Earthquake Safety Seminar

Appropriate Technologies
and Indigenous Knowledge

Shaukat Qadeer (Principal Engineer)

National Engineering Services Pakistan
 Engineered and non-engineered buildings

 Technologies for non-engineered buildings

 Reinforced Masonry
 Confined Masonry
 Timber Frame (Dhajji)
 Timber reinforced stone masonry Bhattar
 Top plate

 Technologies for engineer structures

 Conventional Construction
 Modern Fast Construction Technologies
Technologies for non-engineered buildings
 Reinforced masonry
 Horizontal Reinforcement

 Plinth band
 Sill Band
 Lintel Band
 Roof Band
 Corner stitches

 Vertical Reinforcement
 Corners and junctions
 Openings
 Maximum spacing 4’
Reinforced masonry
Reinforced masonry
Reinforced masonry
Reinforced masonry
Reinforced masonry
Reinforced masonry
Reinforced masonry
Reinforced masonry
Confined masonry
 Confined Masonry is a construction system
where the walls are built first, and the
columns and beams are poured in afterwards
to enclose (confine) the wall.
Concept
 The walls are tied down to the foundation.

 The ties work like a string around a parcel.

Difference with RC frames
 Confined Masonry  Reinforced Concrete
 Walls first Frame
 Concrete later  Concrete first
 Walls later
Difference with RC frames
 Confined Masonry
 Walls ensure rigidity
 Reinforced Concrete
Frame
 Column – beam
connections ensure
rigidity

Straightforward Complicated
transmission of efforts
transmission of
efforts
Difference with RC frames
 Confined Masonry
 Walls are anchored to
the frames through
indentation.
 Additional re-bars will
improve anchoring
 Reinforced Concrete
Frame
 Walls are usually not
anchored to the frames
and will fall out.
Later anchoring of walls
can be difficult
Difference with RC frames
 Confined Masonry  Reinforced Concrete
Frame
All efforts go through the
beam-column
connection. If they are
badly done, they break.

Concrete goes
into the
indentation of
the brick wall
 Timber Frame Construction (Dhajji)
 Complete timber frame
 Base plate (Dass)
 Studs
 Horizontal Rumners
 Cross bracing
 Top plate

 Infill
 Brick
 Small size stone

 Weak mortar vs Strong mortar

Dhajji
Dhajji
 Timber Reinforced Stone Masonry
(Bhattar)
 Timber reinforcement rather than timber frame

 Longitudinal and cross battens

 Load bearing stone masonry

 Semi dressed stones

 Through and lag stones
Bhattar
Bhattar
Bhattar
Bhattar
Bhattar
Bhattar
 Engineered Construction
 Conventional Construction

 Modern fast construction technologies

 Conventional Construction
Reinforced Concrete
 Special moment resisting frame
 Load Shear walls
 Dual system
 Building frame system

Structural Steel
 Gable or portal frames structures
 Trussed structures
 Fast Construction Technologies
 Technologies based on insulated formwork filled with
reinforced concrete.

 Technologies based on inner core of insulating

material with outer structural skin of reinforced
concrete or cement sand mortar.

 Pre-engineered structural steel buildings comprising

steel skeleton and cladding of sandwich panels.

 Conventional Precast Concrete Construction.

Insulating Panels Sandwiched in
Concrete or Cement Mortar
 The basic unit comprises four to six inch thick sheet
of insulating material with 1˝ x 1˝ light gauge wire
mesh one both side. The wire meshes are
interconnected with light gauge trusses running
across the panel thickness.

 The panel is erected over foundation and concrete

or mortar is sprayed over it under pressure.

 The roof may be constructed using similar panels or

conventional wooden or steel truss may be provided.
Insulating Panels Sandwiched in
Concrete or Cement Mortar
 The structural strength depends upon external and
internal concrete layer requiring careful structural
design and excellent workmanship at site.
Insulating Panels Sandwiched in
Concrete or Cement Mortar
Insulating Panels Sandwiched in
Concrete or Cement Mortar
Insulating Panels Sandwiched in
Concrete or Cement Mortar
Insulating Panels Sandwiched in
Concrete or Cement Mortar
 Insulated Formwork
 The basic unit comprises interlocking hollow blocks of
insulating material.
 The blocks are placed one above other on an engineered
foundation.
 The required steel reinforcement is placed inside the box.
 The blocks are filled with concrete of specified strength.
 External and internal wall finish is required to protect
insulation material and to achieve a pleasing appearance
of finished structure.
 Flat roofs may also be constructed using roof or floor
forms of same insulation material. Conventional wood or
steel truss may also be used with this system.
 Insulated Formwork
 The structural strength depend upon infill reinforced
concrete which can be designed to resist the
specified earthquake intensity.
Cold Formed Light Gauge Buildings
 The structural system comprises steel frames;
factory fabricated and shipped to site for erection.

 Wall cladding and roofing comprise insulating

material sandwiched between corrugated pre-
painted sheets.
Cold Formed Light Gauge Buildings
Light gauge cold formed construction
Cold Formed Light Gauge Buildings
 Structural strength depends mainly on gable or
portal frames which can be accurately designed to
withstand earthquake of specified intensity.
 Conventional Precast Concrete
Construction
 Columns, beams, wall and roof panels are pre-
fabricated in factory and erected at site.

 Seismic resistance is heavily dependant upon

adequacy of connections which depend heavily on
quality of workmanship.

 The system is generally considered inadequate for

seismic regions.
Thank you
Confined masonry
Confined masonry
Bhattar