ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Maritime Transportation and Management Engineering

DECISION MAKING
TECHNIQUES ON BRIDGE
ENGİN BAŞAK / 820150009
NURHAK VURĞUN / 820150017
DECISION MAKING
 “Decision making” is the process of selecting one
or more of all available options in the light of some
criteria to solve a particular problem and achieve the
desired goal.
 In all decision-making problems, decision-makers
often try to choose from multiple and competing
criteria. Understanding some basic concepts while
dealing with multi-criteria decision making problems
will provide important facilities for problem solving.
 The necessary information about these concepts is
described below (Mentes, 2000).

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 Alternatives: Preference options in a problem. There may be hundreds of options depending on the place,
and a few options according to the place. These options are subjected to selection, then selection and
finally sorting.

 Criteria and attribute: The concept of criteria and attribute is often used interchangeably in the
literature, although there are minor differences. Attributes are the main subgroups of the criteria.
Special features; The key features of the options are defined as their quality or efficiency parameters and
are defined and measured based on the decision-maker's value judgments. Attributes can consist of both
objective and subjective features.

 Objectives: It can be defined as the way the criteria are directed in line with the desires of the decision
maker.

 Goals: These are the goals that have become more concrete and turned into certain values.

 Decision Matrix: In an MADM (Multiple Criteria Decision Making) problem, the comparison indicators
obtained by comparing the available options and criteria are expressed in matrix form.

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Very Qualified Decision Making
Methods
 Many methods are used for the solution of
MADM (Multiple Criteria Decision Making)
problems.
 Each method has its own unique features.
There are many types of classification of MADM
(Multiple Criteria Decision Making) methods.
 One of the classification methods is based on
the type of data used .
 Another form of classification is the
classification according to the number of decision
makers in the decision making process (single
decision maker, group decision makers).

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 Yoon and Hwang (1995) classified 13 MADM (Multiple Criteria Decision Making) methods
according to the type of information received from their outstanding features;

7. Appearance
2. The 6. Combination 11. ELECTRE
1. Dominance method
Screening Method
maximum Method

4. 8. Simple Added 12. Medium

9. Weighted Value Sorting
3. Maximax Decomposition Weighting Product Method
Method Method
Method

5. 10. TOPSIS 13. AHP

Lexicographic Method Method
Method

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 Factors in Decision Making

Three subthemes is identified as factors in the decision making process:

confidence, workload, and team cooperation.

Confidence:
 The first subtheme identified as a key factor influencing decision
making is confidence. Bandura (1997) contrasted confidence and self-
efficacy in that confidence is a strength of a belief rather than an
affirmation of abilities and belief, Bandura (1997) stated, “Confidence is
a nonspecific term that refers to strength of belief but does not
necessarily specify what the certainty is about. I can be supremely
confident that I will fail at an endeavor” (p. 382). The Watchkeeping
officer who is confident feel that confidence is a key factor to a
successful watch, as evidenced in the following transcript excerpts. self-
confident people have always been successful in their jobs. For example,
when a captain or watchkeeping officer is on a navigation shift, if there
is a ship on the collision course, a small route change he will make 10
miles ahead will eliminate the need to make a major route change
afterwards.

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 Team cooperation :
The final identified subtheme related to factors in decision making is
team cooperation. One of the factors required to safely navigating an
adverse situation is to have a cooperative team to assist and provide
Workload: information to the mate on watch. As is known on the ships, there are
many officers who manage many departments on the ship. For
example, after the passage plan is prepared, all officers must approve
 The second subtheme identified related to factors this passage plan before going to passage. If necessary, the officer may
in decision making is workload. consult with the Master of a missing or wrong place in the passage
plan, and in the same way, the Master can take their opinions in a
 Price (2013) recognized the importance of meeting with the officers when necessary, and then Master reach the
effectively managing workload and suggested final decision. After the captain consults the passage plan with all
some tricks of the trade for avoiding traffic, officers as a team, the passage plan becomes ready. This is an example
of teamwork on the bridge.
particularly that time is of the essence and
mariners should not iste it.
 Additionally, he noted that mariners should never
assume that any other vessel will comply with the
rules and nowhere in the rules does it state that a
vessel should stand into danger. He considered
anticipation to be the key to success. Nevertheless,
for this to ocur would necessitate the officer on
watch to be aware of the surroundings, the
direction and flow of the traffic

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 The Decision-Making Process

The following three subthemes are identified through the observations:

Preparation and Selfawareness ;
Preparation:
 The first subtheme identified for contributing to the decision-making process is
preparation. Price (2013) recommended that watch officers during their watch
turnover, “must follow a formal checklist to avoid missing important details,” and
while on watch continue to, “use checklists, state boards and memory aids” (p. 5).
 The voyage plan is required both by most shipping companies and by the Standards
of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW). The voyage plan
is created by the navigator, approved by the captain, and disseminated to the ship’s
officers. This is a comprehensive plan that takes the ship from the dock of departure
to the dock at the arrival destination. Each officer is responsible to know the
information in the plan. Additionally, while underway at sea, the mate, prior to
taking over the watch, is required to get the current status of the engineering plant,
their current location in the voyage, and any events expected during their watch, as
well as the current meteorological conditions and forecast.

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Self-Awareness
 The second subtheme identified for contributing to the decision-making
process is self-awareness. No individual can be certain of another person’s
emotions or thoughts in a given situation. What a person is thinking or feeling
appears to determine how effectively that person is going to make a decision
People with good self-awareness are cognizant of their own moods.
 This awareness allows a person in the midst of turmoil to take an internal step
back and to reflect on one’s behavior. Personality traits and past experiences
typically determine where people are on an emotional awareness range.
 People can be so overwhelmed by their emotions that they may feel helpless
and out of control. When decisions cannot be made through rationalization or
formal logic, these decisions are made through what Goleman (1995) calls a gut
feeling, which is emotional wisdom that is based upon past understandings. Even
when humans do not recall a specific experience, the emotions associated with
that experience can become an intuitive signal, which guides a person’s
emotions in a specific direction.
 Subsequently, that person can choose to attend to the emotion or ignore it.
Mariners on the bridge of a ship, while trying to formulate a decision, may use
their gut feelings if nothing comes to mind when dealing with an unfamiliar
event (Goleman, 1995).

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According to STCW

Function: Controlling the operation of the ship

and care for persons on board at operational
level /Column 2

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  http://
www.imo.org/en/OurWork/HumanElement/TrainingCertifica
tion/Documents/34.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298344135_Deni

REFEREN
zcilik_Sektorunde_Risk_Analizi_Icin_Karar_Verme_Yontemle
ri_Decision_Making_Techniques_For_Risk_Analyses_in_Mar
itime_Industry

CES 
https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=2195&context=doctoral

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