Valence = number of electrons in the

outermost energy level

Example: Valence

5 B = 1s2 2s2 2p1 3

12Mg = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 2

20 Ca = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 2

Vertical = Groups
Horizontal = Periods
 8

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Vertical = Groups 8 Groups
Horizontal = Periods 7 Periods
How Atoms Bond?
Compounds and Mixtures are more common
compared to Elementals
How do bonds form then?
Chemical Bonds

= It is the attractive force that holds

atoms of elements together in a compound
Types of Bonds

1. Ionic Bonds
2. Covalent Bonds
3. Metallic Bonds
Ionic Bonds
= involves the transfer of electrons from
one atom of one element to that of another
element.
Covalent Bonds = involves the SHARING of
electrons between two atoms
a. Non-Polar Covalent Bond
b. Polar Covalent Bond

Metallic Bonds
= occurs among metal atoms
Valence
= the degree of combining power of
an element

Electronegativity ( EN)
= It is the measure of the tendency
of an atom to attract electrons
Electronegativity varies in a predictable way
across the periodic table.

. Electronegativity increases from bottom to

top in groups, and increases from left to right
across periods. Thus, fluorine is the most
electronegative element, while francium is
one of the least electronegative.
The Periodic Table of
Elements: Metal and Non
Metals
Noble Gases have an Octet. They have 8 valence
electron. They are stable and unreactive
Example: 10 Ne = 1s2 2s2 2p6
20 Ar= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

36 Kr = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6

Elements with less than 8 electrons are reactive.

They will find/look/attract electrons for them to
become stable.
Electronegativity Difference (EN difference)
A. If the difference is greater than 1.9,
complete transfer of electron/s is possible
B. If the electronegativity difference is equal
to 0.4 or less, it results to a non-polar
covalent bond.
C. If the electronegativity difference is less
than 1.9 and more than 0.4, polar
covalent bond is formed.
EXAMPLE:
What type of bond is formed from the following
elements?
1. Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl)
EN of CL: 3.0
EN of Na: - 0.9
2.1
Na and Cl form Ionic Bond because its EN difference
is greater than 1.9. There will be a transfer of
electrons that will happen from each of the element
going to another element.
2. Aluminum (Al) and Chlorine (Cl)
EN of Cl: 3.0
EN of Al: - 1.5
1.5
Al and Cl form Polar Covalent Bond because
its EN difference is less than 1.9 and
more than 0.4. Sharing of electrons will
happen between them.
3. Hydrogen (H) and (O)
EN of O: 3.5
EN of H: - 2.1
1.4
H and O form Polar Covalent Bond because its
EN difference is less than 1.9 and more than 0.4.
Sharing of electrons will happen between them.
4. Oxygen (O) and Oxygen (O)
EN of O: 3.5
EN of O: - 3.5
0
O and O form Non Polar Covalent bond because
its EN difference is equal to less 0.4. Sharing of
electrons will happen between them.
Two types of Covalent Bonding: Polar and
Non Polar
How could we know which one
loses electron and gains it? Metal?
Non Metals? ELECTRONEGATIVITY.
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bonding
Polar Covalent Bond:
Difference of EN Value is 0.4
to 1.9
Non Polar Covalent Bond: Happens when the
difference between the EN is 0.4 or less.
What if difference between the EN value is 2
and above? IONIC Bonding Will Take Place
Considering all matter that you
could see around you, which do
you think is/are more commonly
observed?