Intermolecular Forces

Of Attraction (IMFA)
Applications and Effects of IMFA
On Sports Equipment
Objectives:
Discover the applications of IMFA on sports
equipment
Get the chemical formula of material used in
sport equipment.
Identify the properties of materials used and
their purposes
Glimpse on the historical development of the
equipment
Find out how materials are manufactured
What is the IMFA?

Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

(IMFA) are the forces which mediate
interaction between molecules, including
force of attraction which act between
molecules and other types of
neighbouring particles.
 Historical Development of Sports
Equipment
A century ago, the materials used in sports
equipments are from the natural raw materials
such as wood, twine, gut, and rubber.
And have advanced to high- technology
metals, polymers, and ceramics.
These materials were known during 1970’s
and have developed to hybrid materials like
composites and cellular concepts.
 Application of IMFA

Sport Equipment must be durable, resilient

and sturdy thus it needs strong Intermolecular
forces of attraction.
IMFA that are presented in these apparatus
should be ion-ion, H-Bonding, dipole-dipole
and ion-dipole.
• Strong IMFA makes equipment durable and
secure the productivity of games.
• It also minimizes possible injuries for athletes
and players.
• This attraction applied to design perfect sport
tools we use nowadays.
• Without it, equipment cant be use for itay
scattered into pieces.
Archery
Equipment include: Bows, Arrows, Fletching,
Bow string.
Material used: Cyanoacrylate
Chemical Formula: CH2=C (CN) CO2R
Structure:
O

OCH3 CN
Application: Used in archery to glue fletching to
arrow shafts.
Chemical Bond: Hydrogen Bonding
Classical Knoevenagel reaction using
formaldehyde and cyanoacetic ester is
important step in published syntheses. In this
first step oligomeric cyanoacrylates, water, and
byproduct are formed. Alternatively,
cyanoacrylates can be manufactured by
ethoxycarbonylation of cyanoacetylene in the
presence of nickel carbonyl.
Properties:
• Rapidly polymerize in the presence of water
• Rigid, less resistant to moisture
• General versatility, Fast Cure
Uses:
• It bonds substrates including metals, plastic and
glass
Weakness:
• They have poor heat and moisture resistance
and have relative low peel and impact strengths.
Swimming. Bicycling.
Equipment: Swim Goggles, Helmets
Material: Polycarbonate
Properties:
Solid. Insoluble. Durable. High-Impact
Resistance. Low scratch resistance.
Uses:
Capitalize its collective safety features.
Provide optical clarity as well as shatter
resistance.
Molecular Formula: C16H1805
Hazard: Hazardous to aquatic environment.
(Acute Hazard)
Structure:
CH3 O
C O C O
CH3
Manufacture: It transformed from pellets into the
desired shape for its intended application by
melting the polycaronate and forcing it under
pressure into mold.
Bicycling. Baseball
Equipment: Bicycle, Baseball bat
Material: Scandium(Aluminum alloy)
Properties:
Resistance to corrosion
Rare earth element (Transition metal)
Lighter than most other metals
Uses:
Strengthens aluminium alloys use in bicycle
frame and baseball bats.
Prevent rusting of the equipments.
Molecular Formula: Sc
Manufacture:
To produce metallic scandium, the oxide is
converted to scandium fluoride and reduced
with metallic calcium.
History: The 1st pound of 99% pure scandium
metal was produced in 1960.
Hazard: Danger flammable solid.
Sources:
LG-Dow (nd)Properties of polycarbonate
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
www.worldofchemicals.com
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki
Materials Transactions, Vol. 46, No. 6
(2006)pp.1148 to 1153