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Differentiatial Calculus: BY Folayan, Adewale Johnson
Differentiatial Calculus: BY Folayan, Adewale Johnson
CALCULUS
BY
FOLAYAN,ADEWALE JOHNSON
1.2.1 Differentiation: The
Derivative of a function
The derivative of the differentiable
function f(x) is given by
f(x h) f ( x )
f ' ( x ) lim h
h 0
This is known as the first principle of
differentiation. In another notation we
write dy f(x δx) f(x)
lim
dx δx 0 δx
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Given that
y 3x 4 x 7
2
dy f ( x x) f ( x)
lim
dx x 0 x
f ( x) 3x 4 x 7 2 This is our function that
we wish to differentiate
f ( x x ) 3( x x) 4( x x ) 7
2
Expand brackets and simplify
WORKINGS
f ( x x) 3( x x) 4( x x) 7
2
( x x) 2 ( x x)( x x)
x 2 x x x x x 2
x 2 2 x x x 2
f ( x x) 3( x 2 2 x x x 2 ) 4( x x) 7
EXPAND BRACKETS
f ( x x) 3x 2 6 x x 3 x 2 4 x 4 x 7
(3 x 2 6 x x 3 x 2 4 x 4 x 7) (3 x 2 4 x 7)
x
dy
lim (6 x 3 x 4)
dx x 0
dy
6x 4 TO CONCLUDE
dx y 3x 4 x 7
2
dy
6x 4
dx
1.3.1 Standard Derivatives Table
dy
S/No y f( x) y' dx
n n1
1. x nx
x x
2. e e
x x
3. a a lna
1
4. ln x x
loga x 1
5. x lna
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1.3.1 Standard Derivatives Table
dy
S /N o y f ( x ) y' dx
6 . sin x cos x
7 . cos x sin x
tan x 2
8 . sec x
9 . cot x csc x 2
iv . y ln x v . y cos x vi . y csc hx
vii . y e x viii. y sec x ix. y sinh x
x . y tan x xi. y sin x xii. y csc x
xiii . y cosh x xiv. y sec hx xv . y coth x
xvi . y tanh x xvii. y cot x xviii . y x
03/11/21 12
CLASS WORK
Practice: Find the derivative of the
following functions using the first
principle of differentiation.
i. f ( x ) 5x 2
ii . f ( x ) 3 x 2 2 x 8
iii . f ( x ) 1x
iv . f ( x ) x
v. f ( x ) 1
x
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Rules of Differentiation
1. Addition Rule
2. Substraction Rule
3. Product Rule
4. Quotient Rule
ii . y u v y' dy du dv
dx dx dx
difference
rule
iii . y uv
dy dv v du product
y' dx u dx dx rule
rule
du u dv
iv . y uv
dy
y' dx
v dx dx quotient
2
v
v . y u( x ) y'
dy
dx
dy du
du dx
composite
rule
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Addition and Subtraction Rule (Linear Rule)
1.4.1 The Sum Rule
Solution: i . y 3x2 2x
This is a sum of two functions
2
u 3x du 6 x ; and
dv 2
v 2 x dx
dx
then y u v
dy du dv
dx dx dx
sum
rule
dy d ( 3 x 2 ) d ( 2 x )
dx dx dx
dy
dx 6 x 2
Sum Rule: The derivative of sums of functions
equals the sum of derivatives of each functions
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1.4.2 The Difference Rule
2
Solution: ii . y x cos x
This is a difference of two functions
u x 2 du
dx 2 x ; and v cos x dv sin x
dx
then y u v
dy du dv
dx dx dx
difference
rule
dy d ( x 2 ) d ( cos x )
dx dx dx
dy
dx
2 x ( sin x ) 2 x sin x
Difference Rule: The derivative of differences of
functions equals the differences of derivatives
of each functions
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Example
Product Rule
1.4.3 The Product Rule
3 x
Solution: iii . y x e
This is a product of two functions
u x 3 du 2 x dv x
dx 3x ; and v e dx e
then
dy
y uv dx dv v du
u dx dx product
rule
x 3
dy 3 d (e ) x d(x )
dx x dx e dx
dy
dx x 3e x 3 x 2 e x
Product Rule: The derivative of product of two
functions = first (function) X differential second
+ second (function) X differential first.
03/11/21 21
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Class Work
1.4.4 The Quotient Rule
x 3 5 x 1
Solution: iv . y
3 x 2 5
This is a function with quotient
u x 3 5 x 1 du
dx
3 x 2
5; v 3 x 2
5 dv 6 x
dx
v du
quotient
rule
u dv
then y uv
dy dx dx
dx
v2
d ( x 3 5 x 1) d ( 3 x 2 5)
( 3 x 2 5) ( x 3 5 x 1)
dy dx dx
dx
( 3 x 2 5) 2
dy ( 3 x 2 5 )(3 x 2 5 ) ( x 3 5 x 1) 6 x 3 x 4 30 x 2 6 x 25
dx
2
( 3 x 5) 2
( 3 x 2 5 )2
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Quotient Rule
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Class Work
Chain Rule
Chain Rule
Example
Example
Example
Class Work
Implicit Differentiation
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
1.4.5 The Composite Rule
Solution: vii . y cos x ln( 2 x 3 1)
Combines product and composite functions
u cos x du
dx sin x; 3
v ln( 2 x 1);
3 dv dv dw 1 2 6 x 2
let w 2 x 1 v ln w ; w 6x
dx dw dx 2 x 3 1
thus y uv dy u dv v du
dx dx dx
product
rule
dy 2
dx cos x ( 3 ) ln( 2 x 3 1)( sin x )
6 x
2 x 1
dy 6 x 2 3
dx 3 cos x sin x ln( 2 x 1)
2 x 1
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Class Work
1.4 ASSIGNMENT
: Applying Rules of
Differentiation
Differentiate the following functions
with
respect to x (using rules of
differentiation as appropriate).
i . y cot x ii . y x 2 ln x
3
iii . y x 2 sin x 4
iv . y cos x
x x
v. y e 5 vi . y log10 x ln x
vii . y ( x 2 3 x 1)17 2 x
viii. y 2
x 2
y 3 x tan x
2
2 x 1
ix . x . y sec x
03/11/21 51
Differentiation of Trigonometrical Functions