UNIT 2

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR AND

PERSONALITY
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
Person and Environment
Individual Differences
Environmental Influences
Personality
Personality
External appearance and Behavior
Psycho-physical systems
Personality
Influencing factors in Personality
Biological factors
 Heredity
 Brain
 Biofeedback
 Physical features
Cultural factors
Family factors
Social factors
Situational factors
Types of Personality
Type A
Type B
Personality characteristics in organizations
1.Locus of Control
2.Machiavellianism
3.Selt-esteem
4.Self-efficacy
5.Positive/Negative affect
6.Risk Taking
Measuring Personality
The projective tests
Behavioral measures
Self-report Questionnaire
Theories of Personality
Intrapsychic theory
Type theories
Trait theories
Self theory
Social learning theory
Theories of Personality(cont)
Intrapsychic theory
Id
Ego
superego
Theories of Personality(cont)
Type theories
Sheldon’s Physiognomy theory
 Endomorph
 Mesomorph
 Ectomorph
Carl Jung’s Extrovert-Introvert theory
 Extroverts
 Introverts
 Thinking
 Feeling
 Sensation
 Intuition
Theories of Personality(cont)
Trait theories
Golden Allport’s personality traits
Common traits
 Extroversion
 Agreeableness
 Emotional stability
 Openness to experience

Individual traits
 Cardinal traits
 Central traits
 Secondary traits
Raymond cattell’s 16 personality factors
 Surface traits
 Source traits
Theories of Personality(cont)
Self theory
Conditions of worth
Unconditional positive theory
Theories of Personality(cont)
Social learning theory
Attention processes
Retention processes
Motor reproduction processes
Reinforcement processes
LEARNING
Learning is any relatively permanent change in
behavior that occurs as a result experience.
Components of Learning
Learning involves Change
Change Behavior
Change Experience
Learning is a Life long process
Learning
Determinants of Learning
Motive
Stimuli
Generalization
Responses
Reinforcement
Learning
Types of Learners
Visual Learners
Auditory Learners
Kinesthetic Learners
Learning
Learning Process
Attention
Expectancy
Retrieval of Relevant information
Selective projection
Encoding
Responding
Feedback
Cueing Retrieval
Learning
Theories of Learning
Classical conditioning theory
 Before conditioning
 After conditioning
Operant conditioning theory
Cognitive learning theory
 Wolfang kohler
 Edward tolman
Social learning theory
 Modeling
 Attention
 Reproduction
 Reinforcement
Learning
Principles of Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Extinction
Punishment
Learning
Learning curves
 Diminishing return learning curve
 Increasing return learning curve
 Increasing - decreasing return learning curve
 Increasing - decreasing return learning curve(complex pattern)
Diminishing return learning curve
Increasing return learning curve
Increasing - decreasing return learning
curve
Increasing - decreasing return learning curve(complex pattern)
Organizational Behavior Modification and
Misbehavior
Application of Organizational Behavior Modification
Every Manager uses ob model
Action speaks louder than words
Doing nothing has reinforce sequences
Reinforces are individual in nature
Specific behaviors
Real
Fair
Relatively quick
Organizational Behavior Modification and
Misbehavior
Steps involved in Behavior Modification
 Identification of critical behavior
 Measurement of behavior
Functional analysis
Development
Systematic evaluation
Misbehavior
Self
Employee organization
Damage
Misbehavior
Forms of Misbehavior
Violence
Inappropriate email and internet usage
Substance abuse
Dishonesty
Sexual harassment
EMOTIONS
Emotion as the feeling
Anger
Sadness
Fear
Enjoyment
Love
Surprise
Shame
Emotions
Characters
Biological
Reasoning
Overt behavior
Emotions
Theories of emotions
James-Lange theory
Cannon Bard theory
Schacter-Singer Two factor theory
Opponent process theory
MOTIVATION
Types
Positive
Negative

Methods of Motivation
Pay
Job
MBO
Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Content theory
 Maslow’s needs Hierarchy theory
 ERG theory
 Acquired needs theory
 Herzberg’s two factor theory
Theory X and Theory Y
Process theory
 Equity theory
 Expectancy theory
Goal setting theory