Function of lubricant

Lubricants (Oil)

 Composition

BASE OIL ADDITIVE

- Mineral
- Synthetic
General Lubricant Composition Precentation
Mineral Lube Production
1 2

Crude Base OIl

Fractionation

3 Refinement
Crude Base Oil Mineral Oil Base Stock

4 Aditif
Mineral Oil Base Stock Example : Machine Oil, Hidrolik Oil, etc
 Synthetic Lube Production

1 Ethylen Gas
2

3
Ethylen Gas Hydrogen Gas
Synthetic Base Stock

4
Aditif
Example : Engine Oils, Hydroulic Oils , etc
Synthetic Base Stock
Why Synthetics are the best?

Synthetic Oil
F
orce

Mineral Oil
F
orce

Lower traction coefficient and less friction under heavy load

 Lower operating temperature and oxidation with longer oil life
Synthetic Base Stocks
HYDROCARBONS
Not all
Synthetic POLYALPHA-
ALKYLATED
AROMATICS CYCLO-
Lubricants OLEFINS ALIPHATICS OTHERS
are the ALPHAOLEFINS PHOSPHORIC ACID
PHOSPHATE
Same! POLYISOBUTENES PHOSPHATES ESTERS

ISOBUTYLENE AROMATICS PHENOLS POLYPHENYL

ETHERS
E-P ETHYLENE SILICA SILANES
SILICONES
OLIGOMERS
PROPYLENE SILICIC
ACID SILICATE ESTERS
ALKYLENE OXIDES ALDEHYDES

POLYALCOHOLS MONOALCOHOLS
WATER-SOLUBLE
POLYGLYCOLS
MONOACIDS DIACIDS DIESTERS

OIL SOLUBLE POLYOL ESTERS

POLYGLYCOLS

POLYGLYCOLS ESTERS
Basestocks Comparison
Group I Group II R R
Mixture of variable length (C20-C60) H A Mixture of variable
R
hydrocarbons with saturated ring length (C20-C50) and R R
A A
(R), aromatic ring (A), and/or H saturated ring R R
H
heteroatomic molecules (H) attached. hydrocarbons (R).

Group III Group IV

R R
Mixture of variable length
(C20-C40) and decreased
number of saturated ring
hydrocarbons (R).
Polyalphaolefin (PAO) –
mixture of oligomers from
R dimers to about 10-mers
(~C20-C100)

Group V Alcohol + Alkylene oxides Polyalkylene oxide

A chemical reaction that makes organic O H H
R - OH +n H-C-C-H R-O- C-C-O-H
esters and polyglycols. No wax
H R1 H R1 n
molecules, no long- or short-chain
hydrocarbons.
Basestocks Comparison
Why additives is needed ?

• Base oil alone is unable to meet the

demands of a modern Equipment

• Additives add ‘new’ qualities necessary for

specific applications (eg. ‘cleaning’)

• Enhances existing qualities of the oil

 Common additives

Zinc Dithiophosphate (ZDTP) Molybdenum Dithiophosphate Molybdenum

(anti wear / anti oxidant) (anti wear / friction modifier)
Zinc

Calcium
H
H Phosphorus

Hindered Phenol Sulphurised Fatty Acids Sulphur

(anti oxidant) (friction modifier)
Oxygen

H
Nitrogen
H2
H
Carbon
Single ended (Mono) Succinimide
(dispersant)
Hydrocarbon chains
(H-atoms are omitted for clarity)

Calcium Sulphonate
(detergent)
 Additive types
Grouped into 3 main types:
• Modifiers
Modify the characteristics of base oil to render it
more suitable for use in engines

• Oil protectors
Protect the oil to prolong it’s working life

• Surface protectors
Protect metallic surfaces to reduce corrosion,
friction and wear
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