Surface-Based Cohesive Behaviour

Surface-based cohesive behavior provides a simplified way to model cohesive connections

with negligibly small interface thicknesses using the traction-separation constitutive model.
The formulae and laws that govern surface-based cohesive behaviour are very similar to
those used for cohesive elements with traction-separation behaviour:
• linear elastic traction-separation
• damage initiation criteria
• damage evolution laws
 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Damage initiation

𝐺
  𝐼/ 𝐼𝐼
 𝛿 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Crack Opening
 
Comparing Element and Surface Based Cohesive Behaviour:
Cohesive Elements
Preprocessing • Gives you direct control over the cohesive element mesh density
and stiffness properties.
• Constraints are enforced at the element integration points.
Initial • Must be bonded at the start of the analysis
configuration: • Once the interface has failed, the surfaces do not re-bond.
Constitutive Allow for several constitutive behavior types:
behavior: • Traction-separation constitutive model
• Continuum-based constitutive model
• Uniaxial stress-based constitutive model
Mass: • The element material definitions include mass.
Cohesive Surface
• Are easily defined using contact
interactions and cohesive interaction
properties.
• A pure master-slave in formulation is
used. Constraints are enforced at the
slave nodes.
• Can bond anytime contact is established
• You can control whether
debondedsurfaces will stick or not stick if
contact occurs again.
Must use the traction-separation interface
behavior.
• Intended for bonded interfaces where the
interface thickness is negligibly small.
• Only one failure mechanism is allowed.
• Do not add mass to the model.
• Indented for thin adhesive interfaces;
thus, neglecting adhesive mass is
appropriate for most applications.
Summary

Cohesive Element Cohesive Surface

• Are recommended for more detailed adhesive • Provides a quick and easy way to model
connection modelling. adhesive connections
• Additional pre-processing effort (and often increased
computational cost) is compensated for by gaining:
Cohesive Method
Cohesive is a failure in the bulk layer of the adhesive or sometimes in the
bulk. Cohesive input properties include parameters that define the stiffness,
strength and fracture energy of the cohesive material layer in each of its three
deformation modes.

The cohesive behaviour can be introduced in two methods in Abqus software:

• Modelled with cohesive element (Element based)

• Modelledcontact pairs in Abqus/Stanadard (surface based).
There are many possibilities for positioning the CZM
element within the adhesive layers:
• Treating the complete thickness of adhesive layer as the CZM
• Putting the CZM on the interface between adhesive and substrate
• Putting the CZM element in the middle of the adhesive layer
• Using zero thickness interface to give an interaction property

0.02 mm 0.02 mm

A 0.5 mm B C

D Surface Cohesive
Damage Initiation

Maximum nominal stress criterion Maximum nominal strain criterion

  ⟨ 𝜎𝑛 ⟩   ⟨ 𝜀𝑛 ⟩ 𝜀𝑠 𝜀𝑡
𝑀𝐴𝑋
{ 𝑁 𝑚𝑎𝑥
,
𝜎𝑠
,
𝜎𝑡
𝑆 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 } 𝑀𝐴𝑋
{ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜀𝑛
,
𝜀 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑠
,
𝜀 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑡
}
Damage Initiation, Criterion=MAXS Damage Initiation, Criterion=MAXE
𝑚𝑎𝑥
 𝜀 𝑛 , 𝜀 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑠 , 𝜀 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑡
Quadratic nominal stress criterion Quadratic nominal strain criterion
2
2 2 2   ⟨ 𝜀𝑛 ⟩ 𝜀𝑠 2 𝜎𝑡 2
  ⟨𝜎 𝑛⟩
( 𝑁 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) ( ) (
+
𝜎𝑠
𝑆 𝑚𝑎𝑥
+
𝜎𝑡
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) =1 ( ) ( ) ( )
𝜀𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑥
+ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =1
𝜀𝑠 𝜀𝑡
Damage Initiation, Criterion=QUADS Damage Initiation, Criterion=QUADS
𝑁
  𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑆 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜀  𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝜀 𝑚𝑎𝑥
, 𝜀 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑛 𝑠 𝑡

  nominal stress in the pure normal mode   nominal strain in the pure normal mode
𝜎 𝑠 : nominal  stress  in  the  first  shear  direction 𝜀 𝑠 : nominal   strain   in   the   first   shear  direction
 
  : nominal stress in the first shear direction   nominal strain in the first shear direction
:
 Damage Evolution

• Damage evolution is based on energy or displacement

o Specify either the total fracture energy or the post damage-
initiation effective displacement at failure
o May depend on mode mix
o Mode mix may be defined in terms of energy or traction
CZM Parameters

There are various Traction & Separation laws:

• Linear
• Exponential
• Tvergard & Hutchinson

Maximum normal traction

Maximum tangential traction
[N/mm] Fracture energy mode 1
Fracture energy mode 2
In Abaqus, nominal stress and strain quantities
are used for the traction separation law.
• If unit thickness is specified for the
element, then the nominal strain
corresponds to the separation value.

Elastic response governed by Enn.

• If you specify a non-unit thickness for the

cohesive element, you must scale your
data to obtain the correct stiffness Enn

  𝑛𝑛 = 𝐸
𝐸
𝐴𝑑h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑇h𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
Adhesive Thickness =0.2
  1800   500
𝐸𝑛𝑛 = =9000 𝐸𝑠𝑠 = =2500
0.2 0.2
Damage evolution
• Post damage-initiation response defined by:

  𝜎 =(1 − 𝑑 ) 𝜎
´
• d is the scalar damage variable
d = 0: undamaged
d = 1: fully damaged
d monotonically increases