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Rational and Irrational Numbers
Rational and Irrational Numbers
7 2
1 5
4 2 8 6 3 27
5
2
3
= 3
6 = 1 -3 = - 1 2.7 = 10
7 5 3456
0.7 = 10 0.625 = 8 34.56 = 100
1 3 1
0.3 = 3 0.27 = 11 0.142857 = 7
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the
ratio of two integers.
a
All terminating and repeating decimals can be expressed in
this way so they are irrational numbers. b
Show that the terminating decimals below are rational.
Rational
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the
ratio of two integers.
a
All terminating and repeating decimals can be expressed in
this way so they are irrational numbers. b
To show that a repeating decimal is rational.
Example 1 Example 2
To show that 0.333… is rational. To show that 0.4545… is rational.
Let x = 0.333… Let x = 0.4545…
10x = 3.33… 100x = 45.45…
9x = 3 99x = 45
x = 3/9 x = 45/99
x = 1/3 x = 5/11
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the
ratio of two integers.
a
All terminating and repeating decimals can be expressed in
this way so they are irrational numbers. b
Question 1 Question 2
Show that 0.222… is rational. Show that 0.6363… is rational.
Let x = 0.222… Let x = 0.6363…
10x = 2.22… 100x = 63.63…
9x = 2 99x = 63
x = 2/9 x = 63/99
x = 7/11
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the
ratio of two integers.
a
All terminating and repeating decimals can be expressed in
this way so they are irrational numbers. b
Question 3 Question 4
Show that 0.273is rational. Show that 0.1234 is rational.
Let x = 0.273 Let x = 0.1234
1000x = 273.273 10000x = 1234.1234
3 45 273 1234
9 99 999 9999
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the
ratio of two integers.
a
All terminating and repeating decimals can be expressed in
this way so they are irrational numbers. b
Write the repeating part of the decimal as the numerator and write the
denominator as a sequence of 9’s with the same number of digits as the
numerator then simplify where necessary.
3 45 273 1234
9 99 999 9999
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Rational Numbers
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the
ratio of two integers.
a
All terminating and repeating decimals can be expressed in
this way so they are irrational numbers. b
Write down the rational form for each of the repeating decimals below.
32 7 1543 628
99 9 9999 999
Irrational
Rational and Irrational Numbers
a
Irrational Numbers
An irrational number is any number that cannot be
expressed as the ratio of two integers.
1
1
1 1
Rational Numbers
1 1 Irrational Numbers
11
1 10 12
9 1
13
8
14 1
1 7
6 15
1 1
5
1 16
4
1 1
2
3
1
17
1
1
18
1
Rational and Irrational Numbers
a
Irrational Numbers
An irrational number is any number that cannot be
expressed as the ratio of two integers.
b
Intuition alone may convince you that all points
on the “Real Number” line can be constructed
from just the infinite set of rational numbers,
after all between any two rational numbers we
can always find another. It took Pythagoras
mathematicians hundreds of years to show that
the majority of Real Numbers are in fact
irrational. The rationals and irrationals are
2
needed together in order to complete the 1
continuum that is the set of “Real Numbers”.
1
Rational and Irrational Numbers
a
Irrational Numbers
An irrational number is any number that cannot be
expressed as the ratio of two integers.
Surds are Irrational Numbers
b
1 1 1 1
We can simplify numbers such as and 3
into rational numbers. 4 2 27 3
However, other numbers involving
roots such as those shown cannot
be reduced to a rational form.
2, 8 , 3
12 Pythagoras
ab a x b
For example: 36 4 x 9 4 x 9 2 x 3 6
and 50 5 x 10 5 x 10
a a 4 4 2
also for example
b b 9 9 3
6 6
and
7 7
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Example questions
3 x 12 3 x 12 36 6 rational
b
45
Show that is rational
5
45 45
9 3 rational
5 5
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Questions
a 6x 7 b 20 x 5 c 27 x 3 d 4x 3
irrational rational rational irrational
32 44 18 25
e f g h
8 11 2 5
rational rational rational irrational
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Examples of irrationals
2 7 3
10 5 6 3 5 8 3 3 17 1
3
3 8 2 11 5 4 ( 3 5)( 3 5) ( 6 2)( 6 7)
5
3 10 3 25 6 9 6 14
28 10 3 20 9 6
Rational and Irrational Numbers
Examples of Rationals
1
3( 7 ) 2 5( 2 ) 2 6 9 5
2
( 2 1)( 2 1) ( 3 4)( 3 4)
21 26 8 1 -13
Rational and Irrational Numbers
1
(h) ( 2 ) 1
3 3
7 (j) ( 2)
3 2
(f) (g) 4 5 (i) 16 2
He founded a secretive and scholarly society there that become Air Water
known as the “Pythagorean Brotherhood”. It was a mystical almost
religious society devoted to the study of Philosophy, Science and
Mathematics. Their work was based on the belief that all natural
phenomena could be explained by reference to whole numbers or
ratios of whole numbers. Their motto became “All is Number”.
History
its length and plucked, a tone is produced that is 1 octave higher
and in harmony with the original. Harmonious tones are produced
when the string is fixed at distances such as 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 2/3
and 3/4 of the way along its length. By fixing the string at points
along its length that were not a simple fraction, a note is
produced that is not in harmony with the other tones.
Pythagoras and his followers discovered many patterns and relationships between whole numbers.
p2 p2
Also , as 2 2 q 2
q is even.
q 2
2
p
(Since p is even is even, q2 is even so q is even) So q = 2m for some m.
2
p 2k p
have a factor of 2 in common.
q 2m q