04/16/2021

Forces
AQA 2016 Physics topic 5

W Richards

Education Using Power

Point
5.1 – Forces and their Interactions
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Vector vs. scalar
Scalar quantities have size (“magnitude”) only and no direction.
Vector quantities have both size and direction.

Scalar or vector???

Scalar 8. Power Vector

2. Distance
1. Mass
6. Energy
7. Time
3. Acceleration
4. Speed
9. Force
5. Velocity
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Vectors
Here’s a man walking 10km north and then 10km east. Notice
that we can replace his two movements with a “displacement
vector”. Note the length and direction of this vector:

10km The same can be applied to

velocity vectors:

10km 100ms-1
14.1km
5ms-1
100.1ms-1
 04/16/2021
Introduction to Forces
A force is a “push” or a “pull”. What forces do these pictures
represent?

Which of these forces

would you describe as
“contact forces” and
which ones are “non-
contact forces”?
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Contact or non-contact forces?
Contact Non-contact

1. Friction

2. Air resistance
3. Gravitational
forces
4. Tension
5. Electrostatic
forces
6. Reaction

7. Magnetic
forces
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Weight vs. Mass
Earth’s Gravitational Field Strength is 10N/kg. In other
words, a 1kg mass is pulled downwards by a force of 10N.

Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength W

(in N) (in kg) (in N/kg)

You need to learn this equation!!

M g

1) What is the weight on Earth of a book with mass 2kg? 20N

2) What is the weight on Earth of an apple with mass 100g? 1N
3) Charles weighs 700N on the Earth. What is his mass? 70kg
4) On the moon the gravitational field strength is 1.6N/kg.
What will Charles weigh if he stands on the moon? 112N
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More information about Weight
1) How much does 1kg weigh on the Earth?
2) How much does 2kg weigh?
3) How much does 3kg weigh?
4) What are you noticing about your answers?

Whatever mass goes up by, weight goes up by the same ratio.

For example, if you double mass you double weight. This is
called “proportionality”:

 
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Centre of Mass
The centre of mass is defined as “the point at which an
object’s mass is centred on”.

Where is the centre of mass for these objects?

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Resultant Force
A “resultant force” is a single force that can replace all of the
other forces acting on something. Calculate and draw the
resultant force of the following:

700N 600N
500N 100N

50N

700N 700N 800N 800N

200N 100N
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Higher Tier – Resultant Force
1. Draw the resultant force for these people and describe
where the person will go:
50N

500N 100N
700N 600N
200N

2. If you were going to describe these resultant forces as the

resultant of two other forces, what forces would you draw?

700N 800N
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Higher Tier – Drawing Resultant Force
Here are two forces acting on a person. How can we work out
the resultant force and its direction?

We can represent these forces

200N
as a “vector diagram”

500N
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Higher Tier - Vector Diagrams

200N

500N

You can now use a ruler and protractor to measure

the size and angle of this resultant force
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Higher Tier – Example Questions
Use squared or graph paper to find the resultant vector for
these forces:
4N

300N

8N

800N

Magnitude = 8.9N Magnitude = 854N

Angle to vertical = 63O Angle to (upwards)
vertical = 159O
5.2 – Work Done and Energy Transfer
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Work done
When any object is moved around work will need to be
done on it to get it to move (obviously).

We can work out the amount of work done in moving an

object using the formula:

Work done = Force x distance moved

in J in N in m W

You need to learn this equation!!

F s
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Example questions
1. Amy pushes a book 5m along the table with a force of 5N.
She gets tired and decides to call it a day. How much work 25J
did she do?

2. Jodie lifts a laptop 2m into the air with a force of 10N.

How much work does she do?
20J

3. Ronnie does 200J of work by pushing a wheelbarrow with a 4m, heat

force of 50N. How far did he push it? What type of and
energy did the wheelbarrow gain? kinetic
energy
4. Julian cuddles his cat and lifts it 1.5m in the air. If he did
75J of work how much force did he use?
50N
5. Travis drives his car 1000m. If the engine was producing a
driving force of 2000N how much work did the car do?
2MJ
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Recap questions on Weight and work done
1) Matt weighs 600N on the Earth. What is his mass in kg? 60kg

2) Chris pushes Gabriel with a force of 20N. If Gabriel

moves 2m how much work did Chris do on him? 40J

3) Matt weighs 120N on the moon, where g=1.6N/Kg. What 75kg,

is his mass and what would he weigh on the Earth?
750N

4) Rebecca does 100J of work by pushing her pencil case

across the table. If she applied a force of 5N how far 20m
did she push it?

5) If you push a book with a force of 1N a distance of 1m,

how much work did you do? In other words, what is 1 1J =
Joule in terms of Newton metres? 1Nm
5.3 – Forces and Elasticity
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Force and Extension
Consider a mass on a spring:

What happens when a mass is

added?

When a force is applied to

this spring it will change
shape and extend.
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Investigating Force and Extension
Task: Find an expression that
relates extension to the
amount of weight added.

Weight added Extension (cm)

(N)
1
2
3
4
5 Q. What is the
spring constant for
6
your spring?
Force = Spring constant x extension
F = ke
You need to learn this equation!!
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Questions on Hooke’s Law
Force = Spring constant x extension
F = ke

1) A spring has a spring constant of 20N/m. If it 60N

extends by 3m how much force was applied?
2) The force on this spring is now doubled. What
6m
is its new extension?
3) Another spring of spring constant 2N/cm is
extended by 5cm. How much force was 10N
applied?
4) Another spring has 10N applied to it and it
20N/m
extends by 50cm. What is its spring constant
in N/m?
5) How much will a spring extend if it has a 0.4m
spring constant of 10N/m and 4N is applied to
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Force-Extension Graph for a spring
Force/N

The “limit of
proportionality”.

Force is proportional to
extension as long as you don’t
go past the “limit of
proportionality”. There is a
linear relationship up to this
point.
Extension/mm
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Elastic and Inelastic Deformation
Force/N
If you don’t use too much force
on the spring you can take the
force off and the spring returns
to it’s original shape – this is
“elastic deformation”.

If you put too much force on the

spring it “stretches” – in other
words, when you remove the
force the spring does not go
back to its original length. This
is “inelastic deformation”.

Extension/mm
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Force and compression
Consider some springs:

The force-compression graphs for objects

like these can be determined and plotted.

Example questions:
1) A stiff spring has a spring constant of 10N/m.
How much will it compress by if a force of 2m
20N is applied to it?
2) Another spring compresses by 2cm when a
force of 50N is applied. What is its spring 2500N/m
constant?
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Elastic Potential Energy
Consider a mass on a spring:

What happens when a mass is

added?

When a force is applied to

this spring it will change
shape and extend. The
spring will have “stored
elastic potential energy”
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Elastic Potential Energy
Elastic potential energy is the
energy stored in a system
when work is done to change
its shape, e.g:

Describe the energy changes

when the mass is:
1) At the top of it’s
movement
2) In the middle
3) At the bottom
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Elastic Potential Energy
Task: Calculate how much stored
EPE there is in your springs

Stored EPE = ½ke2

F = ke
Weight Extension Stored
added (N) (m) EPE (J)
1
2
3
4
5
6
5.4 – Moments, levers and gears
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(PHYSICS ONLY)
Balanced or unbalanced?
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 Turning Moments
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A moment is a “turning force”, e.g. trying to open or close a

door or using a spanner. The size of the moment is given by:

Moment (in Nm) = force (in N) x PERPENDICULAR distance

from pivot (in m)
You need to learn this equation!!
Calculate the following turning moments:
5 metres

100 Newtons

2 metres

200 Newtons
 Turning Moments
04/16/2021

2 metres 2 metres

200 Newtons 100 Newtons

Total ANTI-CLOCKWISE Total CLOCKWISE turning

turning moment = 200x2 = moment = 100x2 = 200Nm
400Nm

The anti-clockwise moment is bigger so the seesaw will

turn anti-clockwise
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An example question

? metres
5 metres

2000 Newtons 800 Newtons

 Calculate the missing quantity
04/16/2021

The following are all balanced:

??N
2N

4m 2m

5N 3N

2m ??m

5N 5N 15N

4m 2m
??m
 A hard question…
04/16/2021

Consider a man walking along a plank of wood on a cliff.

How far can he walk over the cliff before the plank tips over?
Aaarrgghh
Man’s weight =
800N
1m
Plank’s weight =
200N
3m
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A recap question
Calculate the mass of man in the example given below:

30kg

0.4m 1.2m
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How do Levers work?

Consider a simple lever – the nutcracker:

Pivot

Effort

Notice how the distance between the

Load effort and the pivot is much larger than
the distance between the load and the
pivot.
Larger distance = less force needed
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How do Gears work?

Can you explain how gears work

using turning moments?

If the smaller wheel is turned, it

turns the larger one slower but
with more force (i.e. the
distance to the pivot has been
increased).
5.5 – Pressure and Pressure
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Differences in Fluids
(PHYSICS ONLY)
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Pressure in Gases and Liquids
Particles in a liquid or a gas (“fluids”) move around randomly, a
little like this:

Every time the particles hit the side of the container the
particles exert a force at right angles on the container – this
is called “pressure”.
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Pressure
Pressure depends on two things:
1) How much force is applied, and
2) How big (or small) the area on which this force is
applied is.
Pressure can be calculated using the equation:

Pressure (in N/m2) = Force (in N)

Area (in m2) F

OR in cm2 and N/cm2

P A
You need to learn this equation!!
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Some pressure questions

1) Calculate the pressure exerted by a 1000N
elephant when standing on the floor if his feet 500 Pa
have a total area of 2m2.
2) A brick is rested on a surface. The brick has
an area of 20cm2. Its weight is 10N. Calculate 0.5 N/cm2
the pressure.
3) A woman exerts a pressure of 100N/cm2 when
standing on the floor. If her weight is 500N
5cm2
what is the area of the floor she is standing
on?
4) (Hard!) The pressure due to the atmosphere is
Around
100,000N/m2. If 10 Newtons are equivalent to
1kg per
1kg how much mass is pressing down on every
cm2!
square centimetre of our body?
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Pressure in Fluids
Area A
Consider a column of fluid:
The pressure at the base of this
column would be given by:
Density ρ h
Pressure = ρhg

…where ρ = the density of the liquid, h

= the height of the container and g =
gravitational field strength.

You DON’T need to learn this

equation!!
 04/16/2021
Example questions
1) Calculate the pressure at the bottom of a 2
litre bottle of water of height 40cm (density 4000Pa
of water = 1000kg/m3and g = 10N/kg).

2) What is the pressure at the bottom of a can

of coke if the density of coke is 1000kg/m3 1500Pa
and the can is 15cm tall?

3) If the density of seawater is 1027kg/m3

what depth would you need to be at to 4.87m
experience a pressure of 50,000Pa?
 04/16/2021
Pressure vs. Depth
What does this demonstration tell you?

Pressure increases
with ____. This is
because the water
at the ______ of
this container is
pushed on by the
______of the
water further up,
which causes it to
be under higher
________.

Words – pressure, bottom, weight, depth

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Why do objects float?
Whether or not an object will float depends on its DENSITY.
For example:

The metal block will ____ The wooden block will

because it is ______ ____ because it is
dense than water ______ dense than water
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Floating in more detail
Consider a floating object:
How does the pressure at the bottom of
this object compare to the pressure at the
top of the object?
This difference in pressure causes the
force called “upthrust”.
If weight equals upthrust the object will
____. This is because the object
displaces a weight of fluid _____ to its
own weight.
If weight is greater than upthrust the
object will ____. This is because the
object is ______to displace a weight of
liquid equal to its own weight.

Words – equal, unable, sink, float

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Atmospheric Pressure
Recall our earlier explanation of how collisions cause air
pressure:

Every time the particles hit the side of the container the
particles exert a force at right angles on the container – this
is called “pressure”.
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Atmospheric Pressure
Why does atmospheric pressure decrease when you go up a
mountain?

There are less air

molecules up here

… than down here

Less air molecules = fewer collisions =

less pressure!
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5.6 - Forces and Motion
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Distance vs Displacement
“Distance” is how far you have gone, “displacement” is how far
you are from a point and can be positive or negative:

Distance =
Distance =
Displacement =
Displacement =
Start

-1 metre 1 metre
Distance
Distance
= =
Displacement
Displacement
= =
Which one is a scalar quantity and which one is a vector
quantity?
 04/16/2021
Some questions on Displacement
1) A man walks 10km north and then
10km west.
a) What distance has he covered? 10km
b) How would you measure his
displacement? 10km
c) What angle would his
displacement be at compared to
north?

2) A car drives around in a circle. What

is its displacement after it has
completed one circle?
 Distance, Speed
04/16/2021

and Time s
Speed = distance (in metres)
time (in seconds)
You need to learn this equation!!
v t

1) Arthur walks 200 metres in 40 seconds. What is his

5m/s
speed?
2) Josh covers 2km in 1,000 seconds. What is his speed?
2m/s
3) How long would it take Charlotte to run 100 metres if
she runs at 10m/s? 10s
4) Alfie runs to the shop to buy the new FarCrygame and
travels at 50m/s for 20s. How far does he go? 1000m
5) Cody drives her car at 85mph (about 40m/s). How long
does it take her to drive 20km? 500s
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Speed
Speed is a scalar quantity. What does this mean?
What are the typical speeds for when you walk, run and ride a
bike?
Walking ≈ 1.5m/s

Running ≈ 3m/s

Cycling ≈ 6m/s

What about cars? Aeroplanes?

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Speed of sound
The speed of sound in air is around 330m/s. Notice that the
speed can vary as well:
5000
Speed of
sound 4000
(in m/s)
3000

2000

1000

0
Material
Air Water Brick Iron

Conclusion – the denser the material, the

faster sound travels through it.

Q. Would sound travel faster or slower at the top of a mountain?

 04/16/2021

Distance, Speed
and Time (higher) D

Speed = distance (in metres)

time (in seconds) S T
1) Matilda walks 2000m in 50 minutes. What is her speed in 0.67m/s
m/s?

2) James tries to walk the same distance at a speed of 5m/s. 400s

How long does he take?

3) Greg drives at 60mph (about 100km/h) for 3 hours. How

far has he gone?
300km

4) The speed of sound in air is 330m/s. Evie shouts at a

mountain and hears the echo 3 seconds later. How far 495m
away is the mountain? (Careful!)
 Speed vs. Velocity
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Speed (a SCALAR quantity) is simply how fast you are

travelling…

This car is travelling at a

speed of 20m/s

Velocity (a VECTOR quantity) is “speed in a given direction”…

This car is travelling at a

velocity of 20m/s east
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Speed vs Velocity (HT only)
1) Is this car travelling at constant speed?

2) Is this car travelling at constant velocity?

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Distance-time graphs
2) Horizontal line = 4) Diagonal line
40 downwards =

30
Distance
(metres) 20

10 Time/s

0
20 40 60 80 100

1) Diagonal line = 3) Steeper diagonal line =

 04/16/2021

40

30
Distance
(metres)
20

10
Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100

1) What is the speed during the first 20 seconds? 0.5m/s

2) How far is the object from the start after 60 seconds? 40m
3) What is the speed during the last 40 seconds?
1m/s
4) When was the object travelling the fastest?
40-60s
 04/16/2021
Distance-Time graphs
Task: Produce a distance-time graph for the following
journey:

1) Annie walks 50m in 20 seconds.

2) She then stands still for 10 seconds
3) She then runs away from Harry and covers 100m in 30
seconds.
4) She then stands still and catches her breath for 20
seconds.
5) She then walks back to the start and covers the total 150m
in 50 seconds.
 04/16/2021
40
G B
N
30
Distance
(metres)
20

10

Y Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100
1) Who was travelling the fastest?

2) Who was travelling the slowest (but still moving)?

3) Who didn’t move?

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40

30
Distance
(metres)
20

10
Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100
1) What was the velocity in the first 20 seconds? 1.5m/s
2) What was the velocity between 20 and 40 seconds? 0.5m/s
3) When was this person travelling the fastest? 80-100s
4) What was the average speed for the first 40 seconds?
1m/s
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Understanding Velocity (Higher tier)
40

30
Displacement
(metres) 20

10
Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100

1) What’s the average velocity? 0.4m/s

2) What’s the velocity at 60s? 0.5m/s
 04/16/2021

Acceleration
∆V
Acceleration = change in speed (in m/s)
(in m/s2) time taken (in s)
A T
You need to learn this equation!!

1) A cyclist accelerates from 0 to 10m/s in 5 seconds. 2m/s2

What is her acceleration?

2) A ball is dropped and accelerates downwards at a rate of

10m/s2 for 5 seconds. How fast will it be going? 50m/s
3) A car accelerates from 0 to 20m/s with an acceleration
of 2m/s2. How long did this take?
10s
4) A rocket accelerates from 0m/s to 5,000m/s in 2
seconds. What is its acceleration?
2500m/s2
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Acceleration (harder)
∆V
Acceleration = change in velocity (in m/s)
(in m/s2) time taken (in s) A T

1) A cyclist slows down from 10 to 0m/s in 5 seconds. -2m/s2

What is her acceleration?

2) A ball is dropped and accelerates downwards at a rate of

10m/s2 for 12 seconds. How much will the ball’s velocity 120m/s
change by?

3) A car accelerates from 10 to 20m/s with an acceleration

of 2m/s2. How long did this take? 5s

4) A rocket accelerates from 1,000m/s to 5,000m/s in 2

2000m/s2
seconds. What is its acceleration?
 04/16/2021

Acceleration (harder) ∆V
Acceleration = change in velocity (in m/s)
(in m/s2) time taken (in s) A T
1) Mikey accelerates from standstill to 50m/s in 25 seconds. 2m/s2
What is his acceleration?

2) Jack accelerates at 5m/s2 for 5 seconds. He started at

10m/s. What is his new speed? 35m/s

3) Rob is in trouble with the police. He is driving up the A29

and sees a police car and brakes from 50m/s to a standstill.
5s
His deceleration was 10m/s2. How long did he brake for?

4) Another boy racer brakes at the same deceleration but only

for 3 seconds. What speed did he slow down to? 20m/s
 04/16/2021
Velocity-time graphs
1) Upwards line =

80 4) Downward line =

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20

0 T/s
10 20 30 40 50
2) Horizontal line = 3) Upwards line =
 04/16/2021

80

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50
1) How fast was the object going after 10 seconds? 40m/s
2) What is the acceleration from 20 to 30 seconds? 2m/s2
3) What was the deceleration from 30 to 50s? 3m/s2
4) How far did the object travel altogether? 1700m
 04/16/2021

80

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50
1) How fast was the object going after 10 seconds? 10m/s
2) What is the acceleration from 20 to 30 seconds? 4m/s2
3) What was the deceleration from 40 to 50s? 6m/s2
4) How far did the object travel altogether? 1500m
 04/16/2021

80

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50

This velocity-time graph shows Mai’s journey to school.

How far away does she live?

2500m
 04/16/2021

80

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50

This velocity-time graph shows Kier’s journey to school.

How far away does he live?

2200m
 04/16/2021
Another equation of motion
For a constantly-accelerating body, we can also use this
equation:

You DON’T need to learn this

v = u + 2as
2 2
equation!!

1) An object starts from rest and accelerates at

a rate of 2m/s2 over a distance of 20m. What 80m/s
is its final velocity?
2) Angus drives up the M1 and covers 30km. He
started at 2m/s and constantly accelerated 64m/s
during the whole journey at a rate of
0.001m/s2. What was his final speed?
3) (Harder!) Alisha decelerates from 30 to 10m/s
over a distance of 5m. What is her -80m/s2
acceleration?
 04/16/2021
Acceleration due to Gravity
If I throw this ball upwards with a speed of 40m/s
why does it come back down again?

The ball is acted on by a force called gravity,

which accelerates the ball downwards at a rate
of 10m/s2 near the Earth’s surface.

Extension question – how far up would the ball go?

1) Take u = 40m/s and v = 0m/s (at the top of the

throw)
2) Take a = 10m/s2
3) Therefore s = 80m
 04/16/2021
Terminal Velocity
Consider a ball falling through a liquid:

Some questions to consider:

1) What forces are acting on

the ball?
2) How do those forces
change when the ball gets
faster?
3) Will the ball keep getting
faster? Explain your
answer in terms of forces
 04/16/2021

Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:
1) At the start of his jump the air
resistance is _______ so he
_______ downwards.

2) As his speed increases his air

resistance will _______

3) Eventually the air resistance will be

big enough to _______ the
skydiver’s weight. At this point
the forces are balanced so his
speed becomes ________ - this is
called TERMINAL VELOCITY

Words – increase, small,

constant, balance, accelerates
 04/16/2021
Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:

4) When he opens his parachute the

air resistance suddenly ________,
causing him to start _____ ____.

5) Because he is slowing down his air

resistance will _______ again
until it balances his _________.
The skydiver has now reached a
new, lower ________ _______.

Words – slowing down, decrease,

increases, terminal velocity, weight
 Velocity-time graph for terminal velocity
04/16/2021

(Physics only)
Velocity Parachute opens –
diver slows down
Speed
increases…

Terminal
velocity
reached…
Mo on
t he
On

Time
New, lower terminal Diver hits the ground
velocity reached
 04/16/2021
Balanced and unbalanced forces
Reaction
Consider a camel standing on a road.
What forces are acting on it?

These two forces would be equal –

we say that they are BALANCED.
The camel doesn’t move anywhere.

Weight
 04/16/2021
Balanced and unbalanced forces
Reaction
What would happen if we took the
road away?

The camel is acted on by an

“unbalanced force”, which
causes it to accelerate. This is
called Newton’s 1st law of
motion.

Weight
 04/16/2021
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
Basically, a body will remain at rest or
continue to move with constant velocity as
long as the forces acting on it are balanced.

…and an unbalanced
backwards force will make Newton 1642-1727
me slow down…
An unbalanced forwards
force will make me
accelerate…

Without an unbalanced force,

Newton would carry on doing what he
was doing. This is called “Inertia”.
 Balanced and unbalanced forces 04/16/2021

Q. What will these cars do and why?

 04/16/2021
Balanced and unbalanced forces
1) This animal is either 2) This animal is getting
________ or moving ________…
with _______ _____…

3) This animal is getting 4) This animal is also

_______…. either _______ or moving
with ________ ______..

Words - Stationary, faster, slower or constant speed?

 Summary of Newton’s 1st law
04/16/2021

Complete these sentences…

If an object is stationary and has NO resultant force on it the object
will…

If an object is stationary and a resultant force acts on it the object will…

If an object is already moving and NO resultant force acts on it the

object will…

If an object is already moving and a resultant force acts on it the object

will…
…accelerate in the direction of the
resultant force
…continue to stay stationary
…continue to move at the same
speed and the same direction
…accelerate in the direction of the
resultant force
 04/16/2021
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

The acceleration of a body is proportional to

the resultant force causing its acceleration
and is in the same direction. It is inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.

  Newton 1642-1727

In other words…
force = mass x acceleration F
You need to learn this equation!!

M A
 04/16/2021
Force, mass and acceleration
1) A force of 1000N is applied to push
a mass of 500kg. How quickly does
it accelerate? F
2) A force of 3000N acts on a car to
make it accelerate by 1.5m/s2. How
heavy is the car? M A
3) A car accelerates at a rate of
5m/s2. If it weighs 500kg how
much driving force is the engine 2m/s2
applying?
2000kg
4) A force of 10N is applied by a boy
2500N
while lifting a 20kg mass. How
much does it accelerate by? 0.5m/s2
 04/16/2021
Inertial Mass (higher only)

Inertial mass is a measure of how difficult it is

to change the velocity of an object:

Inertial mass = force / acceleration

Newton 1642-1727
Determine the inertial mass of the following:

1) A car that needs a force of 2000N to 2000kg

accelerate it by 1m/s2.

2) A bus that accelerates at a rate of 0.5m/s2

when 5 people push it, each with a force of 7500kg
750N.
 04/16/2021
Approximate Values (higher only)
Which approximate values of speed, acceleration and force
would you put with these moving objects?

Speed = 1.5m/s Acceleration = 1.5m/s Force = 70N

Speed = 30m/s Acceleration = 2m/s Force = 3000N

Speed = 300m/s Acceleration = 3m/s Force = 600,000N

 04/16/2021
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
When body A exerts a force on body B, body
B exerts an equal and opposite force on body
A.

My third law says

that if I push to Newton 1642-1727
the right I will
move backwards
as well.
 04/16/2021
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

What will happen if I push

this satellite away from me?
 04/16/2021
Stopping a car…
What two things must the driver of the car do in order to
stop in time?
 04/16/2021
Stopping a car…
Thinking
distance
(reaction time)

Braking
distance
 04/16/2021
Stopping a car…
Tiredness Too much
Thinking alcohol
distance
Too many (reaction time) Poor
drugs visibility

Wet roads
Icy roads
Braking
distance
Tyres/brakes Driving too
worn out fast

Total Stopping Distance = Thinking Distance + Braking Distance

 04/16/2021
Stopping a car…
What happens inside the car when it stops?

In order to stop this car the

brakes must “do work”. This work
is used to reduce the kinetic
energy of the vehicle and the
brakes will warm up.

Greater speed =
greater force
needed to stop in a
given distance =
hotter brake pads!
 Estimating Forces and Deceleration
04/16/2021

(higher only)
Estimate rough values for the forces involved in decelerating these
objects:

A skydiver when he A car slowing down A formula 1 car

opens his parachute at traffic lights about to take a
sharp turn
Taking u = 50m/s, v Taking u = 20m/s, v Taking u = 100m/s,
= 10m/s, t = 0.1s = 0m/s, t = 2 s and v = 20m/s, t = 2 s
and m = 70kg we m = 800kg we get… and m = 1500kg we
get… 28000N 8000N get… 60000N

Q. What happens to the human body when these forces get TOO big?
 04/16/2021
5.7 – Momentum (higher only)
 04/16/2021
Momentum
Any object that has both mass and
velocity has MOMENTUM. Momentum
(symbol “p”) is simply given by the formula: P

Momentum = Mass x Velocity

(in kgm/s) (in kg) (in m/s)
M V
You need to learn this equation!!

What is the momentum of the following?

1) A 1kg football travelling at 10m/s 10kgm/s

2) A 1000kg car travelling at 30m/s 30,000kgm/s

3) A 0.02kg pen thrown across the room at 5m/s 0.1kgm/s

4) A 70kg bungi-jumper falling at 40m/s 2800kgm/s

 04/16/2021
Conservation of Momentum
In any collision or explosion momentum is conserved (provided that there
are no external forces have an effect). Example question:

Two cars are racing around the M25. Car A collides with the back of car B
and the cars stick together. What speed do they move at after the
collision?

Speed = 50m/s Speed = 20m/s

Mass = 1000kg Mass = 800kg

Mass = 1800kg Speed = ??m/s

Momentum before = momentum after…

…so 1000 x 50 + 800 x 20 = 1800 x V…
…V = 36.7m/s
 04/16/2021
Momentum in different directions
What happens if the bodies are moving in opposite directions?

Speed = 50m/s Speed = 20m/s

Mass = 1000kg Mass = 800kg

Momentum is a VECTOR quantity, so the momentum of the

second car is negative…

Total momentum = 1000 x 50 – 800 x 20 = 34000 kgm/s

Speed after collision = 34000 kgm/s / 1800 = 18.9m/s

 04/16/2021
Another example
Consider the nuclear decay of Americium-241:

237
Np 241
Am
4
2
α
93 95

If the new neptunium atom moves away at

a speed of 5x105 m/s what was the speed
of the alpha particle?

2.96x107 m/s
 04/16/2021
More questions…
1. A car of mass 1000kg heading up the M1 at 50m/s collides
with a stationary truck of mass 8000kg and sticks to it. 5.6m/s
What velocity does the wreckage move forward at?

2. A defender running away from a goalkeeper at 5m/s is hit

in the back of his head by the goal kick. The ball stops
dead and the player’s speed increases to 5.5m/s. If the 70m/s
ball had a mass of 500g and the player had a mass of 70kg
how fast was the ball moving?

3. A white snooker ball moving at 5m/s strikes a red ball and

pots it. Both balls have a mass of 1kg. If the white ball
3m/s
continued in the same direction at 2m/s what was the
velocity of the red ball?

4. A gun has a recoil speed of 2m/s when firing. If the gun

has a mass of 2kg and the bullet has a mass of 10g what 400m/s
speed does the bullet come out at?
 04/16/2021
Recap question on momentum
1. Bradley and Jack are racing against each other over 400m
at Sports Day. Brad is running at 8m/s and catches up with
Jack who is running at 6m/s. After the collision Brad stops
and Jack moves slightly faster. If Brad’s mass is 60kg and
Jack’s is 70kg calculate how fast Jack moves after the
collision.
12.9m/s

2. Coryn is driving her 5kg toy car around. It is travelling at

10m/s when it hits the back of Shannon’s (stationary) leg
and sticks to it. Assuming Shannon’s leg can move freely
and has a mass of 10kg calculate how fast it will move after
the collision.
3.3m/s
 04/16/2021
Change in Momentum and Force
Instead of F=ma Newton actually said that the force acting on
an object is that object’s rate of change of momentum. In
other words…

Force = Change in momentum (in kgm/s)

(in N) mv
Time (in s)

You DON’T need to learn this F T

equation!!

For example, Rob Stocker scores from a free kick by kicking a stationary
football with a force of 40N. If the ball has a mass of 0.5kg and his
foot is in contact with the ball for 0.1s calculate:
1) The change in momentum of the ball (its impulse),
2) The speed the ball moves away with
 04/16/2021
Example questions
1) Jack likes playing golf. He strikes a golf ball with a
force of 80N. If the ball has a mass of 200g and the 16kgm/s,
club is in contact with it for 0.2s calculate a) the change 80m/s
in momentum of the golf ball, b) its speed.
2) Chad thinks it’s funny to hit tennis balls at Illy. He
strikes a serve with a force of 30N. If the ball has a 4.5kgm/s,
mass of 250g and the racket is in contact with it for 18m/s
0.15s calculate the ball’s change in momentum and its
speed.
3) Oli takes a dropkick by kicking a 0.4kg rugby ball away
at 10m/s. If his foot was in contact with the ball for 0.1 40N
seconds calculate the force he applied to the ball.
4) Paddy strikes a 200g golf ball away at 50m/s. If he
applied a force of 50N calculate how long his club was in 0.2s
contact with the ball for.