A REVIEW ON BATTERY MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES IN

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

(i-PACT 010-PID 5825587)

Vaideeswaran V, Bhuvanesh S, Devasena M

Bannari Amman Institute of Technology
Sathyamangalam

i-PACT 2019 1
 SCENARIO OF EV’s IN INDIA

 National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020

Target of deploying 5 to 7 million electric vehicles in the country by 2020.
Lowering of vehicular emissions by 1.3 percent by 2020.

4-Wheelers
 Government procurement for 4-wheelers is expected to be 30,000
vehicles till 2023. Mahindra and Tata will continue to grow their presence
to cater to government contracts and growing private demand. Entry is
also likely by MNCs like Nissan, Hyundai and Honda in the coming years.

i-PACT 2019 2
 SCENARIO OF EV’s IN INDIA
 2-Wheelers
 The segment will be private ownership and subsidy driven, and will be
characterized by a migration from Lead Acid to Lithium-ion batteries
and from low speed to high speed vehicles. All major manufactures
like Hero, Ampere, TVS, Lohia have high-powered electric 2-wheelers
in the pipeline.

 3-Wheelers
 E-rickshaws are likely to be the fastest growing segment –
manufactures like Mahindra, Kinetic Green and Autolite have already
launched models which increases enforcement of standards and
registration, creating a powerful market driver. 

i-PACT 2019 3
CLASSIFICATION OF EV’s

Electric Vehicles
(Powered entirely by
Electricity)

Plug In Hybrid Electric

Vehicles
(Fueled primarily by Gasoline
but supplemented with
Battery and Motor)

Battery Electric Fuel Cell Electric

Vehicles Vehicles

i-PACT 2019 4
 CLASSIFICATION OF BATTERIES

 Lead Acid Batteries

 Lithium Ion Batteries

 Lithium Polymer Batteries
 Nickel Cadmium Batteries
 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries

 Zinc Bromide Batteries

i-PACT 2019 5
 WHY LITHIUM ION BATTERIES ?

 Greatest Electrochemical Potential 

 Largest Specific Energy per Weight. 

 High Energy Densities
  Effective utilization of the
stored energy
 Low-maintenance battery

i-PACT 2019 6
 CHARGING AND DISCHARGING

Battery system Estimated self-discharge

Primary lithium-
10% in 5 years
metal
Alkaline 2–3% per year (7-10 years shelf life)

Lead-acid 5% per month

Nickel-based 10–15% in 24h, then 10-15% per month

5% in 24h, then 1–2% per month (plus 3% for

Lithium-ion
safety circuit)

i-PACT 2019 7
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

 Mercedes CEO Dieter Zetsche says, "The intelligence of the

battery does not lie in the cell but in the complex battery
system.“

 BMS standards are

1)  SM Bus (System Management Bus)
2) CAN Bus (Controller Area Network) used for mostly
portable applications.
3) LIN Bus (Local Interconnect Network) for automotive
use. 

i-PACT 2019 8
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 9
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 10
 STATE ESTIMATION
 The Battery State Estimation includes
1) State of Charge 2)State of Health 3)State of Function

i-PACT 2019 11
 STATE OF CHARGE

 Estimation of SOC paves a way to find the mileage of EV’s

and control index of BMS.

 The state of charge (SOC) means the ratio of the

remaining charge of the battery and the total charge while
the battery is fully charged at the same specific
condition.

 The main use of State of charge (SOC) estimation is to find

out the remaining driving distance in electric vehicles and
also helps in indicating the time of turning on and off the
internal combustion engine.
i-PACT 2019 12
 STATE OF CHARGE
Method Input Advantages Disadvantages

Not
Ampere-hour Current,
Easy to implement, suitable for batteries
integral Self-discharge rate,
accurate under very
Method coulomb efficiency,
Dynamic conditions.

It is adaptable at the
Needs accurate
Open circuit voltage conditions when the
Rest time, Voltage. Measurement of the
Method SOC is maximum or
current.
minimum

Rest time, Accurate, dynamic.

Requires
Kalman Filter initial Insensitive of the
computation data
SOC value noise

Coulomb
Sliding model Insensitive
efficiency, Self- Nonlinear
observer of the noise.
discharge rate

i-PACT 2019 13
 STATE OF HEALTH
 Battery SOH is defined as the difference between the usable
capacity of the battery and the end of life capacity of the
battery.

 Compares the state of battery at the present to the ideal

state of the battery

i-PACT 2019 14
 STATE OF FUNCTION
 Prediction of the remaining capacity of the battery

The State of Function is defined as the ratio of the remaining

energy in the battery to the maximum energy that could
be stored in the battery.

i-PACT 2019 15
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 16
 V-I MONITORING SYSTEMS

 Monitoring process is done by a simple voltage divider

network and controller of BMS.

 Control of the basic electrical parameters of the battery is

indispensable for defending the battery from over/under
voltage strategies.

 Control system should also store the real time data for future
use.

i-PACT 2019 17
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 18
 CELL MONITORING SYSTEMS

 The BMS cell monitoring system measure analyses and

monitors the parameters of battery such as temperature
dynamics of each battery cell, current and voltage.

 The signals from the sensors are communicated with local

module controller and then, the signals are transmitted to the
central module controller.

 This information is used to monitor the performance of the

batteries.

i-PACT 2019 19
CELL MONITORING SYSTEMS
(Graphical View)

i-PACT 2019 20
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 21
 COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING

 Communication with each secondary system and connecting

the different network systems of the vehicle.

 It also accomplishes the online monitoring, programme

downloading and modification of BMS for optimal
performance.

1) EIA-485 (formerly RS485) Connection

2) RS232 connection
3) Inter - Integrated Circuit (I2C) Bus
4) USB Universal Serial Bus
5) Flex Ray Bus

i-PACT 2019 22
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 23
 CELL BALANCING AND EQUALISATION
 Cell balancing is a method of producing battery solutions
which improves the battery run time as well as the battery life.

 The passive cell balancing method is also known as “resistor

bleeding balancing”, it uses switches for cell balancing.
 In active cell balancing method charge is transferred between
the cells in battery pack using a inductor or capacitor.

i-PACT 2019 24
CELL BALANCING AND EQUALISATION
(Types)

i-PACT 2019 25
 CELL BALANCING AND EQUALISATION
Charge Equalisation Technique

Efficiency

Demerits
Merits
Bidirectional, Needs high
high Current switching,
Coupled Inductor High
equalization usage of capacitive
speed filters
Bidirectional,
Requires Intelligent
Boost Converter High very high
Control strategy
Equalization speed
low
Buck-Boost costly, huge
High stresses,
Converter i-PACT 2019 Switches needed 26
Excellent efficiency
 REAL TIME SCENARIO

 Equalizing VRLA and other sealed batteries involves guesswork.

 Observing the differences in cell voltage does not give a conclusive

solution and good judgment plays a pivotal role when estimating the
frequency and duration of the service.
 Some manufacturers recommend monthly equalizations for 2–16
hours.
 Most VRLAs vent at 34kPa (5psi), and repeated venting leads to the
depletion of the electrolyte, which can lead to a dry-out condition.

i-PACT 2019 27
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 28
 BATTERY PROTECTION
 The charge equalization controller for the series connected
battery pack is essential to protect the battery cells and to
maintain the storage capacity and the operation rating.

 Charging and Discharging mechanism is affected by constant

change in the physical characteristics of the battery system.

 This imbalance happens due to temperature, cell ageing

problems and manufacturing,improper capacity measurement..

i-PACT 2019 29
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 30
 FAULT ANALYSIS

 The faults that occur in lithium-ion battery are thermal

runaway, overcharge, undercharge, and over current.

 Faults in Li-ion batteries arise majorly due to ageing and abuse

operation of batteries. Li-ion battery is complex in nature so
that identification of faults is difficult due to its
electrochemical property.

 Because of spoilage of Solid Electrolyte Interphase, the Li-ion

battery gets aged. It may also occur due to improper
temperature, overcharge/over discharge, high voltage, etc.

i-PACT 2019 31
 FAULT ANALYSIS

 Main process of fault diagnosis is fault feather extraction, fault

detachment, and estimation along with fault estimation and
resolution.

 The diagnosis methods of battery are online diagnosis, intelligent

defect diagnosis, and fuzzy diagnosis.

 The intelligent defect diagnosis is knowledge based interference

engine, interpreter and the man machine interface.

 The fuzzy diagnosis is based on fuzzy logic and relationship

between data changes of battery characteristic, the battery fault.

i-PACT 2019 32
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 33
 HEAT MANAGEMENT

 The heat generated in battery is due to

reaction, resistance, reversible heat and heat
due to external contact terminal.

 The heat production will lead to performance

degradation, reduction in life cycle and also
affects the cell balancing capacity.

 The methods employed in the heat

management are active cooling system, liquid
cooling, cooling by air, direct cooling by using
liquid, cooling by indirect contact method.

i-PACT 2019 34
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 35
 DATA STORAGE AND ACQUISITION

 Data storage is used in battery management system where the

data from electronic vehicle are stored and processed.

 The stored data are processed by the BMS for maintenance of

heat, to prevent overcharging, fault diagnosis and also controls
other parts of EV through the battery management system
controller.

 The overall use of data storage in battery management system

is to improve safety, performance and function of EV.

i-PACT 2019 36
 DATA STORAGE AND ACQUISITION

 A data acquisition system is also called as data logger.

 DAQ is composed of both hardware and computer with

programmable software.

 DAQ can perform the test correction, waveform display, data

storage analysis, etc. ,

 Software plays an important part in DAQ system because it

can perform dual operation- collect and process the data and
also display the test results.

i-PACT 2019 37
 PRACTICAL DATA LOSSES OF BMS

Data loss occurs due to the enlisted reasons :

 Anytime there is a power dropout.
 Anytime the device network is reconfigured.
 Anytime there is maintenance on the BMS.
 Anytime there is a change in outstation connections.
 Many BMS are powered by or backed up to one local PC or
server, and often can only store energy data for a number of
weeks. 
 Adding another layer of machine to machine communication
to a BMS creates another list of possible configuration failure,
points and errors. 
i-PACT 2019 38
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 39
 POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

 The effects of unstable power supply and unusual operation

for an efficient EV system could be done by the technique of
Power Management Control.

 The power management control technique improves the

system stability, reliability, durability, power losses and
minimizes the losses and operation cost.

 At present automated power management control is being

adopted in EV systems.

i-PACT 2019 40
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

State Estimation Balancing and Heat Management

Equalization

Data storage and

V-I Monitoring Battery Protection acquisition

Cell Monitoring Fault Analysis Power Management

Communication Charge and

Discharge control

i-PACT 2019 41
 CHARGING AND DISCHARGING CONTROL

 For a proper or efficient working of a battery, BMS has its

own operating voltage window. Optimally for Li ion batteries
it is around 2.5 - 4.2 V.

 Working beyond the range can render a reduction of lifetime

of the battery pack or the module or make completely
functionless one.

 The efficiency of the battery system ratio of discharging

energy to charging energy.

i-PACT 2019 42
 CONCLUSION

 BMS plays a major role in charge estimation and enhanced

life of the battery.

 The other important attributes of the battery is maintained at

their permissible levels by BMS.

 It has been so integral to the EV revolution that many have

firmly tied the battery with the growth in the newly green
sector.

i-PACT 2019 43