Chapter 1

MAGNETIC
CIRCUIT

1
 Pretest
1. Find magneto motive force (mmf) F in a coil, if the
number of turns is 100, and I=2 A.

1.reluctance if the flux produced

is 100mWb.

2.ermeability if l=50cm and A=0.5 m2

3.density B 1.4.Find the

magnetic force H
2. Given : i=1 A, N=100, lc=40 cm, A= 100 cm2
r=5000
Calculate : F, H, B, Φ and R
Magnetic circuit conversion
Magnetomotive Force: 1 ampere turn = 1.256637062
gilbert
Magnetic Field Intensity: 1 ampere/meter = 0.0125663706
oersted
Magnetic Flux: 1 weber = 100000000 Maxwell
Flux density: 1 tesla = 10000 gauss
 MAGNETIC
CIRCUIT
It is the path which is
followed by magnetic
flux.
It is basically ferromagnetic
with coil wound around
them 5
Why MAGNETIC CIRCUIT?
It is an important
component
in the design of
electrical machines.
 Examples of
Magnetic Circuits

7
Simple magnetic circuit
Magnetic circuit with air gap
Simple machine
 The object of today lecture
It is required to understand the
concepts of magnetic circuits
By making Analogy between
Electric circuit and magnetic circuit

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Analogy between Electric circuit and magnetic
circuit
Definitions Related to Electromagnetic Field

(Unit is Weber (Wb)) = Magnetic Flux

is the number of flux lines
crossing a surface area.
B (Unit is Tesla (T)) = Magnetic Flux Density
Is the number of flux lines
per unit area = /A
H (Unit is Amp/m) = Magnetic
Field Intensity =
B  13
 Permeability
It is the degree of magnetization of a
material to allow magnetic flux to pass through
it.
It is analogous to conductivity in an electrical circu
it
relative permeability. r  
0
µ permeability of a material
o = Permeability of air = 4*10-7 H/m

For ferromagnetic materials

For non-ferromagnetic materials

 Magnetic Fields
Permeability
Permeability () is a measure of the ease with which

magnetic flux lines can be established in the material.
 Magnetic Fields
Permeability
Permeability of free space 0 (vacuum) is
Wb
0  4
10 7 A
M slightly less 
Materials that have permeability
than that of free space are said to be
diamagnetic and those with permeability
slightly greater than that of free space are said
to be paramagnetic.
 Magnetic Fields
Permeability
Magnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, steel
 and alloys of these materials, have
permeability hundreds and even thousands of
times that of free space and are referred to as
ferromagnetic.
The ratio of the permeability of a material to 
that of free space is called relative
permeability. 
r 
0

 Magnetic Reluctance
•It is the property ofa material which
opposes the creation of magnetic flux in it
• It is analogous to
•resistance in an electrical circuit
•The reluctance of a material is given by
 Magneto Motive Force (mmf)F
It is the external force required to
set up the magnetic flux lines within
the magnetic material.
The magneto motive force F is equal
to the product of the number of turns
around the core and the current
through the turns of wire.
 Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
It is The magnetomotive force per unit
length

magnetic field intensity (H) produce

a magnetic flux density B (Tesla).
a magnetic flux density is given by:
Magnetization Curves

21
 Magnetic Circuit Calculations
•In magnetic circuit calculations, it is
required to determine the excitation
mmf to establish a desired flux or
flux density at a given point
 Magnetic Circuit Calculations
The magnetic circuit for the toroidal coil can
be analyzed to obtain an expression for
flux.

Magnetomotive force F is

Where the reluctance is

and the magnetic flux is

 Magnetic Circuit Calculations
obtain an expression for flux for the shown magnetic
circuit
 Effect of air gap on a magnetic circuit
obtain an expression for flux for the shown magnetic
circuit
 Summary of Effect of air gap on
a magnetic circuit
•Increase the reluctance.
•Greater values of ampere-turn
are required to obtain the same
value of B for circuit without
air gap
•linearize magnetic circuits
•i.e. no saturation
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 Effect of air gap on Magnetization
Curves
Air gap is practically an
unavoidable part of any magnetic
circuit
The B-H loop of a magnetic circuit is
affected by the presence of air gap.
so greater values of H are required
to obtain the same value of B
as compared with magnetically
materials.
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Effects of air gaps on MagnetizationCurves

As a result the B-H loop gets slanted,

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 Example 1
Find magneto motive force (mmf) F in a coil, if the
number of turns is 100, and I=2 A.

Find the reluctance if the flux produced

is 100mWb.

Find the permeability if l=50cm and

A=0.5 m2

Find the flux density B

Find the magnetic force

H
Example 2:
Given : i=1 A, N=100, lc=40 cm, A= 100 cm2 r=5000

Calculate : F, H, B, Φ and R

F  N .i  100
F 100 0.4
H   lc  250

  B.A  1.57  0.01 

0.0157

lc
 0.4
 6366.385
A 4 10 7  5000 
 Magnetic Circuits (Example 3)
In the shown Magnetic circuit, relative
permeability of the core material is 6000, its
rectangular cross section is 2 cm by 3 cm. The
coil has 500 turns. Find the current needed to
establish a flux density in the gap of Bgap=0.25 T.
 Magnetic Circuits (Solution Example 3)
The current needed to establish a
flux density in the gap of
Bgap can be calculated as
follow:

where
 Magnetic Circuits (Solution Example 3)

Medium length of the magnetic path

in the core is lcore=4*6-
0.5=23.5cm,
and the cross section area
the
is Acore
core = permeability
2cm*3cm = is
6*10 -4m2

core  r 0  6000  4 10  7.54 10

7 
3 Wb 
 Am


 Continue Solution Example 3

The core reluctance is

lcore 23.5
2
 5.195 10 4 
R  A 
core 
core Acore 7.54 10 3  6  Wb
10  4

the gap area is computed by adding the
gap length to each dimension of cross-
section:
A  2cm  0.5cm  3cm  0.5cm   8.75 10
gap
4

m 2

thus the gap reluctance is:

l gap 2
0.5
 4.547 10 6  
A
R gap  
0 gap 4 1010
7
 8.75  Wb
A 10 4

 Continue Solution Example 3.
Total reluctance is
 4.6 106  
A
R  R gap  R core
 Wb
based on the given fluxdensity B in
the gap, the flux is
  B gap A gap  0.25  8.75 10 4
 2.188 10 4

Wb
thus magneto motive force is
F   R  4.6 10 6  2.188 10 4 
1006A

thus the coil current

N 500
must be
Magnetic Circuits with AC Excitation
•AC Excitation will increase core losses

It is important for the engineer to

understand why the core losses
increase?
Core losses are important in
determining heating, temperature
rise, rating and efficiency.
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 CORE LOSSES (iron losses) are

1-Hysteresis Losses:
hysteresis loss is proportional
to the loop area (shaded).

To
minimize
hysteresis
loss use
materials
with thin
hysteresis
(Silicon steel)
 CORE LOSSES (iron losses) are

2-Eddy Current Losses:

Eddy currents are created when a
conductor experiences changes in
the magnetic field.
 CORE LOSSES (iron losses) are

These induced currents cause Eddy

Current Losses.
These losses can be reduced by
using thin sheets of laminations of
the magnetic material.
Thus, Iron Losses in Magnetic
Circuit are:
a)Hysteresis losses

b)Eddy Current Losses

The iron loss is the sum of these two
losses

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