Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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I. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
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II. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
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RADIOPOSITIONING OF THE PARANASAL
SINUSES
• Water’s projection:
- Prone or upright (posteroanterior).
- Midline, with no head tilt or rotation.
- The head is extended such that
the canthomeatal line is elevated 37o
relative to the central ray.
- TFD 40 inches (102 cm).
- CR should exit just below the nares.
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Water’s projection
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Water’s projection
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Water’s projection
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• Lateral projection:
- Semiprone or upright.
- Head is turned to a true lateral position.
- The midsagittal plane is parallel to the
cassette.
- The interpupillary line is perpendicular.
- TFD 40 inches (102 cm).
- CR at the lateral canthus of the eye.
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Lateral projection
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Lateral projection
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• Caldwell projection:
- Prone or upright.
- Frontal bone in contact with the bucky.
- Remove all head tilt & rotation.
- The orbitomeatal line (OM line) should be
perpendicular to the cassette.
- TFD 40 inches.
- Tube tilt 15o caudad.
- CR exits through the nasion.
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Caldwell projection
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Caldwell projection
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Radiopositioning of the paranasal sinuses
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Radiological appearances of normal
paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses:
Shape, size:
• Frontal sinus: height = ca. 1.5-2.0 cm
• Ethmoid cells
• Sphenoid sinus: width = 0.9-1.4 cm
• Maxillary sinuses: width and height = ca. 2.0 cm
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Contours:
• Smooth and sharp, no contour defects,
no circumscribed cortical thinning or
thickening, no expansion
Pneumatization :
• Radiololucency
• No sinus clouding
• No air-fluid levels
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Nasal cavity:
symmetry, nasal septum centered
Soft tissues :
• No foreign bodies or calcifications
• No swelling
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