Engineering

Utilities 2
ME-223 (BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)
 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

Number of Units for Lecture and Laboratory

: 3 units lecture

Number of Contact Hours per week

: 3 lecture hours per week

Prerequisite : Physics for Engineers

 FOLLOWING ARE THE COURSE
COMPETENCIES:
1. Building Plumbing Systems.
2. Life Safety Systems
3. Conveying Systems
4. Acoustical Control Systems
 COURSE OUTLINE
1. Course Introduction
2. Basic Principles of Sanitary/ Plumbing Design
3. Plumbing Materials, Fittings, Fixtures
4. Building Water System and Design
5. Domestic Water Heating
6. Sanitary Drainage Systems
7. OSST/Alternative Waste Systems
8. Plumbing/Water Systems Review
9. Life Safety Systems in Buildings
10. Acoustical Control in Buildings
11. Basic Principles in Building Conveying Systems
 Introduction
to MEE 223
Unit I
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Mechanical Engineering, as its name suggests, deals with the
mechanics of operation of mechanical systems. This is the branch
of engineering which includes design, analysis, testing,
manufacturing and maintenance of mechanical systems. The
mechanical engineer may design a component, a machine, a
system or a process. Mechanical engineers will analyze their
design using the principles of motion, energy, and force to ensure
the product functions safely, efficiently, reliably, and can be
manufactured at a competitive cost.
 THE MAIN AREAS OF STUDY IN
THIS BRANCH ARE:
• Materials
• Solid and fluid mechanics
• Thermodynamics
• Heat transfer
• Control, instrumentation
• Specialized mechanical engineering subjects
 Basic Principles of
Sanitary/
Plumbing Design
Unit II
 THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
OF THE PHILIPPINES
The National Plumbing code of the Philippines an adequate
Plumbing Code is one of the most important governances in
modem and healthful human existence. It involve the three basic
necessities of life, such as: AIR, WATER and FOOD.
 THE PLUMBING SYSTEMS
• The plumbing systems: water supply, sewage collection and
disposal and storm water drainage involve the right choice of
materials, the economical design of the systems and their
proper operation and maintenance. The supply of adequate hot,
cold and chilled water, the efficient conveyance and disposal of
wastewater such as food wastes and human excreta from
plumbing fixtures require provision of enough air, which will
result to the efficient installation of the systems.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided
with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe
water supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage.
2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with
water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily
and without undue noise.
3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity
of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed
as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
5. Every building abutting on a street alley or easement with a public
sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.
6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet one
kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic
requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material,
free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated
enclosures.
8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to
safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate
cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from
defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master
Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
10.Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be
equipped with a water-sealed trap.
11.The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide
adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of
trap seals under ordinary use.
12.Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent
clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to
effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive
mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly
with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter
the building drainage system.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
15.Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food,
water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When
necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly
with the building drainage system.
16.No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is no
properly lighted and ventilated.
17.If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made
for the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage
treatment and disposal such as a septic tank.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to
backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent
its overflow in the building.
19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable
condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced to
be accessible for their intended use.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members and the
prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture
usage.
22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may
be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be
discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first
rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form
of treatment.
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 856

CODE ON SANITATION WHEREAS, the health of the

people, being of paramount importance, all efforts of public
services should be directed towards the protection and
promotion of health; and WHEREAS, the advance in the field of
sanitation in recent years, there arises the need for updating and
codifying our scattered sanitary laws to ensure that the are in
keeping with modern standards of sanitation and provide a
handy reference and guide for their enforcement.
For more information regarding the Code of
Sanitation, you may visit this link

https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1975/pd_856
_1975.html
 Plumbing
Materials, Fittings,
Fixtures
Unit III
 PLUMBING

Plumbing may be defined as the practice, materials, and fixtures

used in installing, maintaining, and altering piping, fixtures,
appliances, and appurtenances in connection with sanitary or
storm drainage facilities, a venting system, and public or private
water supply systems. Plumbing does not include drilling water
wells; installing water softening equipment; or manufacturing or
selling plumbing fixtures, appliances, equipment, or hardware.
 ELEMENTS OF A PLUMBING
SYSTEM

The primary purposes of a plumbing system are:

• To bring an adequate and potable supply of hot and cold water

to the inhabitants of a house, and
• To drain all wastewater and sewage discharge from fixtures
into the public sewer or a private disposal system.
 PLUMBING MATERIALS

Numerous standards and certification bodies exist nationally and

internationally, so it may not be necessary for a country to
develop a unique set of standards. It could decide to adopt one of
the existing systems and require that products are certified to
meet that system’s requirements.
 METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC
MATERIALS USED IN PIPEWORK
There are two families of materials available for water pipework
systems: metallic and non-metallic materials. Of these the most
commonly used materials for drinking-water supply piping are
galvanized steel or iron, copper, polybutylene, unplasticized
polyvinylchloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC)
and polyethylene (PE). Metal alloys, which far exceed the
performance specifications of their respective parent materials,
are also widely used.
 GALVANIZED STEEL OR IRON
GALVANIZED STEEL OR IRON
was the traditional piping material in the
plumbing industry for the conveyance of
water and wastewater. The term
“galvanizing” once referred to hot
dipped galvanizing, in other words total
immersion in molten zinc after
pretreatment cleaning.
 COPPER TUBING

is extremely flexible in the hands of a

competent installer and smaller in overall
diameter than the equivalent galvanized
steel pipes and fittings. Corrosion can be
a problem, though usually to a lesser
degree than with galvanized steel; care
must be exercised to avoid contact with
dissimilar metals.
 POLYBUTYLENE

in non-metallic piping systems is

becoming accepted as a suitable material
for the conveyance of drinking-water in
domestic dwellings in some
industrialized countries. However, it is
banned by plumbing codes in USA due
to problems with leaks at joints resulting
in significant water damage in dwellings.
 CHLORINATED
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (CPVC)
is widely used in water and sanitary systems for hot and cold
water distribution. It is a thermoplastic produced by
polymerization of vinyl chloride, with additional chlorination.
 UNPLASTICIZED
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (PVC)
when used with a solvent cement
jointing system, is comparable in
bulk to galvanized steel or iron for
drinking-water piping, but much
lighter. It does not suffer the same
corrosion problems internally or
externally as does galvanized steel.
 POLYETHYLENE (PE)

pipes and fittings of numerous types and designs have been

available for over forty years. The market requirements today
have been refined to three general groupings, as follows:
• High-density PE
• Medium-density PE
• Low-density PE
 FITTINGS AND FIXTURES

Plumbing fittings and fixtures are the homeowner’s tools for

using water in the home. These are the valves, faucets, toilets,
shower heads, drain stoppers and basins of your plumbing
system. Fittings and fixture can wear out so they are usually
made to be replaceable.
 PORCELAIN

Fixtures are the devices we modern humans have developed to

hold and use the water that comes into our homes. Most
plumbing fixtures are porcelain. It is easy to clean, doesn’t rust
and is attractive. You can damage porcelain enamel with a sharp
blow from a heavy object. You can also scratch porcelain if you
are not careful when cleaning it.
 FIXTURE TYPES

Types of fixtures include toilets, sinks, bathtubs, showers and

bidets. Fixtures are intended for long, durable use exposed to
water on a constant basis, so they tend to be made of materials
that resist rust, erosion and water staining. Porcelain is such a
material as is plastic, fiberglass, tile, marble, glass and stainless
steel or copper.
 COMMON PLUMBING FIXTURES
• Toilets
• Sinks
• Traps
• Bathtubs
• Bidets
 FITTINGS

Plumbing fittings and “trim” items are the controls for water
flow, temperature adjustments and the delivery apparatus for
your indoor water system. They include sink faucets, various
water mixers, water valves, gas valves, tub spouts, shower
heads, spray hoses, angle stops and connector lines.
 ADAPTERS

An adapter has male and female ends,

the male having threads on the outside
and the female on the inside.
They’re used to connect different sized
pipes, or even turn a male pipe into a
female, and vice versa.
 NIPPLES

A pipe nipple is one of the most

popular types of fittings; it’s also
very important. It connects pipes
to appliances such as water
heaters, and connects two straight
pipe runs.
 UNION

Union fittings are made up of three parts: a

nut, a female end, and a male end. They’re
designed to connect two pipes with the
possibility of being detached without
damage or deformation to the pipes.
They’re conveniently used in maintenance
or cases of planned replacements in the
future.
 BARB

Barb fittings are generally male at

one end and have a tapered and
ridged cone at the other. They’re
designed to grip the inside of a tube
and seal the connection.
 COUPLINGS

Couplings are very similar to unions. However, these can’t be

detached without damage to the pipes.
 CROSS

• As the name might suggest, crosses

are four-way fittings, a combination
of two tees (see below). They
consist of one inlet and three
outlets, and these often have a
solvent-welded socket or female-
threaded ends.
 TEES

Tees are a three-way fitting.

They look like a coupling
with an outlet in the middle.
They’re short pipes with a
90-degree “branch” at the
center.
 SADDLE TEE

Saddle tees look very similar

to a real saddle. They’re used
to add a tee to an existing pipe
without the need to cut or re-
solder.
 WYES

Wyes look like the letter “Y.”

They’re generally used in
drainage fittings and have a 45-
degree branch.
 FLANGE

A flange is a round fitting used

to connect pipes. The pipes are
either threaded or welded to the
middle of the flange, and then
sealed together. The holes on
the outside are used for bolts.
 ELBOW

Elbow fittings are curved and are

mainly used to change flow directions.
These are mostly produced in 45 and
90-degree angles and can be sweated or
threaded.
 CAPS

Caps are used to cover the end

of an open pipe and are liquid-
and gas-tight. The cap can be
attached to the pipe end by
interior threading (female), or
solvent-welded socket.
 PLUG

Plugs are used similarly to caps, but

instead of being fitted on the pipe,
they’re fitted inside. These are usually
threaded to allow the plug to be
removed for future use of the pipe.
 BUSHING

Bushings look like small screws.

They’re mainly used to connect
pipes of different sizes, reducing
a large fitting to a small pipe.
These can be threaded on the
inside and outside; however, this
is not always the case.
 MECHANICAL SLEEVE

A mechanical sleeve joins two pipes

using a screw or other device and is easy
to install.
 VALVE

A valve is used to regulate or stop the flow of gas or liquid.

 REDUCER

A reducer is designed to reduce flow. It comes in two types:

• Concentric reducer: Looks similar to a cone. Designed to join
two pipe sections on the same axis. Usually used when there’s
a change in pipe diameter.
• Eccentric reducer: Used in piping systems where the upstream
pipe is larger than the downstream pipe.
 CLEAN-OUT

A clean-out fitting features removable

parts that allow access to drains without
the need to undo plumbing fixtures.
Clean-outs will enable an auger (a type
of drill) to enter and clean a clogged
drain.
 COMBINATION TEES

Combination tees have a gradually

curving central branch. They’re used in
drains to give a smooth, slightly curving
path to reduce the chances of clogs. The
curve also makes it easier for a plumber
to push a snake tool through.
 DIVERTER TEE

This type of tee is mainly used in

pressurized hydronic heating
systems. It diverts portions of the
flow from the primary line into a
side branch that’s connected to a
heat exchanger.