11 Introduction to Probability

Quick Practice 11.2 (p. 11.8)

11 Introduction to (a) Since there are 30 days in June, the total number of
possible outcomes is 30. These outcomes are equally
Probability likely.
∵ 2nd, 9th, 16th, 23rd, and 30th June are Mondays in
Activity 2008.
5 1
Activity 11.1 (p. 11.3) ∴ P(Monday) = =
30 6
1. yes

2. (a) A key chain is more likely to be given out than a pen. (b) ∵ 9th June is a public holiday but not a Sunday.
1
∴ P(a public holiday but not a Sunday) =
(b) A cake coupon is less likely to be given out than 30
orange juice.

Activity 11.2 (p. 11.24) Quick Practice 11.3 (p. 11.8)

1. (b) Your results may not be the same but they are close From the bar chart, the total number of employees in the
1 company = 54 + 44 + 66 + 86 = 250
to . (a) Number of employees with blood group B is 66.
2
66 33
∴ P(B) = = (or 0.264)
2. (c) yes 250 125

(b) Number of employees with blood group A is 44.

Classwork 250 − 44 206 103
∴ P(not A) = = = (or 0.824)
250 250 125
Classwork (p. 11.5)
Number of possible
Possible outcomes Quick Practice 11.4 (p. 11.9)
outcomes
(a) ∵ Among the 1000 tickets, there are only 10 tickets that
(a) Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday, Thursday, 7 can win the consolation prize.
10 1
Friday, Saturday, Sunday ∴ P(consolation prize) = = (or 0.01)
(b) ‘C’, ‘O’, ‘I’, ‘N’ 4 1000 100
(c) ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’ 5
(b) ∵ Total number of ticket that cannot win any prizes.
Classwork (p. 11.5)
= 1000 − 1 − 2 − 10
Possible outcomes Favourable outcome(s)
(a) ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, ‘4’, ‘5’, ‘6’ ‘1’, 6’ = 987
(b) ‘T’, ‘O’, the 1st ‘S’, 987
‘O’ ∴ P(no prizes) = (or 0.987)
the 2nd ‘S’ 1000
(c) All of the 52 cards ♣Q, ♦Q, ♥Q and ♠Q
Quick Practice 11.5 (p. 11.15)
Let S stand for a son and D stand for a daughter.
Quick Practice
First Second Possible
child child Outcomes
Quick Practice 11.1 (p. 11.7)
There are 52 playing cards. Therefore, there are 52 possible
outcomes. These possible outcomes are equally likely.
(a) There are 13 diamonds in a pack of 52 playing cards.
∴ Number of favourable outcomes = 13
13 1
∴ P(getting a diamond) = =
52 4
From the tree diagram, there are 4 equally likely outcomes,
(b) There are 4 ‘Q’s and 4 ‘J’s in a pack of 52 playing cards. i.e. SS, SD, DS and DD.
∴ Number of favourable outcomes = 4 + 4 = 8 (a) There is only 1 favourable outcome, i.e. DD.
8 2 1
∴ P(getting a ‘Q’ or a ‘J’) = = ∴ P(two daughters) =
52 13 4

(c) There are 26 red cards in a pack of 52 playing cards. (b) There are 2 favourable outcomes, i.e. SD and DS.
∴ Number of favourable outcomes = 52 – 26 = 26 ∴ P(1 daughter only) = =
2 1
26 1 4 2
∴ P(not getting a red card) = =
52 2

119
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

Quick Practice 11.6 (p. 11.16) Quick Practice 11.9 (p. 11.20)
Let T stand for an answer ‘true’ and F stand for an answer (a) P(an MP3 player)
‘false’.
angle at the centre representing ' an MP3 player'
First Second Possible =
question question Outcomes round angle
T TT 30°
=
T 360°
F TF 1
=
12
T FT
F
F FF 160°
(b) P(candies) =
360°
From the tree diagram,
4
total number of equally likely outcomes = 4 =
There are 2 favourable outcomes, i.e. TF and FT. 9
2 1
∴ P(only one answer correct) = =
4 2 Quick Practice 11.10 (p. 11.20)
Area of the larger square = 102 cm 2 = 100 cm 2
Quick Practice 11.7 (p. 11.17) Area of the blue zone = (102 − 4 2 ) cm 2
We can list all the possible outcomes in a table as follows:
= (100 − 16) cm 2
Second dice
= 84 cm 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
84 cm 2 21
1 1, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 1, 6 ∴ P(hitting the blue zone) = =
2 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 100 cm 2 25
First dice

3 3, 1 3, 2 3, 3 3, 4 3, 5 3, 6
4 4, 1 4, 2 4, 3 4, 4 4, 5 4, 6 Quick Practice 11.11 (p. 11.26)
5 5, 1 5, 2 5, 3 5, 4 5, 5 5, 6 (a) When throwing a dice, the total number of possible
6 6, 1 6, 2 6, 3 6, 4 6, 5 6, 6 outcomes = 6
From the table, we see that there are 36 possible outcomes Number of favourable outcomes = 2 (i.e. the numbers 1 and 2)
altogether. ∴ Theoretical probability of getting a number less than 3
(a) There are 10 favourable outcomes, i.e. 1, 2; 2, 1; 2, 3; 3, 2; 2 1
= =
3, 4; 4, 3; 4, 5; 5, 4; 5, 6; 6, 5. 6 3
∴ P(larger number greater than smaller number by 1)
10 5
= = (b) Frequency of getting a number less than 3
36 18 = 150 + 130 = 280
∴ Experimental probability of getting a number less than 3
(b) There are 9 favourable outcomes, i.e. 2, 2; 2, 4; 2, 6; 4, 2; 280
=
4, 4; 4, 6; 6, 2; 6, 4; 6, 6. 800
9 1 7
∴ P(both numbers are even number) = = =
36 4 20

Quick Practice 11.8 (p. 11.18) Quick Practice 11.12 (p. 11.27)
Let G1, G2 and G3 stand for the 3 girls, and B1 and B2 stand for (a) Experimental probability that a member did not watch any
the 2 boys. We can list all the possible outcomes in a table as 4 2
follows: movies last month = =
Second child 50 25
G1 G2 G3 B1 B2
G1 G1G2 G1G3 G1B1 G1B2 (b) Experimental probability that a member watch at least
First child

G2 G2G1 G2G3 G2B1 G2B2 7

3 movies last month =
G3 G3G1 G3G2 G3B1 G3B2 50
B1 B1G1 B1G2 B1G3 B1 B2 Let x be the total number of members.
B2 B2G1 B2G2 B2G3 B2 B1 Let us assume that
experimental probability ≈ theoretical probability.
From the table, there are 20 possible outcomes altogether. 7 105
(a) There are 2 favourable outcomes, i.e. B1B2 and B2B1. ∴ ≈
50 x
2 1
∴ P(2 boys) = = 50
20 10 x ≈ 105 ×
7
= 750
(b) There are 8 favourable outcomes, i.e. G1G2, G1G3, G2G1, Therefore, the estimated total number of members is 750.
G2G3, G3G1, G3G2, B1B2 and B2B1.
8 2
∴ P(the same sex) = =
20 5

120
 11 Introduction to Probability

Quick Practice 11.13 (p. 11.31) Further Practice (p. 11.16)

The following table lists all the possible outcomes and their 1. (a) Let H stand for a head and T stand for a tail.
corresponding theoretical probabilities in throwing a dice once:
First Second Third Possible
coin coin coin Outcomes
Number 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
Probability
4 4 4 4

∴ Expected value of the number obtained

1 1 1 1
= 1× + 2 × + 3 × + 4 ×
4 4 4 4
= 2.5
(b) From the tree diagram, there are 8 equally likely
Quick Practice 11.14 (p. 11.32) outcomes.
Expected value of the marks obtained There are 3 favourable outcomes, i.e. HHT, HTH
and THH.
1 1 1
= 5× + 2× + 0× 3
2 3 6 ∴ P(exactly 2 heads) =
8
1
=3
6
(c) There are 4 favourable outcomes, i.e. HTT, THT,
TTH and TTT.
4 1
Further Practice ∴ P(at least 2 tails) = =
8 2

Further Practice (p. 11.11)

1. (a) ∵ There is only 1 ‘C’ among the 8 letters. 2. Let B stand for a boy and G stand for a girl.
1 First Second Third Possible
∴ P(getting the letter ‘C’) = child child child Outcomes
8
B BBB
B
(b) ∵ There are 2 ‘E’s among the 8 letters. G BBG
2 1 B
∴ P(getting the letter ‘E’) = =
8 4 B BGB
G
G BGG
2. (a) ∵ 3 of the 8 balls are green. B GBB
3 B
∴ P(green) =
8 G GBG
G
B GGB
(b) ∵ None of the balls is yellow.
G
∴ P(yellow) = 0 G GGG
From the tree diagram,
(c) ∵ All the balls are either blue or green. total number of possible outcomes = 8
∴ P(blue or green) = 1 There is only 1 favourable outcome, i.e. BBB.
1
∴ P(all boys) =
3. Total number of copies of newspapers 8
= 65 + 55 + 45 + 35 = 200
(a) ∵ Number of copies of Banana Daily = 45
3. Let G1 and G2 stand for the 2 green balls, and Y1 and Y2
45 9
∴ P(Banana Daily) = = stand for the 2 yellow balls.
200 40
First Second Possible
ball ball Outcomes
(b) ∵ Number of copies of West Side Daily = 65 G2 G1G2
65 13 G1 Y1 G1Y1
∴ P(West Side Daily) = = Y2 G1Y2
200 40
G1 G2G1
G2 Y1 G2Y1
Y2 G2Y2
G1 Y1G1
Y1 G2 Y1G2
Y2 Y1Y2
G1 Y2G1
Y2 G2 Y2G2
Y1 Y2Y1

121
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

From the tree diagram, (b) Angle at the centre representing ‘television’
total number of possible outcomes = 12 = 360° − 105° − 120° − 90° (∠s at a pt.)
There are 8 favourable outcomes, i.e. G1Y1, G1Y2, G2Y1, = 45°
G2Y2, Y1G1, Y1G2, Y2G1 and Y2G2. 45°
P(a television) =
∴ P(different colours) =
8 2
= 360°
12 3 1
=
8
Further Practice (p. 11.18)
1. (a)
2. Area of the dartboard = 6 × 6 cm2 = 36 cm2
Second word
Area of the shaded region
B I T T E R
 1 6 1 6
S S, B S, I S, T S, T S, E S, R =  36 − × 2 × − × 6 ×  cm 2
First word

W W, B W, I W, T W, T W, E W, R  2 2 2 2
E E, B E, I E, T E, T E, E E, R = 24 cm 2
E E, B E, I E, T E, T E, E E, R 24 cm 2 2
T T, B T, I T, T T, T T, E T, R ∴ P(hit the shaded region) = =
36 cm 2 3
(b) From the table,
total number of possible outcomes = 30 Further Practice (p. 11.27)
(i) There are 4 outcomes in which the two letters 1. (a) Frequency of getting two numbers whose sum is a
chosen are the same. multiple of 4
4 2 = total frequency of getting a sum of 4, 8 or 12
∴ P(same letters) = = =2+9+1
30 15
= 12
(ii) Among the two words, the letters ‘E’ and ‘I’ are ∴ The required experimental probability
vowels.
12
There are 4 outcomes in which the two letters =
chosen are vowels. 50
6
∴ P(vowels) =
4
=
2 =
30 15 25

2. (a) Let H stand for a head and T stand for a tail. (b) Frequency of getting two numbers whose sum is
Dice greater than 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 = total frequency of getting a sum of 9, 10, 11 or 12
=5+6+1+1
Coin

H H, 1 H, 2 H, 3 H, 4 H, 5 H, 6
T T, 1 T, 2 T, 3 T, 4 T, 5 T, 6 = 13
∴ The required experimental probability
(b) From the table, 13
=
total number of possible outcomes = 12 50
(i) There are 3 favourable outcomes, i.e. H, 1; H, 3;
H, 5.
∴ P(a head and an odd number) 2. (a) The required experimental probability
125
3 =
= 200
12
5
1 =
= 8
4
(ii) There are 2 favourable outcomes, i.e. T, 5; T, 6.
(b) Let x be the number of visitors who go to museums at
∴ P(a tail and a number > 4) most 3 times a year.
2 Assume that
=
12 experimental probability ≈ theoretical probability.
1 5 x
= ∴ ≈
6 8 1400
5
x ≈ × 1400
Further Practice (p. 11.20) 8
1. (a) P (a $50 coupon) = 875
angle at the centre representing ' a $50 coupon' Therefore, the estimated number of visitors is 875.
=
round angle Further Practice (p. 11.32)
120° 1. (a) Total number of notes in the box = 5 + 3 + 1 = 9
=
360° 5
(i) P(a $10-note) =
1 9
=
3

122
 11 Introduction to Probability

3 1 3. There is no 30th in February.

(ii) P(a $20-note) = = ∴ The required probability = 0
9 3

4. Among the 4 options, only 1 is correct.

1
(iii) P(a $100-note) = 1
9 ∴ P(answers the question correctly) =
4

(b) Expected value of the amount that Mary gets

5. Total number of students in the class = 24 + 18 = 42
 5 1 1 Number of boys = 18
= $ 10 × + 20 × + 100 × 
 9 3 9 18 3
∴ P(boy) = =
1 42 7
= $23
3
6. Total number of balls = 8 + 4 + 2 + 6 = 20
2. Let A be the area of the wheel. (a) Among the 20 balls, only 8 are red.
1 8 2
Area of the blue region = A ∴ P(red) = =
2 20 5
Area of either pink, green or yellow region
1 1
= × ×A (b) Among the 20 balls, only 6 are black.
3 2 6 3
1 ∴ P(black) = =
= A 20 10
6
1
A 7. Total number of prizes = 1 + 9 + 200 = 210
1
∴ P(0 marks) = 2 = 210 7
A 2 ∴ P(win a prize) = =
60 000 2000
1
A
1
P(1 mark) = P(2 marks) = P(5 marks) = 6 = 8. Total number of buttons = 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5
A 6
Number of buttons for cola or orange juice = 2 + 1 = 3
Expected value of the marks obtained 3
∴ P(gets a can of cola or a can of orange juice) =
1 1 1 1 5
= 0 × + 1× + 2 × + 5 ×
2 6 6 6
1 9. Among the 100 integers, 10 of them are square numbers,
=1
3 i.e. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81 and 100.
10 1
∴ P(square number) = =
100 10
Exercise
10. (a) There are 3 ‘P’s among the 12 letters.
Exercise 11A (p. 11.11) 3 1
∴ P(getting a ‘P’) = =
Level 1 12 4
1. Total number of possible outcomes = 6
(a) There are 2 favourable outcomes, i.e. 5 and 6. (b) There are 5 vowels among the 12 letters.
2 1
∴ P(greater than 4) = = ∴ P(getting a vowel) =
5
6 3 12

(b) There are 0 favourable outcomes. 11. From the table,

∴ P(equal to 8) = 0 total number of S3 students = 38 + 40 + 35 + 37
= 150
2. Total number of possible outcomes = 52 (a) There are 40 students in S3B.
(a) There are 4 aces in a pack of 52 playing cards. 40 4
∴ P(an S3B student) = =
∴ Number of favourable outcomes = 4 150 15
4 1
∴ P(getting an ace) = =
52 13 (b) Total number of students from S3A or S3D
= 38 + 37
(b) There are 13 hearts and 3 ‘5’s (excluding ♥5) in a = 75
pack of 52 playing cards. ∴ P(an S3A student or an S3D student)
∴ Number of favourable outcomes 75
=
= 13 + 3 150
= 16 1
16 4 =
∴ P(getting a heart or a ‘5’) = = 2
52 13

123
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

12. From the bar chart, (a) Total number of boys in the junior forms
total number of votes = 11 + 7 + 23 + 5 = 46 = 87 + 97 + 121
and number of votes for Kenneth Chan = 11 = 305
11 305 61
∴ P(votes for Kenneth Chan) = ∴ P(a boy) = =
46 600 120

Level 2 (b) Number of S3 girls = 89

13. (a) Among the 50 members, 12 are S3C students. 89
12 6 ∴ P(an S3 girl) =
∴ P(an S3C student) = = 600
50 25
(c) Number of S2 boys = 97
(b) Among the 50 members, 8 are S3B students. 97
Number of members that is not an S3B student ∴ P(an S2 boy) =
600
= 50 – 8 = 42
42 21
∴ P(not an S3B student) = = 18. (a) Among the 40 presents, there are 9 keychains.
50 25
9
∴ P(a keychain) =
40
14. (a) William will win a third prize if he draws a red ball.
Among the 100 balls, 10 are red.
10 1 (b) After giving a keychain to John,
∴ P(third prize) = = total number of presents = 40 − 1 = 39,
100 10
and number of keychains = 9 − 1 = 8.
8
(b) William will win no prizes if he does not draw a gold ∴ P(a keychain) =
39
ball, a silver ball or a red ball.
Number of balls that are not gold, silver or red
= 100 – 2 – 5 – 10 19. Let x be the number of female staff.
= 83 Then (x – 12) is the number of male staff.
83 x + ( x − 12) = 60
∴ P(no prizes) =
100 2 x = 72
x = 36
15. (a) Among the 100 integers, there are 25 prime numbers, ∴ There are 36 female staff.
i.e. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 36 3
∴ P(a female staff) = =
53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89 and 97. 60 5
25 1
∴ P(a prime number) = =
100 4 20. (a) Among the 40 students, 6 join the swimming club.
6 3
(b) Among the 100 integers, there is only 1 even prime ∴ P(a swimming club member) = =
40 20
number, i.e. 2.
1
∴ P(an even prime number) = (b) Number of students who are not members of any
100 clubs
= 40 – (12 + 6 – 1)
16. Total number of $1-coin in the bag = x + y = 23
x 3 23
∴ P(a queen-face $1-coin) = = ∴ P(not a member of any club) =
x+ y 5 40
∴ 5 x = 3x + 3 y
3y = 2x Exercise 11B (p. 11.21)
Level 1
2
y= x 1. First Second Possible
3 gold coin gold coin Outcomes
2 flower queen, flower
If x = 3, then y = ×3 = 2 ;
3 queen
2 star queen, star
if x = 6, then y = × 6 = 4 . flower star, flower
3
star
∴ The two pairs of possible values for x and y are x = 3, star star, star
y = 2 and x = 6, y = 4.
(or any other reasonable answers)

17. From the table,

total number of students in the junior forms
= 87 + 113 + 97 + 93 + 121 + 89
= 600

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 11 Introduction to Probability

2. Main Dessert Possible (b) The lucky wheel is in the shape of a regular octagon.
course Outcomes Divide the octagon into 8 equal parts.
ice cream steak, Among the 8 parts, 3 are green.
steak ice cream Area of the green sector 3
mango pudding steak, =
Area of the octagon 8
mango pudding
3
ice cream salmon, ∴ P(stops in the green sectors) =
salmon ice cream 8
mango pudding salmon,
mango pudding 7. (a) Area of the green region
ice cream pasta,
pasta ice cream = (8 2 − 6 2 ) cm 2
mango pudding pasta, = 28 cm 2
mango pudding
(b) Area of the dartboard = 102 cm2 = 100 cm2
3.
28 7
∴ P(hit the green region) = =
100 25

8. (a)
Box A
R R G
R R, R R, R R, G

Box B
R R, R R, R R, G
G G, R G, R G, G

(b) From the table,

4. total number of possible outcomes = 9
Second dice There are 4 outcomes in which two balls drawn are
1 2 3 4 5 6 of different colours.
1 1, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 1, 6 4
2 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 ∴ P(different colours) =
First dice

9
3 3, 1 3, 2 3, 3 3, 4 3, 5 3, 6
4 4, 1 4, 2 4, 3 4, 4 4, 5 4, 6
5 5, 1 5, 2 5, 3 5, 4 5, 5 5, 6 9.
6 6, 1 6, 2 6, 3 6, 4 6, 5 6, 6 Second word
G H O S T
From the table, total number of possible outcomes = 36 S S, G S, H S, O S, S S, T
First word

There are 4 favourable outcomes, i.e. 3, 6; 4, 5; 5, 4; 6, 3. H H, G H, H H, O H, S H, T

4 1 O O, G O, H O, O O, S O, T
∴ P(sum eqaul to 9) = =
36 9 U U, G U, H U, O U, S U, T
5. T T, G T, H T, O T, S T, T
Second dice (a) From the table,
1 2 3 4 5 6 total number of possible outcomes = 25
1 1, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 1, 6 There are 2 favourable outcomes, i.e. O, O and U, O.
2 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6
First dice

2
3 3, 1 3, 2 3, 3 3, 4 3, 5 3, 6 ∴ P(both letters are vowels) =
25
4 4, 1 4, 2 4, 3 4, 4 4, 5 4, 6
5 5, 1 5, 2 5, 3 5, 4 5, 5 5, 6
6 6, 1 6, 2 6, 3 6, 4 6, 5 6, 6 (b) There are 4 favourable outcomes, i.e. H, H; O, O;
S, S; T, T.
From the table, total number of possible outcomes = 36 4
There are 17 favourable outcomes. (These outcomes are ∴ P(both letters are the same) =
25
indicated in dark grey in the table.)
17
∴ P(product less than 10) = 10. Let stand for a correct answer and stand for a
36
wrong answer.
First Second Possible
6. (a) The lucky wheel is in the shape of a regular question question Outcomes
pentagon. Divide the pentagon into 5 equal parts.
Among the 5 parts, 4 are green.
Area of the green sector 4
=
Area of the pentagon 5
4
∴ P(stops in the green sectors) =
5

125
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

(a) From the tree diagram, 14. (a) Let R1 and R2 stand for the 2 red balls in the first box,
total number of possible outcomes = 9 and R3 stand for the red ball in the second box, G1
There is only 1 outcome in which he gets both stand for the green ball in the first box, and G2 stand
answers correct. for the green ball in the second box, and B stand for a
1 blue ball in the second box.
∴ P(both answers correct) =
9 First Second Possible
box box Outcomes
(b) There are 4 outcomes in which he gets both answers R3 R1 R3
wrong. R1 B R1 B
G2 R1 G2
4
∴ P(both answers wrong) = R3 R2 R3
9 R2 B R2 B
G2 R2 G2
b cm 2 8 R3 G1 R3
11. ∵ P(hit the yellow region) = = G1 B G1 B
(a + b) cm 2 11 G2 G1 G2
∴ 11b = 8a + 8b
8a = 3b (b) From the tree diagram,
total number of possible outcomes = 9
3
a= b There are 5 favourable outcomes, i.e. R1 G2, R2 G2,
8 G1 R3, G1 B and G1 G2.
3 5
∴ If b = 8, a = ×8 = 3; ∴ P(at least one is green) =
8 9
3
if b = 16, a = × 16 = 6 .
8 15. ( (a) Second wallet
∴ The two pairs of possible values of a and b are a = 3, $50 $100
b = 8 and a = 6, b = 16. (or any other reasonable $10, $50 $10, $100
$10
First wallet
answers) ($60) ($110)
$20, $50 $20, $100
$20
Level 2 ($70) ($120)
12. (a) $50, $50 $50, $100
$50
($100) ($150)

(b) From the table,

total number of possible outcomes = 6
There are 2 favourable outcomes, i.e. $10, $50; $20, $50.
2 1
∴ P(amount does not exceed $80) = =
6 3

16. (a) Let r be the radius of the dartboard, then its area is π r2.
∵ The diameter of each small circle is one-fourth
that of the dartboard.
(b) From the tree diagram,
∴ The radius of each small circle is also one-fourth
total number of possible outcomes = 9
There are 3 favourable outcomes, i.e. 24, 32 and 44. that of the dartboard.
r
∴ P(a multiple of 4) = =
3 1 i.e. Radius of each small circle =
9 3 4
 r  π r2
2

Total area of the red circles = 2 × π ×   =

angle at the centre representing ' Bus' 4 8
13. (a) P(by bus) =
round angle 1 2
πr 1
150° ∴ P(hit the red region) = 8 2 =
= πr 8
360°
5
= (b) Area of the yellow region
12 2
r
= π r2 − 3×π ×  
(b) P(by private car) 4
360° − 15° − 30° − 140° − 150° − 10° 3π r 2

= = π r2 −
360° 16
15° 13 2
= πr
=
360° 16
1 13 2
= πr
13
24 ∴ P(hit the yellow region) = 16 2 =
πr 16

126
 11 Introduction to Probability

17. (a) Let Y1, Y2 and Y3 stand for the 3 yellow balls, and B1 6 2
and B2 stand for the 2 black balls. ∴ P(cost more than $15) = =
9 3
Second ball
Y1 Y2 Y3 B1 B2 Exercise 11C (p. 11.28)
Y1 Y1 Y2 Y1 Y3 Y1 B1 Y1 B2 Level 1
First ball

Y2 Y2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y2 B1 Y2 B2 1. (a) Experimental probability of getting 2 heads only

Y3 Y3 Y1 Y3 Y2 Y3 B1 Y3 B2 35
B1 B1 Y1 B1 Y2 B1 Y3 B1 B2 =
100
B2 B2 Y1 B2 Y2 B2 Y3 B2 B1
7
From the table, =
20
total number of possible outcomes = 20
There are 2 favourable outcomes, i.e. B1 B2 and B2 B1.
(b) Experimental probability of getting 3 tails
2 1
∴ P(two black balls) = = = experimental probability of getting no heads
20 10
15
=
100
(b) Second ball 3
Y1 Y2 Y3 B1 B2 =
20
Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y2 Y1 Y3 Y1 B1 Y1 B2
First ball

Y2 Y2 Y1 Y2 Y2 Y2 Y3 Y2 B1 Y2 B2
Y3 Y3 Y1 Y3 Y2 Y3 Y3 Y3 B1 Y3 B2 2. Number of students not shorter than 1.7 m
B1 B1 Y1 B1 Y2 B1 Y3 B1 B1 B1 B2 = 7820 – 4432
B2 B2 Y1 B2 Y2 B2 Y3 B2 B1 B2 B2 = 3388
∴ The required experimental probability
From the table,
3388
total number of possible outcomes = 25 =
There are 4 favourable outcomes, i.e. B1 B1, B1 B2, 7820
B2 B1 and B2 B2. 847
=
4 1955
∴ P(two black balls) =
25
3. Total number of users on that Sunday
18. For the last digit, there are 4 possible outcomes for prime = 32 + 85 + 70 + 9 + 4
numbers, i.e. 2, 3, 5 and 7. = 200
For the second last digit, there are 3 possible outcomes for (a) The required experimental probability
numbers less than 3, i.e. 0, 1 and 2. 85
=
Last digit 200
2 3 5 7 17
=
0 0, 2 0, 3 0, 5 0, 7 40
Second

digit

1, 2 1, 3 1, 5 1, 7
last

1
2 2, 2 2, 3 2, 5 2, 7 (b) The required experimental probability
From the table, 70
=
total number of possible outcomes = 12 200
∵ There is only one password. 7
∴ Number of favourable outcomes = 1 =
20
1
∴ P(successfully log in in one trial) =
12 4. (a) The required experimental probability
30
=
19. 120
Drink 1
Soya Bean Coke Milk =
4
($5) ($6) ($8)
Chicken, Chicken, Chicken,
Chicken (b) Number of graduates with salaries ≥ $10 000
Soya Bean Coke Milk
($15)
($20) ($21) ($23) = 28 + 17
Sandwich

Ham, Soya = 45
Ham Ham, Coke Ham, Milk
Bean The required experimental probability
($10) ($16) ($18)
($15) 45
Tomato, Tomato, Tomato, =
Tomato 120
Soya Bean Coke Milk
($8) 3
($13) ($14) ($16) =
8
From the table,
total number of possible outcomes = 9
There are 6 breakfasts which costs more than $15. (These
outcomes are indicated in dark grey in the table.)

127
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

5. (a) Number of persons who weigh between 29.5 kg and The required experimental probability
49.5 kg 54
= 4 + 14 =
120
= 18 9
The required experimental probability =
20
18
=
80
9 9. (a) Experimental probability that an egg is rotten
= 8
40 =
10 × 12
1
(b) Number of persons who weigh less than 79.5 kg =
15
= 80 – 3
= 77
The required experimental probability (b) Let x be the number of rotten eggs.
77 Assume that
= experimental probability ≈ theoretical probability.
80
1 x
∴ ≈
15 3000 × 12
6. (a) Frequency of getting an odd number
3000 × 12
= total frequency of getting 1, 3 or 5 x≈
= 290 + 198 + 217 15
= 705 = 2400
∴ The required experimental probability ∴ The estimated number of rotten eggs is 2400.
705
= 10. (a) (i) Experimental probability of getting a purple ball
1000
86
141 =
= (or 0.705) 500
200
43
=
250
(b) No.
For a fair dice,
the theoretical probability of getting an odd number (ii) Experimental probability of not getting a green
3 ball
= 500 − 55
6 =
1 500
= (or 0.5) 445
2 =
∵ The answer in (a) is not close to 0.5. 500
∴ The dice is not fair. 89
=
100
Level 2
7. (a) 18 + (2 x + 1) + 20 + 12 + 13 + x = 100
(b) Let x, y and z be the numbers of blue balls, purple
3 x + 64 = 100 balls and green balls in the bag respectively.
x = 12 Assume that
experimental probability ≈ theoretical probability.
359 x
(b) Frequency of getting an even number ∴ ≈
= total frequency of getting 2, 4 or 6 500 64
= (2 × 12 + 1) + 12 + 12 x≈
359
× 64
= 49 500
∴ The required experimental probability = 45.952
=
49 ≈ 46
100 43 y
and ≈
250 64
8. (a) x + 2 x + 48 + 11 + 7 = 120 43
y≈ × 64
3 x + 66 = 120 250
x = 18 = 11.008
≈ 11
55 z
(b) Frequency of choosing a pack of rice that weighs less and ≈
than 5 kg 500 64
= 18 + 2 × 18 55
z≈ × 64
= 54 500
= 7.04
≈7

128
 11 Introduction to Probability

∴ The estimated numbers of blue balls, purple 4. Expected value of the number obtained
balls and green balls in the bag are 46, 11 and 7 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1× + 2 × + 3 × + 4 × + 5 × + 6×
respectively. 8 16 2 8 16 8
5
11. Let x be the total number of penguins in the region. =3
Assume that 16
experimental probability ≈ theoretical probability.
12 600 5. Expected value of the scholarship that Amy will get
∴ ≈ = $(2000 × 0.1 + 1200 × 0.2 + 800 × 0.3)
100 x
100 = $680
x ≈ 600 ×
12
= 5000 6. Let c and d be the marks allocated to region C and region
∴ The estimated total number of penguins in the D respectively.
region is 5000. ∵ Region A is a semi-circle.
1
12. (a) The required experimental probability ∴ P(stops at region A) =
2
42 ∵ Regions B, C and D are of the same area.
=
200 ∴ Area of region B, C or D
21 1 1
= = × × area of the wheel
100 2 3
1
= × area of the wheel
(b) Let x be the total number of office ladies working in 6
the building. ∴ The probabilities that the pointer stops at regions B,
Assume that
1
experimental probability ≈ theoretical probability. C and D are all equal to .
6
25 200
∴ ≈ Expected value of the marks obtained
100 x
1 1 1 1
100 = 1× + 3 × + c × + d ×
x = 200 × 2 6 6 6
25 c+d
= 800 = 1+
6
∴ The estimated total number of office ladies is
c+d
800. ∴ 1+ ≥3
6
Exercise 11D (p. 11.33) c+d
≥2
Level 1 6
1. ∵ The 3 possible outcomes are equally likely, their c + d ≥ 12
1 c+d
theoretical probabilities are all .
3 and 1 + ≤6
6
∴ Expected value of the number shown c+d
1 1 1 ≤5
= 1 × + 7 × + 16 × 6
3 3 3 c + d ≤ 30
=8 ∴ The two pairs of possible distinct marks on regions C
and D are c = 6, d = 9 and c = 9, d = 12
2. ∵ The areas of the sectors are all the same. (or c = 12, d = 15). (or any other reasonable answers)
∴ The theoretical probability that a pointer stops at a
1 Level 2
particular sector is . 7. (a) Area of yellow zone = π × 62 cm2 = 36π cm2
8
Area of the dartboard = π × 102 cm2 = 100π cm2
∴ Expected value of the marks he gets Area of the blue zone = (100π – 36π) cm2 = 64π cm2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1× + 3 × + 5 × + 1× + 3 × + 5 × + 1× + 3 × 36π cm 2
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ∴ P(hit the yellow zone) =
100π cm 2
11
= 9
4 =
25

3. ∵ The 4 possible outcomes are equally likely, their 64π cm 2

∴ P(hit the blue zone) =
1 100π cm 2
theoretical probabilities are all . 16
4 =
∴ Expected marks for Keith 25
1 1 1 1
= (−10) × + 5 × + 3 × + 5 ×
4 4 4 4
3
=
4

129
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

(b) Expected value of the marks Expected value of the marks for the question
9 16 1 2
= 6× + 1× = 50 × − 40 ×
25 25 3 3
14 = −10
=
5 Case 2: give up the question
Marks for the question = –20
∵ The expected value of the marks for making a wild
8. (a)
guess (–10) is greater than that of giving up the
Expected annual maintenance cost
question (−20).
= $(8000 × 0.15 + 15 000 × 0.48 + 30 000 × 0.27 + 40 000 × 0.1)
∴ It is better to make a wild guess.
= $20 500
12. (a) ∵ The 5 possible outcomes are equally likely, their
(b) ∵ The expected annual maintenance cost ($20 500) 1
theoretical probabilities are all .
is less than the annual cost ($30 000). 5
∴ Mr Wong should not buy the insurance for his ∴ Expected value of the number
car. 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 × + 4 × + 7 × + 10 × + x ×
9. (a) There are 20 small rectangles in the board. 5 5 5 5 5
(i) There are 3 small rectangles marked with 22 + x
=
‘WIN $10’. 5
3 22 + x
∴ P(win $10) = ∴ <7
20 5
22 + x < 35
(ii) There are 4 small rectangles marked with x < 13
‘WIN $20’. 22 + x
4 1 and >5
∴ P(win $20) = = 5
20 5 22 + x > 25
x>3
(iii) There are 2 small rectangles marked with A possible value of x is 4 (or x = 5).
‘WIN $100’. (or any other reasonable answers)
2 1
∴ P(win $100) = =
20 10 22 + x
(b) Consider < 4.
5
(b) Expected value of the prize Then 22 + x < 20
 3 1 1 x < −2
= $10 × + 20 × + 100 ×  ∵ x is positive.
 20 5 10 
= $15.5 ∴ It is impossible that the expected value of the
number less than 4.

(c) ∵ The expected value of the prize (= $15.5) is less Revision Exercise 11 (p. 11.38)
than the cost of the game ($20). Level 1
∴ The game is not favourable to Alice. 1. ∵ Among the 11 letters, there are 2 ‘M’s.
2
10. ∵ A participant will win the prize if the gold ball is ∴ P(getting the letter ‘M’) =
11
drawn.
1
∴ P(win the prize) = 2. (a) ∵ Among the 26 red cards, there are 8 (= 4 × 2)
20 cards numbered between 2 and 5 inclusive.
Expected value of the prize ∴ P(drawing a number between 2 and 5 inclusive)
 1 20 − 1 
= $ 5000 × + 0×  =
8
=
4
 20 20  26 13
= $250
∵ The expected value of the prize ($250) is less than (b) ∵ Among the 26 red cards, there is no spades.
the cost of drawing a ball ($300).
0
∴ The game is not favourable to the participants. ∴ P(drawing a spade) = =0
26
11. Case 1: make a wild guess
∵ Among the 3 choices, only 1 is correct. 3. ∵ Sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral
1 3 −1 2 = (4 – 2) × 180° (∠ sum of polygon)
∴ P(correct) = and P(incorrect) = = = 360°
3 3 3
∴ P(sum equal to 360°) = 1

130
 11 Introduction to Probability

4. Total number of tickets that can win a prize There are 6 outcomes in which the total amount is less
= 10 + 15 + 25 than or equal to $150. (These outcomes are indicated in
= 50 dark grey in the table.)
50 1 6 1
∴ P(win a prize) = = ∴ P(less than or equal to $150) = =
5000 100 12 2

5. (a) Total number of possible outcomes = 10 10. ∵ Among the 30 days in April, Jenny was late for class
∵ For an even number, the last digit may be 0, 2, 4, in 18 days.
6 or 8. 18 3
∴ P(late) = =
∴ Number of favourable outcomes = 5 30 5
5 1
∴ P(an even number) = =
10 2 11. From the bar chart,
total number of unemployed people
(b) There are 2 favourable outcomes, i.e. 151 and 157. = 17 000 + 48 000 + 36 000 + 35 000 + 19 000
2 1 = 155 000
∴ P(a prime number) = = (a) There are 36 000 unemployed people in age group
10 5
30 – 39.
36 000 36
6. Let x be the number of red balls. ∴ P(age group 30 − 39) = =
155 000 155
1
P(red) =
4
(b) Number of unemployed people of age less than 29.5
x 1
= = 17 000 + 48 000
48 4 = 65 000
x = 12 65 000 13
∴ Number of green balls in the bag = 48 − 12 = 36 ∴ P(age less than 29.5) = =
155 000 31

7. 12. Let stand for a correct answer and stand for a

Second dice wrong answer.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 1, 6
2 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6
First dice

3 3, 1 3, 2 3, 3 3, 4 3, 5 3, 6
4 4, 1 4, 2 4, 3 4, 4 4, 5 4, 6
5 5, 1 5, 2 5, 3 5, 4 5, 5 5, 6
6 6, 1 6, 2 6, 3 6, 4 6, 5 6, 6
From the table,
total number of possible outcomes = 36 From the table,
There are 21 favourable outcomes. (These outcomes are total number of possible outcomes = 16
indicated in dark grey in the table.) (a) There are 6 outcomes in which only one answer is
21 7 correct.
∴ P(sum less than 8) = =
36 12 6 3
∴ P(only one answer correct) = =
16 8
40 2
8. (a) P(getting a letter ‘A’) = =
500 25 (b) There is only 1 outcome in which both answers are
correct.
1
65 + 15 80 4 ∴ P(both answers correct) =
(b) P(getting letters ‘E’ or ‘U’) = = = 16
500 500 25

13. (a) Experimental probability that a member is a female

9.
37
Second packet aged below 30 =
$50 $50 $100 $200 100
$50, $50 $50, $100 $50, $200
$50
($100) ($150) ($250) (b) Experimental probability that a member is a male or
First packet

$50, $50 $50, $100 $50, $200 28 + 15 + 37 80 4

$50
($100) ($150) ($250) person aged below 30 = = =
100 100 5
$100, $50 $100, $50 $100, $200
$100
($150) ($150) ($300)
$200, $50 $200, $50 $200, $100 14. Expected value of the number of members in a household
$200
($250) ($250) ($300) = 1 × 13.7% + 2 × 19.8% + 3 × 20.4% + 4 × 25.3%
+ 5 × 13.8% + 6 × 7.0%
From the table,
total number of possible outcomes = 12 = 3.267

131
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

15. Let M stand for male and F stand for female. 17. Let A be the area of the wheel.
(a) ∵ Ratio of the areas of yellow region to green region
Second vote =5:7
Andrew Fanny Annie Daisy Pauline 5
(M) (F) (F) (F) (F) ∴ Area of yellow region = ×A
5+7
Andrew, Andrew, Andrew, Andrew, Andrew,
Andrew 5
Andrew Fanny Annie Daisy Pauline = A
(M) (M, M) (M, F) (M, F) (M, F) (M, F) 12
7
Fanny
Fanny, Fanny, Fanny, Fanny, Fanny, Area of green region = A
Andrew Fanny Annie Daisy Pauline 12
(F) (F, M) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F) 5
A
First vote

Annie, Annie, Annie, Annie, Annie, Area of the yellow region 12 5

Annie (a) ∵ = =
Andrew Fanny Annie Daisy Pauline Area of the whole wheel A 12
(F) (F, M) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F) 5
Daisy, Daisy, Daisy, Daisy, Daisy, ∴ P(gets 10 marks) =
Daisy 12
Andrew Fanny Annie Daisy Pauline
(F)
(F, M) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F)
Pauline, Pauline, Pauline, Pauline, Pauline, 7
Pauline A
Area of the green region 12 7
Andrew Fanny
(F)
Annie Daisy Pauline (b) ∵ = =
(F, M) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F) Area of the whole wheel A 12
7
From the table, ∴ P(gets 4 marks) =
total number of possible outcomes = 25 12
There are 17 favourable outcomes. (These outcomes Expected value of the marks that he gets
are indicated in dark grey in the table.) 5 7
= 10 × + 4 ×
17 12 12
∴ P(same sex) =
25 = 6.5

(b) 3
18. (a) P(a red ball from A) =
Second vote 3+ m
Andrew Fanny Annie Daisy Pauline 2
(M) (F) (F) (F) (F) P(a red ball from B) =
2+n
Andrew, Andrew, Andrew, Andrew,
Andrew 3 2
Fanny Annie Daisy Pauline ∴ <
(M) (M, F) (M, F) (M, F) (M, F) 3+ m 2+ n
Fanny, Fanny, Fanny, Fanny, 6 + 3n < 6 + 2m
Fanny
Andrew Annie Daisy Pauline 3n < 2m
(F) (F, M) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F) ∴ A possible pair of m and n is m = 4, n = 1
First vote

Annie
Annie, Annie, Annie, Annie, (or m = 5, n = 2).
Andrew Fanny Daisy Pauline (or any other reasonable answers)
(F) (F, M) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F)
Daisy, Daisy, Daisy, Daisy, 3 2
Daisy
Andrew Fanny Annie Pauline (b) =
(F) 3+ m 2+ n
(F, M) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F) 6 + 3n = 6 + 2m
Pauline, Pauline, Pauline, Pauline,
Pauline
Andrew Fanny Annie Daisy 3n = 2m
(F) (F, M) (F, F) (F, F) (F, F) ∴ A possible pair of m and n is m = 3, n = 2
(or m = 6, n = 4).
From the table, (or any other reasonable answers)
total number of possible outcomes = 20
There are 12 favourable outcomes. (These outcomes Level 2
are indicated in dark grey in the table.) 19. ∵ There are only 3 people sitting around the round table
12 3
∴ P(same sex) = = and Windsor must be sitting next to Keith.
20 5 ∴ P(Keith sits next to Windsor) = 1

16. Angle at the centre representing ‘4 points’ 20. (a) Number of applicants of height between
= 360° − 90° − 60° − 60° − 60° (∠s at a pt.) 169.5 cm – 184.5 cm
= 90° = 20 + 14 + 6
∴ P(4 points or above) = 40
90° + 90° + 60° 40 2
= The required experimental probability = =
360° 60 3
240°
= (b) Number of applicants of height greater than
360° 169.5 cm
=
2 = 20 + 14 + 6 + 2
3 = 42

132
 11 Introduction to Probability

42 7 24. (a) Let x be the length of AB.

The required experimental probability = = Area of ABCD = x2
60 10
Area of △MNC
= area of ABCD − area of △AMN − area of △BCN
21. (a) Experimental probability of catching fish of species A
− area of △MCD
18 9
= = 1 x x 1 x
40 20 = x2 − × × − 2 × × x ×
2 2 2 2 2
3
(b) Let a, b and c be the numbers of fish of species A, B = x2
and C respectively. 8
Assume that 3 2
x
experimental probability ≈ theoretical probability. ∴ P(hit △MNC) = 2 = 8 3
9 a x 8
∴ ≈
20 400
9 3 2
a≈ × 400 x2 −
x
20 8 5
(b) P(hit other regions) = =
= 180 x 2
8
14 b Expected value of the marks
and ≈
40 400 3 5
= 5× − 3×
14 8 8
b≈ × 400
40 =0
= 140
8 c 25. (a) Let r be the radius of the circle.
and ≈
40 400 Then area of the circle = πr2 r

8 With the notations in the figure,

c≈ × 400 length of the square r
40
= 80 = r 2 + r 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ The estimated numbers of fish of species A, B and C
in the pond are 180, 140 and 80 respectively. = 2r
∴ Area of the square = ( 2 r ) 2 = 2r 2
22.
2r 2 2
Second ball ∴ P(orange region) = =
A B C D E πr 2 π
(1.8 kg) (1.6 kg) (1.9 kg) (1.4 kg) (1.7 kg)
A A, B A, C A, D A, E πr 2 − 2r 2 2
(b) P(blue region) = = 1−
(1.8 kg) (3.4 kg) (3.7 kg) (3.2 kg) (3.5 kg) πr 2 π
B B, A B, C B, D B, E Expected value of the marks
(1.6 kg) (3.4 kg) (3.5 kg) (3 kg) (3.3 kg) 2  2
First ball

= 1 × + 3 × 1 − 
C C, A C, B C, D C, E π  π
(1.9 kg) (3.7 kg) (3.5 kg) (3.3 kg) (3.6 kg)
4
D D, A D, B D, C D, E = 3−
π
(1.4 kg) (3.2 kg) (3 kg) (3.3 kg) (3.1 kg)
E E, A E, B E, C E, D
(1.7 kg) (3.5 kg) (3.3 kg) (3.6 kg) (3.1 kg) 26. Let G1 stand for the green ball in the first bag and G2 stand
for the green ball in the second bag. Let B1 and B2 stand
From the table, for the 2 blue balls in the first bag, and B3 stand for the
total number of possible outcomes = 20 blue ball in the second bag.
There are 8 favourable outcomes, i.e. C, A; E, A; C, B;
(a) First Second Possible
A, C; B, C; E, C; A, E; C, E.
draw draw Outcomes
8 2
∴ P( total weight exceeds 3.4 kg ) = = G1 G1 G1
20 5 G1 G2 G1 G2
B3 G1 B3
23. (a) Percentage of girls = 1 – 45% = 55% G2 B1 G2
∴ P (a girl) = 55% = 0.55 B1 B1 B1 B1
B3 B1 B3
G2 B2 G2
(b) Percentage of boys wearing glasses B2 B2 B2 B2
= 45% × 72% B3 B2 B3
= 32.4%
From the tree diagram,
∴ P(a boy wearing glasses) = 32.4% = 0.324 total number of possible outcomes = 9
There are 4 favourable outcomes, i.e. G1 G1, G1 G2,
B G2 and B2 G2.

133
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

4
∴ P(green) =
9

(b) First Second Possible

draw draw Outcomes Area of the shaded region = 12 cm2 = 1 cm2
B1 G1 B1
1 × 9 cm 2 9
G1 ∴ P(wins a prize) = 2 2
=
B2 G1 B2 17 cm 289
G1 B1 G1
B1
B2 B1 B2
G1 B2 G1
B2
B1 B2 B1
From the tree diagram,
total number of possible outcomes = 6
There are 4 favourable outcomes, i.e. G1 B1, G1 B2,
B1 B2 and B2 B1.
4 2
∴ P(blue) = =
6 3

27. (a) Expected value of time

 18 30 − 18 
=  × 30 + × 45  minutes
 30 30 
= 36 minutes

(b) Expected value of fare

 18 30 − 18 
= $  × 90 + × 60 
 30 30 
= $78

(c) Total amount of fare spent in a month

= $78 × 30 = $2340
∵ Expected value of time (36 minutes)
< 40 minutes
and expected value of fare in a month ($2340)
< $2500
∴ Sarah should not take up the offer.

Challenging Questions (p. 11.42)

1 4
1. Expected value of the mark of a question = × 5 + × (− x)
5 5
4
− 1 .4 = 1 − x
5
x=3
∴ 3 marks will be deducted for a wrong answer.
Now, as ‘B’ is definitely wrong, only 4 choices leave.
1 3
Expected value of the mark of the question = × 5 − × 3
4 4
= −1
∵ The expected value of the mark of the question is
negative.
∴ Jack should leave it blank.

2. Consider the position of the centre of the coin on the

square table.
For a player to win a prize, the centre of the coin must lie
in the shaded region.

134