Chapter 5

Theoretical Framework &

Hypothesis Development

Slide 5-2
 Theoretical
Theoretical Framework
Framework

 Foundation deductive research project!

 Deductive research: moving from the

general (a theory) to the specific
(observations).

Slide 5-3
 Theoretical
Theoretical Framework
Framework

 A theoretical framework represents your

beliefs on how certain phenomena (or
variables or concepts) are related to each
other (a model) and an explanation on
why you believe that these variables are
associated to each other (a theory).

Slide 5-4
 Theoretical
Theoretical Framework
Framework
 Basic steps:
 Identify and label the variables
correctly
 State the relationships among the
variables: formulate hypotheses
 Explain how or why you expect
these relationships

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 Variable

 Any concept or construct that varies or

changes in value

 Main types of variables:

 Dependent variable
 Independent variable
 Moderating variable
 Mediating variable

Slide 5-6
 (In)dependent Variables

 Dependent variable (DV)

 Is of primary interest to the researcher.
The goal of the research project is to
understand, predict or explain the
variability of this variable.

 Independent variable (IV)

 Influences the DV in either positive or
negative way. The variance in the DV is
accounted for by the IV.
Slide 5-7
 Example

Slide 5-8
 Moderators

 Moderating variable
 Moderator is qualitative (e.g., gender, race, class)
or quantitative (e.g., level of reward) variable that
affects the direction and/or strength of relation
between independent and dependent variable.

 Example

Slide 5-9
 Mediating Variable

 Mediating variable
 surfaces between the time the
independent variables start operating
to influence the dependent variable
and the time their impact is felt on it.

 Example

Slide 5-10
 Hypothesis

 A proposition that is empirically testable.

It is an empirical statement concerned
with the relationship among variables.

 Good hypothesis:
 Must be adequate for its purpose
 Must be testable
 Must be better than its rivals

 Can be:
 Directional
Slide 5-11
 Non-directional
 Hypothesis
Hipotesis menyatakan hubungan yg
diduga secara logis antara 2 variabel
atau lebih dalam rumusan proposisi
yg dapat diuji secara empiris
Hipotesis dikembangkan dari telaah
teoritis sebagai jawaban sementara
dari masalah atau pertanyaan
penelitian yg memerlukan pengujian
secara empiris
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 Hypothesis
Hipotesis memiliki fungsi penting dalam
penelitian kuantitatif :
1. Hipotesis menjelaskan masalah penelitian
dan pemecahannya secara rasional
2. Hipotesis menyatakan variabel2 penelitian
yg akan diuji secara empiris
3. Hipotesis digunakan sebagai pedoman
untuk memilih metode2 pengujian data
4. Hipotesis menjadi dasar untuk membuat
kesimpulan penelitian

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 Exercise

Give the hypotheses for the following framework:

Service Customer
quality switching

Switching
cost

Slide 5-14
 Exercise

Give the hypotheses for the following framework:

Service Customer Customer

quality satisfaction switching

Slide 5-15
 Argumentation

 The expected relationships / hypotheses

are an integration of:
 Exploratory research
 Common sense and logical reasoning

Slide 5-16
 Format Hypothesis
1. Bentuk pernyataan jika-maka (if
then statement)
2. Hipotesis nol (null hipotesis)
3. Hipotesis alternatif (alternative
hyphotesis)

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 If – then statement
Hipotesis yg menyatakan hubungan antar
variable dan perbedaan antar 2 kelompok
atau lebih dalam kaitannya dengan
variabel tertentu
Co : karyawan yg mengalami tekanan dalam
bekerja lebih rendah akan memperoleh
kepuasan kerja yang lebih tinggi
Hipotesis yg menyatakan sifat /arah
hubungan antar variabel : hipotesis
directional
Hipotesis non directional : tidak menyatakan
arah hubungan antar variabel penelitian
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 Hipotesis nol
Hyphotesis set up to be rejected in
order to support an alternate
hyphotesis

Tidak ada hubungan atau perbedaan

(signifikan) antar variabel yang
diteliti

Co : Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan

antara persepsi akuntan dan
mahasiswa terhadap etika bisnis
Ho : µA = µ M 19
 Hipotesis alternatif
Merupakan lawan pernyataan dari
format hipotesis no yang
menunjukkan adanya hubungan
atau perbedaan (signifikan) antar
variabel yang diteliti

Co : Terdapat perbedaan yang

signifikan antara persepsi
akuntan dan mahasiswa
terhadap etika bisnis
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 Theoretical
Theoretical Framework
Framework
Memuat secara detail dan mendalam setiap variabel
yang diteliti :
Telaah teoritis atas variable dependen,
Telaah atas variable independen yang
mempengaruhi.
Penjelasan setiap variable dimulai dari definisi,
seluruh informasi yang relevan, dan keterkaitan
variable independen dengan dependen
variabelnya .
Cantumkan hasil2 penelitian sebelumnya.
Rumuskan hipotesis penelitian ( hipotesis
alternatif )
Sajikan model penelitian.
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 Contoh grand theory : Agency Theory, Signaling