PERANCANGAN SISTEM KERJA DAN ERGONOMIC (IEI2H3)

TIME STUDY
Direct Measurement –Work
sampling

Prepared by:
Team teaching (DCO, YGN, IKP, ATU, MUF, YFN)

Prodi S1 Teknik Industri

Fakultas Rekayasa Industri
Universitas Telkom
Work Sampling

Work Sampling is the

process of making
sufficient random
observations of an
operator’s activities to
determine the relative
amount of time the
operator spends on
the various activities
associated with the
job.
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 Work Sampling
The larger the
sample size,
Needs longer Needs large
High cost the more
time number of data
accurate the
result will be

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 Main Uses of Work Sampling
Determine the
time usage Determine the Determine
distribution of utility rate of standard time Determine the
workers during machines or for indirect allowance
the working equipments workers
time

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 Advantages of Work Sampling
Being a subject in
work sampling is less
Can be used to Good for measuring
demanding than
observe more than long duration
being watched
one object activities
continuously for a
long time

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 Disadvantages and Limitations

Less accurate Since work Workers may

Work
for setting sampling be suspicious
sampling
time Usually not deals with because they
provides less
standards practical to multiple do not
detailed
compared to study a single subjects, understand
information
other work subject individual the statistical
about work
measurement differences basis of work
elements
techniques will be missed sampling

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 Time Study Procedure
1 2 3 4
• Define objective • Sampling x • Worker selection • Worker training
of the study observations

5 6 7 8
• Breakdown task x • Prepare the • Do the x • Calculating: cycle
x
into element: measurement observations – time, normal time,
tools time study standard time

Before the After

observation observation observation

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 5. Breakdown task into elements
Breakdown the activities measured as productive
activities and other activities as non productive activities

Examples of activities breakdown:

• Activity 1 = Typing
• Activity 2 = Accepting instructions
• Activity 3 = Meeting
• Activity 4 = Calling or receiving a call
• Activity 5 = Others (such as eating/drinking, newspaper reading, idle,
etc)
Activities 1-4 are productive activities, activity 5 is non
productive activity
 7. Do the observation-Time study (work
sampling)
1) Preliminary study (sampling
observation)
• Determine time of sampling observations
(usually >= 30 samples) , using random number.

2) Uniformity testing

3) Adequacy testing

4) Complete the observation

(measurement)
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Example : Conducting a Study

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 1. Determining the scope of the study and
objective of work sampling.
The simplest objective is that of determining
whether a given machine is idle or working.

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5. Breakdown task into elements.

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 7. Do the observation-Time study
(worksampling)
1) Preliminary study (sampling observation)
1.Observations were made
randomly

Determine 2. One day is divided into units of

time
random
time of 3. Duration for units of time is not
too short or too long
observatio
n 4. Observation were made based on
predetermined unit time
 Assumption :

• A day shift of 8 hr from 7 a.m.-3 p.m.

• An 8-hr day equal to 480 minutes.
• 480 minutes  48 ten minute periods.

Start by choosing any number randomly

from table
Determine • Random choosing result: number 11(the
random second block, fourth column, fourth row
of table 12), 38 45 87 68 20 11 26 49
time of 05
observatio
n (con’t) Discard the number:
• 87, 68 and 49 (too high 48 ten
minutes periods [any number > 48 =
discarded]).
• 11 discarded (has already been
picked out)
 v
Determine
random
time of
observatio
n (con’t)
 Choose another numbers for replacing
the discarded number
• for example the newly chosen
numbers : 14 15 47 22
• By adding with previously chosen
numbers, become : 11, 38 45 20 26
05 14 15 47 22
Arranged the number and determine
the times of observation throughout
Determine the eight-hour day worked out.
random
time of
observatio 07.00+5x10 
n (con’t)
Observation started
from 07.00,am

48- ten minute

periods
Time of observation
07.00+ selected
numbers x 10
 Day I Example :
Worker 1 Random Observation
Day II
Worker 1
No Random Observation No
Number Time Number Time
Productive Idle Productive Idle
1 05 7.50 v   1 05 7.50 v  
2 11 8.50 v  2 11 8.50 v  
3 14 9.20 v   3 14 9.20  v
4 15 9.30 v  4 15 9.30 v  
5 20 10.20 v   5 20 10.20 v  
6 22 10.40 v   6 22 10.40 v  
7 26 11.20 v  
7 26 11.20  v
8 38 1.20 v   8 38 1.20 v  
9 45 2.30 v   9 45 2.30   v
10 47 2.50   v
10 47 2.50   v

Day III
Worker 1
Random Observation
No Number Time
Productive Idle
1 05 7.50  v
2 11 8.50 v  
3 14 9.20 v  
4 15 9.30 v  
5 20 10.20 v  
6 22 10.40 v  
7 26 11.20 v  
8 38 1.20 v  
9 45 2.30  v
www.en.wikipedia.org 10 47 2.50   v www.en.wikipedia.org
 Observations
Activity Total
1 2 3

Productive 7 6 8 21

Idle 3 4 2 9 Total
Total 10 10 10 30 observation all
days
% productive 70% 60% 80%  
3. Calculate the
1. Calculate
mean of
Productive p1 =7/10 x 100% = 70% observation
percentage
number
number of
observation days

Total productive percentage all days

2. Calculate the Attention ! : this is just the
mean of example for the sake of
productive learning and simplicity.
The sample for each day
percentage
must be greater than 10
number of observation days
(use 20 ++ at least)
 Uniformity Testing
Observations
Activity Total n
1 2 3
Productive 7 6 8 21
Idle 3 4 2 9 0.7 10
Total 10 10 10 30
% Previously calculated
productive 70% 60% 80%  
 Uniformity Testing (con’t)

100% UCL =1
90%
80%
70%
60%
50% LCL
40% =0.3
30%
20%
10%
0%
1 2 3
 Data Adequacy Test
Number of observations needed for accuracy level 5% and
confidence level 95%, can be determined using this formula :

=686
0.7
 Example of Standard Time Calculation
Based on data adequacy test : Number of observations = 700 (<686)

Supposed that : Number of productive activities: 560

• % Productive: 560/700 x 100% = 80%

Suppose that :Total time of observations: 20 days for 700 data (1 day = 35
observations, 1day = 8 hours, 1 hour =60 min)  8x20x60=9600
• Total time of productive activities: 80% x 9600 = 7680 min
Suppose that: Number of finished product : 670 pc
• Production time / pc : 7680/670 = 11,46 min
Suppose that: performance rating factor (PRF) : 0,95
• Normal time : 11,46 x 0,95 = 10,88 min
Allowances : 23%
• Standard time : 10,88 x (1+0,23) = 13,38 min