Mathematics Education Statistics

1. Two Samples : Test on Two Means

2. Choice of Sample For Testing Means

3. Graphical Methods for Comparing Means

4. One of Two Sample for Proportion Test

SITI NABILA PANJAITAN PUTRI MAYANG SARI S
8206172021 8206172032

ROSALINDA PASARIBU
8206172017
 A. Definition of Hypotheses

Based on quotes from Prof. Drs. Sutrisno Hadi MA regarding problem solving, researchers often cannot
solve the problem in one go. The problem will be solved side by side by asking questions for each aspect,
and finding the answer through the research conducted. The answer to this problem can be divided into 2
things according to the level of achievement, namely:

1. Answers to problems in the form of truth at the theoretical level, achieved through reading.
2. Answers to problems in the form of truth at the practical level, achieved after the research is
complete, namely after processing the data.

Based on the collected data, the researcher will test whether the formulated hypothesis can increase the status
to a thesis, or vice versa, collapse as a hypothesis, if it is not proven.

To find out the position of the hypothesis, among others:

1. It is necessary to test whether there is data that indicates the relationship between the causal variable and the
effect variable.
2. Is there any data that shows that the result was indeed caused by that cause.
 B. Hypothesis Requirements
Hypothesis is a statement that has an important position in the research. Therefore,
researchers are required to be able to formulate this hypothesis clearly.

Borg and Gall (1979: 61) proposed the following requirements for the hypothesis:

1. The hypothesis must be formulated briefly but clearly.

2. The hypothesis must clearly show a relationship between two or more variables.
3. Hypotheses must be supported by theories put forward by experts or relevant
research results.
 C.
C. Types
Types of
of Hypotheses
Hypotheses
There
There are
are two
two types
types of
of hypotheses
hypotheses used
used in
in research:
research:

1.
1. Work
Work or or alternative
alternative hypotheses
hypotheses (Ha) (Ha)
The
The work work hypothesis
hypothesis states
states that that there
there is
is aa relationship
relationship between
between variables
variables XX and
and Y,
Y, or
or that
that there
there is
is aa
difference
difference between between the the two
two groups.
groups. Work
Work hypothesis
hypothesis formulation:
formulation:
a.
a. IfIf ...... then
then ......
b.
b. There
There is is aa difference
difference between
between ...... and and ...... in
in ......
c.
c. There
There is is an
an influence
influence ...... on
on ......

2.
2. The
The null
null hypothesis
hypothesis (Ho) (Ho)
This
This hypothesis
hypothesis states
states that that therethere is
is no
no difference
difference between between thethe two
two variables,
variables, or
or there
there is
is no
no influence
influence
of
of variable
variable XX on
on variable
variable Y. Y. In In other
other words,
words, the the difference
difference between
between thethe first
first variable
variable and
and thethe second
second
variable
variable is
is zero
zero oror nil.
nil. TheThe null null hypothesis
hypothesis is is often
often called
called aa statistical
statistical hypothesis,
hypothesis, because
because itit is
is
usually
usually used
used inin statistical
statistical research,
research, which
which is is tested
tested by by statistical
statistical calculations.
calculations.
The
The formula
formula for
for the
the null
null hypothesis:
hypothesis:
a.
a. There
There is
is no
no difference
difference between
between ...... andand ...... in
in ......
b.
b. There
There is
is no
no effect
effect ...... on
on ......
 D. How to Test Hypotheses

The area of ​criticism is the area of ​rejection of the hypothesis (hypothesis nil) and is called the area of ​
significance.
In contrast, the area that lies between the two critical areas, which are shaded, is called the area of ​acceptan
the hypothesis, or the area of ​non-significance. How to test the hypothesis,
using the normal curve area and from the Z-score calculation
X X
with the formula: Z 
SD

If the Z-score price is located in the receiving area Ho, then the formulated Ha is not accepted.
 E. Two sample test of mean And the SE of the difference between the means
simplifies to:

• Two-sample Z test Thus the 2-sample Student T score is given

by:
If we do assume equal variances, we can take a sort
of "weighted average" of the samples’ variances in
calculating SE, as seen in the denominator of the
formula for a two-sample Z test: The Student T test thus also requires a degrees
of freedom parameter, equal to:

Therefore, the Welch T test uses UNPOOLED

• 2-sample Student T vs. Welch T tests standard deviation in calculating the T score:
1. Student
The formula for pooled standard deviation for a
Student T test is:
 F. Sampling

In business research, medical research, agriculture research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population.

1. Sampling Techniques 7. Cluster Sampling

2. Purposive Sampling 8. Systematic Random Sampling
3. Lottery Method of Sampling 9. Quota sampling
4. By Using Random Number 10. Spatial Sampling
Table 11. Independent Sampling
5. Simple Random Sampling
12. Sample Size For
6. Stratified Random Sampling Research Purposes
 G. Munderstand using the Independent and Correlated Test

Generally, the approach taken can be with the Z distribution (Z test), or the t distribution (t test).
The Z test can be used when:
1. The population standard deviation (σ) is known.
2. The sample size is large (> 30). If these two conditions are not met, then the type of test used is the
two-sample t-test (two sample t-test).

Based on the relationship between populations, the t test can be

classified into two types of tests, namely the dependent sample t-test and
the independent sample t-test:
1. Dependent sample t-testor
•The requirements for this type of test are:

a. Data is normally distributed

b. The two data groups are dependent (interconnected / paired).

c. The types of data used are numeric and categorical (two groups).

•The t-test formula used for paired samples is:

 An example is if a company manager wants to know if there is a difference in sales performance
after completing marketing training. After recapitulating the number of sales to 15 sales people, the
following data were obtained:
Formulate a hypothesis, namely:
Ho = Average sales before joining the training program = Average sales after attending the training
program,
H1 = Average sales before joining the training program ≠ Average sales after attending the training
program.
The results of the calculations can be seen in the following table:
2. Independent sample t-testis

Is a type of statistical test that aims to compare the mean of two groups that are not paired
or not related to each other. Not in pairs means that the research is carried out for two
different sample subjects.

The t test for equal variance uses the Polled Variance formula:
The t test for different variants (unequal variance) uses the Separated Variance
formula:

An example is an agricultural student doing research, wanting to compare the effectiveness of

terracing systems in reducing erosion rates. The student then measured the amount of erosion on
15 units of agricultural land without a conservation system, and agricultural land using a terraced
conservation system. The resulting data are as follows:
The hypothesis is a two-way hypothesis, namely:
Ho = The amount of erosion of agricultural land without a conservation system = The amount of
erosion of agricultural land with a terraced conservation system,
H1 = The amount of erosion of agricultural land without a conservation system ≠ The amount of
erosion of agricultural land with a terraced conservation system.
The results of the calculations can be seen in the following table
The conclusions that can be drawn are: t stat (16.4)> t table (2.048), which means that Ho is rejected
and H1 is accepted, so it can be concluded that: The amount of land erosion without a conservation
system ≠ The amount of erosion of agricultural land with a terraced conservation system. Or in other
words, the use of terracing systems can significantly reduce the rate of erosion in agricultural land.