PUNNET SQUARE

•The Punnett square is
a square diagram that is used to
predict the genotypes of a
particular cross or breeding
experiment. Today, this diagram is used by
biologists to determine the
•. It is named after Reginald probability of an offspring
having a particular genotype.

C. Punnett, who devised the Reginald Punnet and William

were among the first English
approach. geneticists. Punnet devised the
“PUNNET Square” to depict the
number and vairety of Genetic
combinations, and had a role in
shaping Hardy – Weindberg
Law. Punnet and Bateson
codiscovered “ coupling or
Gene linkage.
 PUNNET SQUARE
• Genotype
• Phenotype
• Dominant trait
• Recessive trait
• Homozygous
• Heterozygous
• In the next slide, I have
• Gamete
four samplings of Punnet
• Monohybrid cross square problems that you
• Dihybrid cross will be expected to solve.
• Incomplete dominance But first in order to do
• Co-dominance this, you will have to
• Sex-linked trait understand the meaning
• Multiple alleles of the terms that I had
• Genotypic/ phenotypic ratios mentioned.
 Sampling Punnet Square Problems:
Problem no. 1: (Dominant and Recessive)
Cross two heterozygous Tall parents. Give
the genotypic and phenotypic ratio.
Solutions:
-Monohybrid cross involving
dominant and recessive traits.
-T= Tall; t= short
-the cross is Tt X Tt
Genotypes:
TT, Tt, tt
Genotypic Ratios:
1:2:1 ( TT =25% Tt= 50% tt= 25%) Phenotypes:
tall and short
T t
Phenotypic ratios:
3:1
Tall = 3 (tall = 75%)
T TT Tt
Short = 1 (short = 25%)

t Tt tt
• Problem no. 2:
Cross a female carrier for hemophilia with a
male with hemophilia.
• Solutions:
• Monohybrid cross involving sex linked traits.
• Male with hemophilia = Xh Y
• Female carrier= XhX
• The cross is XhX X XhY
 Xh
X Genotypes: XhX, XhXh, XY XhY;
Genotypic Ratios: 1:1:1:1
(XhX =25% XhXh= 25%
XY= 25% XhY=25%
Xh XhXh XhX
phenotypes:
XhX – Female Carrier
XhXh – Female with Hemophilia
Y XY XhY XY – Normal Male
XhY – Male with Hemophilia
Phenotypic ratios: 1:1:1:1
XhX – Female Carrier (25%)
XhXh – Female with Hemophilia (25%)
XY – Normal Male (25%)
XhY – Male with Hemophilia (25%)
 Problem no. 3
Cross two heterozygous Tall and Black Pigs.
Tall is dominant over short, and black is
dominant over white. Give genotypic and
phenotypic ratios.
Solutions:
• Dihybrid cross involving in dominant
and recessive traits.
• T=tall t=short; B= black b= white
• The cross is TtBb X TtBb,
 TB Tb tB tb

TB TTBB TTBb TtBB TtBb

Tb TTBb TTbb TtBb Ttbb

tB TtBB TtBb ttBB ttBb

tb TtBb Ttbb ttBb ttbb

 • Genotypes:
TB Tb tB tb • TTBB
• TTBb
TB • TtBB
TTBB TTBb TtBB TtBb
• TtBb
• TTbb
Tb TTBb TTbb TtBb Ttbb • Ttbb
• ttBB
• ttBb
tB TtBB TtBb ttBB ttBb • ttbb

tb TtBb Ttbb ttBb ttbb

• Genotypic ratios: 1:2:2:1:4:1:2:2:1

 TB Tb tB tb
• Phenotypes:
• Tall/black
TB TTBB TTBb TtBB TtBb • Tall /white
Tb TTBb TTbb TtBb Ttbb
• Short/black
• Short/white
tB TtBB TtBb ttBB ttBb

tb TtBb Ttbb ttBb ttbb

• Phenotypic ratios: 9:3:3:1

 Problem no. 4

Cross a homozygous Tall female carrier for hemophilia with a

short normal male. Give genotypic and phenotypic ratios of
offspring.

• Solutions:
• Dihybrid cross involving
dominant and recessive traits
and sex-linked trait for
hemophilia.
• T= tall and t= short; H = normal
and h =hemophilia
 XhT XhT XHT XHT

XHt XHXhTt XHXhTt XHXHTt XHXHTt

XHt XHXhTt XHXhTt XHXHTt XHXHTt

XhYTt XhYTt XHYTt XHYTt

Yt

Yt XhYTt XhYTt XHYTt XHYTt

 XhT XhT
XHT XHT
Genotypes:
XHt XHXhTt XHXhTt XHXHTt XHXHTt • XHXhTt
• XHXhTt
XHt XHXhTt XHXhTt XHXHTt XHXHTt
• XHYTt
XhYTt XhYTt XHYTt XHYTt
• XhYTt
Yt

Yt XhYTt XhYTt XHYTt XHYTt

• Genotypic ratios: 4:4:4:4 or 1:1:1:1

 XhT XhT XHT XHT Phenotypes:
• Tall/ female
XHt XHXhTt XHXhTt XHXHTt XHXHTt carrier
• Tall / normal
female
XHt XHXhTt XHXhTt XHXHTt XHXHTt
• Tall / normal
male
Yt XhYTt XhYTt XHYTt XHYTt • Tall / male with
hemophilia

Yt XhYTt XhYTt XHYTt XHYTt

• Phenotypic ratios: 4:4:4:4 or 1:1:1:1