Evolution I

29 Evolution I
29 Evolution I
1
29 Evolution I
Think about…
29.1The origin of life
29.2Evolution
Recall Think about…
Concept map
2
29 Evolution I
Rocks that tell us about the past

What are they? Fossils ( 化石 )
3
29 Evolution I
Rocks that tell us about the past

Fossils ( 化
石)
preserved remains or traces of organisms
that lived millions of years ago
tell us what organisms once existed on earth
important in studying evolution

4
29 Evolution I
How are fossils formed?
5
29 Evolution I
What is the importance of fossils

in the study of evolution?
6
29 Evolution I 29.1 The origin of life
29.1 The origin of life
How did life

originate?
7
Alexander Oparin’s hypothesis (in 1920s)

early earth
CH4, NH3, H2
and H2O in
atmosphere
8
CH4, NH3, H2
and H2O in
atmosphere
energy from
solar radiation
9
CH4, NH3, H2
and H2O in
atmosphere
electric discharges
in lightning
10
CH4, NH3, H2 organic

and H2O in molecules
atmosphere
strong heat from

volcanoes
11
CH4, NH3, H2 organic

and H2O in molecules
atmosphere
first organisms
on earth
12

• Stanley Miller tested the hypothesis
in 1953
Online video
:Origin of life
Stanley Miller
13
Stanley Miller’s investigation
electrode
gas mixture
(CH4, NH3, H2
and H2O)
water out
water in
water condenser
14

strong electric
sparks
 simulating
lightning
water out
boiling water in
water
After one week…
heat
15

strong electric
sparks
 simulating
lightning
water out
boiling water in
water
organic molecules
After one week…
heat were found in water
16

• the results supported the hypothesis that
inorganic organic
substances molecules
conditions of
early earth
17

• scientists today generally believe that
simple inorganic substances in the
atmosphere of the early earth
form
organic molecules
join to form
first organisms
18

But some scientists queried:
1 Did the atmosphere of the

early earth really consist of
CH4, NH3, H2 and H2O?
19

But some scientists queried:
2 The results of Miller’s

investigation did not support
that organic molecules could
join to form organisms.
20
Scientists generally believe that the

first organisms were formed by
joining organic molecules together.
21
The organic molecules were

produced from simple inorganic
substances present in the
atmosphere of the early earth.
22
29 Evolution I 29.2 Evolution
29.2 Evolution
diversified life forms on

earth today
23
theory of
29.2 Evolution
evolution ( 進
化)
common ancestor
( 共同祖先 )
24
A Evidence for evolution: fossils

• preserved remains or traces
of ancient organisms
25
Types of fossils
Two types:
(1) body fossils ( 體化石 )
(2) trace fossils ( 遺跡化石 )
26
(1) Body fossils

• include body parts of organisms, e.g.
bones teeth shells
dinosaur shark snail

skull fossil tooth fossil shell fossil
27
(1) Body fossils

• provide information on the existence
of ancient organisms and what they
looked like
28
(2) Trace fossils

• include structures caused by the activity of
organisms, e.g.
footprints burrows dung
dinosaur fossilized dinosaur

footprint burrows dung fossil
29
(2) Trace fossils

• provide information on the activities
of ancient organisms
30
Formation of fossils
Online
video:
How a fossil
is made
fish skeleton
bottom
of a lake
31
1
mud and sand
from river
buried in mud and sand

32
2 After millions of years…
more recent
mud and sand
great pressure
mud and sand became rock

33
2
deposition of minerals
became
a fossil
34
3 Due to earth movement…
rock raised
above water
younger rock layer
older rock layer
35
4
fossil exposed
further earth movement

or weathering
36
• remains of organisms can also be preserved
in resin ( 樹脂 )
amber ( 琥珀 )
(fossilized resin)
small animal
37
Online video:
Frozen mammoth
found
• remains of organisms can also be preserved

in resin ( 樹脂 )or ice
ice
mammoth
( 猛獁象 )
38
Fossil record
• fossils are usually preserved in
sedimentary rocks ( 沉積岩 )
39
Fossil record Online video:

Tung Ping Chau

Tung Ping Chau ( 東平洲 )

40
Fossil record
uppermost
layer
lowest
layer
41
Fossil record
youngest most recent fossil

rock
a fossil
sequence
record
of
fossils
( 化石紀錄 )
oldest
rock earliest fossil
42
Fossil record
suggests that:
close
resemblance
modern species fossilized species

existing life forms arose from
pre-existing life forms
43
Fossil record
suggests that:
younger rocks
fossils of eukaryotes
3.5 billion years

old rock fossils of prokaryotes
44
Fossil record
suggests that:
younger rocks complex eukaryotic
fossils of eukaryotes
organisms
developed into
3.5 billion years simple prokaryotic

old rock fossils of prokaryotes
organisms
45
Fossil record
• scientists can now estimate the age of
fossils by radioisotope dating
( 放射性同位素定年法 )
information about the

time of existence of organisms
46
Fossil record
4600 million years ago
formation of earth
47
Fossil record
first fish
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Fossil record
first land plants
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Fossil record
first amphibians
50
Fossil record
first reptiles
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Fossil record
first dinosaurs first mammals

52
Fossil record
first birds
53
Fossil record
0.2 million years ago
first humans
54
Evolution of the horse

fossil records
evolutionary history of
a species can be traced
• Take the fossil record of the horse

as an example.
55

60 million 30 million
Time Today
years ago years ago
Bones of
forelimb
• legs became longer

• number of toes reduced
56

60 million 30 million
Time Today
years ago years ago
Body size
0.4 m 1m 1.6 m
• horses became larger in size
57
Limitations of the fossil record

• a continuous fossil record is seldom
found
 gaps or missing links ( 缺少的環節 )
Why?
58
i) Inability to form fossils

For example:
• the bodies of dead organisms may be
eaten by other organisms, or decay
before being buried in mud and sand
59

For example:
• the conditions are not suitable for
fossil formation
60

For example:
• some organisms may not fossilize
e.g. soft-bodied
organisms
61
ii) Inability to find a complete set

of fossils
For example:
• some fossils are located in inaccessible
areas (e.g. under the sea)
• most fossils are incomplete and may be
damaged
• the chance of discovering fossils is low
62
The diagram below shows three layers of

sedimentary rock where fossils of snails are found.
Z
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a Snail fossils found in which layer of rock are

the oldest? (1 mark)
Z
64
Answer
a Layer Z (1)
65
Answer
a Layer Z (1)
Sedimentary rocks are formed by
the deposition of one layer of mud
and sand on top of another. The
lowest layer is the oldest rock.
66
b Suggest a way to determine the age of fossils.

(1 mark)
67
Answer
b Radioisotope dating (1)
68
c The fossils only show the snail shells. Explain

why the rest of the snail body did not fossilize.
(1 mark)
69
Answer
c The soft body parts of the snails decayed. (1)
70
d What do you expect the difference in diversity

of fossils between layer X and layer Z will be?
Explain your answer. (2
marks)
X
Z
71
Answer
d It is expected that layer X contains a greater

diversity of fossils than layer Z. (1)
According to the theory of evolution, all
organisms evolved from a common ancestor.
The diversity of organisms increases over time.
(1)
72
e Remains of ancient organisms are also found in

ice. How do these remains differ from fossils
found in rock? (2
marks)
73
Answer
e In fossils found in rock, only hard parts of

organisms are usually preserved. (1)
In the remains found in ice, soft parts of
organisms are also preserved. (1)
74
B Other evidence for evolution

Further evidence supporting evolution:
1 homologous ( 同源的 ) structures
2 comparative biochemistry
75
1 Homologous structures
• structures that perform different
functions, but their designs are
basically the same
e.g. pentadactyl limbs ( 五趾型肢 )
in mammals
76
Pentadactyl limbs
Human Horse Bat Whale
(handling) different functions
(running) (flying) (swimming
)
all with
same 5 digits
basic design
77
Pentadactyl limbs
Human Horse Bat Whale
(handling) (running) (flying) (swimming
)
• suggests that:
- they evolved from a common ancestor
- their limbs modified to perform different
functions in different environments
78
2 Comparative biochemistry
• cells of all organisms are made up of
similar chemicals
suggests that:
all species today arose from
a common ancestor
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2 Comparative biochemistry
• cells of all organisms are made up of
similar chemicals
by comparing the similarity

in different species
phylogenetic relationship
may be deduced
80
i) Comparing the amino acid sequence

in proteins genetic
code in
DNA
mutations
variations in amino acid sequence

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i) Comparing the amino acid sequence

in proteins
Scientists believe that
• the fewer differences in the amino acid
sequence in the same type of protein of
different species
 the fewer the mutations
 the closer the phylogenetic relationship
82
Example: comparing the amino acid sequence

in haemoglobin between humans and other
vertebrates
Vertebrate
Gorilla Rhesus Dog Chicken Frog

monkey
Number of
1 8 15 45 67
differences
83

vertebrates
Vertebrate
Gorilla Rhesus Dog Chicken Frog

monkey
Number of
1 8 15 45 67
differences
more closely related to humans
84

vertebrates
rhesus
human gorilla monkey dog chicken frog
evolutionary tree
( 進化樹 )
ancestor
85
ii) Comparing the base sequence of DNA

• the more similar the base sequence of DNA,
the closer the phylogenetic relationship
86
base sequence
of DNA
determines
amino acid sequence
87

Similarity in base sequence
Species
(compared to humans)
Gorilla 97.7%
Rhesus monkey 91.1%
Chicken 88%
Mouse 85%
Rabbit 80%
Squirrel 75%
88

closer phylogenetic
Similarity in base sequence
Species to humans
relationship (compared to humans)
Gorilla 97.7%
Rhesus monkey 91.1%
Chicken 88%
Mouse 85%
Rabbit 80%
Squirrel 75%
89
1 The theory of evolution suggests

that life on earth started from a
common ancestor . Over a long
period of time, this ancestor
developed into all the different
species we have today.
90
2 Fossils are the preserved

remains or traces of
ancient organisms.
91
3 The sequence of fossils in

sedimentary rocks forms the
fossil record .
92
3 The fossil record agrees with the

theory of evolution that:
• existing life forms arose from
pre-existing life forms.
93
3 The fossil record agrees with the

theory of evolution that:
• organisms became more
complex in structure and
more diversified
.
94
4 Limitations of using fossil records

as evidence for evolution:
• There are missing links in
fossil records.
• Soft-bodied organisms usually
do not form fossils.
95

• The bodies of dead organisms
may be eaten by other
organisms or decay before
fossilization occurs.
96

• The conditions in which the
organisms died are not suitable
for fossil formation.
97

• Most fossils are incomplete
and may be damaged.
• Some fossils are located in
inaccessible areas.
98
5 Other evidence for evolution:

• Homologous structures in
certain species suggest that these
species have evolved from a
common ancestor.
99
5 Other evidence for evolution:

• Comparative studies looking at the
amino acid sequence in proteins
and the base sequence of DNA
between different species show that
a higher degree of similarity is found
in more closely related species.
100
1 How are fossils formed?

Organisms die and are buried in mud
and sand at the bottom of the sea. The
mud and sand harden and the remains
turn into fossils.
101
2 What is the importance of fossils in the

study of evolution?
Fossils provide strong evidence for
evolution.
102
29 Evolution I
Evolution
is supported by
evidence like
homologous comparative
fossil records
structures studies
examples include
pentadactyl limbs in mammals
103
29 Evolution I
fossil records
can be found in
sedimentary rock
lower layers upper

contain layers
simpler life contain
more complex
forms life forms
104
29 Evolution I
comparative
studies
of
amino acid
base sequence of
sequence in the
DNA in different
same type of protein
species
in different species
105
29 Evolution I
Evolution
can explain
existing diversified
life forms
come from a
common ancestor
106

Evolution I

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29 Evolution I

Rocks that tell us about the past

Rocks that tell us about the past

tell us what organisms once existed on earth

important in studying evolution

How are fossils formed?

What is the importance of fossils

29.1 The origin of life

How did life

Alexander Oparin’s hypothesis (in 1920s)

Alexander Oparin’s hypothesis (in 1920s)

Alexander Oparin’s hypothesis (in 1920s)

Alexander Oparin’s hypothesis (in 1920s)

CH4, NH3, H2 organic

strong heat from

Alexander Oparin’s hypothesis (in 1920s)

CH4, NH3, H2 organic

Alexander Oparin’s hypothesis (in 1920s)

Stanley Miller’s investigation

Stanley Miller’s investigation

Stanley Miller’s investigation

Stanley Miller’s investigation

Stanley Miller’s investigation

Stanley Miller’s investigation

1 Did the atmosphere of the

Stanley Miller’s investigation

2 The results of Miller’s

Scientists generally believe that the

The organic molecules were

diversified life forms on

A Evidence for evolution: fossils

(1) Body fossils

dinosaur shark snail

(1) Body fossils

(2) Trace fossils

dinosaur fossilized dinosaur

(2) Trace fossils

buried in mud and sand

mud and sand became rock

younger rock layer

older rock layer

further earth movement

• remains of organisms can also be preserved

Fossil record Online video:

• fossils are usually preserved in

Tung Ping Chau ( 東平洲 )

youngest most recent fossil

modern species fossilized species

3.5 billion years

3.5 billion years simple prokaryotic

information about the

4600 million years ago

490 million years ago

440 million years ago

first land plants

420 million years ago

350 million years ago

250 million years ago

first dinosaurs first mammals

200 million years ago

0.2 million years ago

Evolution of the horse