UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGOGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR

INSTITUTO PEDAGOGICO DE CARACAS

DEPARTAMENTO DE IDIOMAS MODERNOS
PROGRAMA INGLÉS
CÁTEDRA DE FONÉTICA Y FONOLOGÍA

Glossary

Designed by Glasmiry Bello

 Glossary
 Phonetics: It is the science which studies the production and physical
properties of human speech sounds.

 Articulatory Phonetics: It is the branch of phonetics which studies the

production of human speech sounds.

 Acoustic Phonetics: It is the branch of phonetics which studies the physical

properties of human speech sounds.

 Auditory Phonetics: It is the branch of phonetics which studies the

perception of human speech sounds.
 Glossary
 Auditory Phonetics: It is the branch of phonetics which studies the
perception of human speech sounds.

 Phonology: It is the branch of linguistics which studies the arrangement of

human speech sounds within a speech system.

 Phoneme: It is the mental representation of a human speech sound.

 Allophone: It is the variation of a human speech sound.

 Glossary

oPhone: It is a paralinguistic sound made by the organs of speech.

o Organs of speech: There are parts of the human body that takes part in
the speech process.

o Egressive: It is a type of sound produced by a realization of the air that

coming from the lungs.

o Ingressive: It is a type of sound produced by the entrance of the air into

the organs of the speech.
 Glossary

oContrastive distribution: This is a type of distribution where there is at

least one environment in which two sounds may occur and make a contrast
in meaning.

o Free Variation: This is a type of distribution in which two sounds that

are phonetically distinct may be substituted one for another in particular
environments without a change in meaning.

o Complementary distribution: This is a type of distribution in which one

of the different allophones of a phoneme do not occur in the place of others
 Glossary
 Consonants: They are human speech sounds made with a complete or
partial obstruction of the airflow, at some point of the vocal tract, as a
result, of the approximation of two articulators.

 Activators: They are the sources, inside the human body, where the air may
come from. They are Larynx, glottis and lungs.

 Articulators: They are organs of the vocal tract which take part in the
speech processes. They are actives or passives.
 Glossary

 Resonators: They are organs of the vocal tract which amplify the sounds
during the speech process. They are the pharynx, the oral and nasal
cavities.

 Minimal Pairs: two words in a language which differ from each other by
only one distinctive sound and which also differ in meaning. It consists of
two words that differ only in one phoneme; the sound occurring in the same
position in each member of the pair.
 Glossary

 Consonants: They are human speech sounds made with a complete or

partial obstruction of the airflow, at some point of the vocal tract, as a
result, of the approximation of two articulators.

 Point or Place of Articulation: They are the different locations within the
oral cavity where two articulators approach each other in order to produce a
human speech sound.
 Glossary

 Voicing: It is a consonant parameter that specifies the audible or non-

audible vibration of the vocal folds during the production of human speech
sounds.

 Manner of articulation: It is a consonant parameter that specifies how the

airflow is affected by the obstruction during the production of human
speech sounds.

 Fortis: human speech sounds produced with greater muscular and

respiratory effort.
 Glossary

 Stop: It is a manner of articulation in which there is a completely closure of

the air passage, then the air is compressed, and suddenly it released
producing a kind of explosive sound.

 Fricative: It is a manner of articulation in which there is a narrowing

passage made by the close approximation of two articulators, and the air is
forced to escape through producing friction during the production of the
human speech sound.
 Glossary

 Affricate: it is a manner of articulation in which the air pressure is first

built up (like a stop). Then, the air is released through a narrow passageway
(like a fricative).

 Nasal: It is a manner of articulation in which the air escapes through the

nose instead the oral cavity.

 Lenis: human speech sounds produced with less respiratory or articulatory

energy.
 Glossary

 Lateral: It is a manner of articulation in which the air escapes through the

sides of the tongue because of the obstruction made by the contact of the
tongue and the alveolar ridge.

 Approximant or semivowel: : It is a manner of articulation in which the air

escapes relatively unobstructed because it is a close approximation of the
articulators.

 Flap: It is a manner of articulation in which the tongue-tip touches the

alveolar ridge in a “single-touch”.
 Glossary

 Homotypic: human speech sounds which are produced by the same manner
of articulation.

 Homorganic: human speech sounds which are produced by the same

organs; they are made with the same place of articulation.

 Trill: It is a manner of articulation in which the tongue-tip touches

repeatedly the alveolar ridge.
 Glossary
 Aspiration: It is the action of pronouncing a sound with a puff of released
breath.

 Glottal Stop: It is a human speech sound formed by stopping the airstream

at the vocal folds.

 Unreleased: It is the action in which the air is released in a non-audible

way.

 Obstruction: It is the obstacle made by the contact of two articulators at

some point of the vocal tract.