STRUCTURE TOEFL

SKILLS 1 -5
1. A SENTENCE = A SEBJECT + A VERB
2. OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION
3. APPOSITIVE
4. PRESENT PARTICIPLES
5. PAST PARTICIPLES
 LANGUAGE
• TO COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER PEOPLE
• SPEAKING (ACTIVE) – LISTENING
• WRITING (PASSIVE) – READING

• A SENTENCE / SENTENCES

• A SENTENCE = A SUBJECT + A VERB

• A SENTENCE CONSIST OF WORDS THAT ARE ARRENGED BY THE RULE
THAT IS CALLED GRAMMAR OR STRUCTURE
 SKILL 1
A SENTENCE: A SUBJECT + A VERB
•A SUBJECT :
1. SINGULAR = TUNGGAL (SATU)
SHE ( MY MOM, HIS SISTER, ANI)
HE ( AHMAD, HER UNCLE, THEIR DAD)
IT ( A CAR, THE HOUSE, HIS PEN)

2. PLURAL = JAMAK ( AT LEAST 2)

I ( SAYA )
YOU ( KAMU)
WE ( KAMI, KITA, YOU AND I, HE AND I)
THEY ( PERSONS / THE MEN, CHILDREN, BOYS, GIRLS)
( THINGS/ THE BOOKS, HOUSES, CATS)
•
 A SENTENCE
• VERB : IN ENGLISH THERE ARE 2 KINDS OF VERBS AND 5 FORMS
base form 1st form 2nd form 3 rd form ing- form
• Verbal: watch - watches – watched – watched- watching : regular verb
watch
eat - eats – ate – eaten – eating : irregular verb
eat
have have/has - had - had - having
Non
verbal: be - is - was - been - being
am
are - were
Auxiliary verbs( kata kerja kata bantu )
• Modals
1. Can – could = dapat
2. Will – would = akan
3. Shall – should = sebaiknya + Base Form
4. May – might = mungkin/boleh
5. Must – had to= harus
 Auxiliary verbs( kata kerja kata bantu )
• She sings beautifully - she can sing beatifully

• He has a new car – he may have a new car

• My friend is a doctor. My friend must be a doctor

 Auxiliary verbs( kata kerja kata bantu )
•VERB 1 : present

Non verbal : is, am, are

she is here ( positive)
she is not here ( negative)
is she here? ( interrogative)

they are managers

they are not managers
are they managers?
 Auxiliary verbs( kata kerja kata bantu )
• Verb 1 : Simple present
verbal : watch, eat, put ...
Do/does : ( -, ? ) they watch a football game on Sunday
they do not watch a football game on Sunday
do they watch a football game on Sunday?

he watches a football game on Sunday

he does not watch a football game on Sunday
does he watch a football game on Sunday?
 Auxiliary verbs( kata kerja kata bantu )
• VERB 2 : Past Tense

Non verbal : was, were

she was here ( positive)
she was not here ( negative)
was she here? ( interogative)

they were managers

they were not managers
were they managers?
 Auxiliary verbs( kata kerja kata bantu )
• Verb 2 : Simple Past Tense
verbal : watched, ate, put ...
Did : ( -, ? ) they watched a football game on Sunday
they did not watch a football game on Sunday
did they watch a football game on Sunday?

he watched a football game on Sunday

he did not watch a football game on Sunday
did he watch a football game on Sunday?
 Auxiliary verbs( kata kerja kata bantu )
• Verb 3
• Has /have + verb 3 : present perfect: he has come back
they have bought the books
• Had + verb 3 :past perfect : I had had breakfast before I left the house
eaten

• Be/is,am,are/was, were/been + verb3 : passive ( di/ter)

he was bullyied by his friends
we are given money everyday
they have been told about the assignments
the floor is being mopped
 Auxiliary verbs( kata kerja kata bantu )
• Has /have + verb 3 : present perfect
she has eaten meal
they have bought the books
I have explained that lesson

• Had + verb 3 : past perfect

he had returned my novel
we had discussed that problem

• Be/is,am,are/was, were/been + verb3 : passive

• We are given money everyday by my mom
• She was helped by my brother
• He has been told about it
 Auxiliary verbs( kata kerja kata bantu )
• Verb ing

• Be/ is,am,are/was, were/been + Verb ing = continuous/progressive

The boys are praying in the mosque = present continuous
The boys were praying in the mosque=past continous
The boys have been praying in the mosque for ten minutes= present perfect continous

She sleeping/she is sleeping/she was sleeping/she has been sleeping/

She will be sleeping