift Method
Realization based on time-domain expression
of the modulated signal
M()
Selective Filtering
C 2B +2B C
GDSBSC()
C2B C C+2B C2B C C+2B
GUSB()
5000 Hz 300 Hz 300 Hz 5000 Hz USB USB
C2B C C C+2B
HLSB()
BW = 2B (B Hz)
Center Freq = c– B
C2B C C+2B C2B C C+2B
GLSB()
LSB LSB
C C+2B C2B C
Phase Shifting
gUSB (t ) m(t ) cos(C t ) mh (t ) sin(C t )
g LSB (t ) m(t ) cos(C t ) mh (t ) sin(C t ) m(t)cos(ct)
X
(a)
cos(ct)
(d)
m(t)
gSSB(t)
Phase Shifter
sin(ct) – /2 gUSB(t) if –
+ or –
gLSB(t) if +
(b) (c)
Phase Shifter
– /2 X
mh(t)sin(ct)
mh(t)
SSB Modulator
Phase-shifting Method:
Frequency-Domain Illustration
SSB Demodulation (Coherent)
g SSB (t ) m(t ) cos(C t ) mh (t ) sin(C t )
1 1
g SSB (t ) cos(C t ) m(t )[1 cos(2C t )] mh (t ) sin(2C t )
2 2
1
LPF Output m(t )
2
HLPF()
gSSB(t)
(Upper or Lower
X BW = 2B
m(t)
Side bands)
cos(ct)
GVSB ( ) H VSB ( ) M ( C ) M ( C )
2cos(ct)
X ( ) H VSB ( C ) M ( 2C ) M ( ) VSB Modulator (transmitter)
at 2
C Baseband
x(t)
gVSB(t) X HLPF()
m(t)
H VSB ( C ) M ( ) M ( 2C ) BW = 2B
baseband
at 2C
Z ( ) H LPF ( ) H VSB ( C ) H VSB ( C ) M ( )
2cos(ct)
C C
Shifted filter
components
Band of Signal
HVSB(c) = 1/[HVSB(c)+HVSB(c)]
over the band of the signal only
Band of Signal
VSB Filter: Special Case
Condition For distortionless demodulation:
1
H LPF ( ) ; || ≤ 2 B
H VSB ( C ) H VSB ( C )
If we impose the condition on the filter at the modulator:
C 2B +2B C
GDSBSC()
C C
HVSB()
C C
GVSB()
C C
X()
C C C C
HLPF()
C C
M()
C C
AM Broadcasting
Allocated the band 530 kHz – 1600 kHz (with
minor variations)
10 kHz per channel. (9 kHz in some countries)
More that 100 stations can be licensed in the
same geographical area.
Uses AM modulation (DSB + C)
AM station Reception
In theory, any station can be extracted from the stream of spectra by
tuning the receiver BPF to its center frequency. Then demodulated.
Impracticalities:
Requires a BPF with very high Q-factor (Q = fc / B).
Particularly difficult if the filter is to be tunable.