BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 17
Plants, Fungi, and the
Colonization of Land

Modules 17.1 – 17.3

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

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Plants and Fungi—A Beneficial Partnership

• Mutually beneficial associations of plant roots

and fungi are common
– These associations are called mycorrhizae

– They may have enabled plants to colonize land

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 • Citrus growers face a dilemma
– They use chemicals to control disease-causing
fungi
– But these also kill beneficial mycorrhizae

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17.1 What is a plant?

• Plants are multicellular photosynthetic

eukaryotes
– They share many characteristics with green algae

– However, plants evolved unique features as they

colonized land

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 PLANT
LEAF
performs
photosynthesis

CUTICLE
reduces water
loss; STOMATA
allow gas exchange

STEM
supports plant
(and may perform
photosynthesis)

Surrounding water ALGA

supports the alga

WHOLE ALGA
performs
photosynthesis;
absorbs water,
CO2, and
ROOTS
minerals from
anchor plant;
the water
absorb water and
minerals from
the soil (aided
by mycorrhizal HOLDFAST
fungi) anchors the alga

Figure 17.1A

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 • Unlike algae, plants have vascular tissue
– It transports water and nutrients throughout the
plant body
– It provides internal support

Figure 17.1B

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PLANT EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
17.2 Plants evolved from green algae called
charophyceans

• Molecular studies indicate that green algae

called charophyceans are the closest relatives of
plants

Figure 17.2A, B

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 • Cooksonia was one of the earliest vascular land
plants

Sporangia

Figure 17.2C

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17.3 Plant diversity provides clues to the
evolutionary history of the plant kingdom

• Two main lineages arose early from ancestral

plants

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 PALEOZOIC MESOZOIC CENOZOIC

Charophyceans (a group of green algae)

Bryophytes (e.g., mosses)

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Origin of plants
Seedless vascular plants
(e.g., ferns, horsetails)

Gymnosperms
Early vascular plants

(e.g., conifers)
First seed plants

An
g io
sp
e rm
s
Radiation of
flowering plants

Figure 17.3A
 • One lineage gave rise to bryophytes
– These are plants that lack vascular tissue

– Bryophytes include mosses, which grow in a low,

spongy mat

Figure 17.3B
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 • Vascular plants are the other ancient lineage

• Ferns and seed plants were derived from early

vascular plants and contain
– xylem and phloem

– well-developed roots

– rigid stems

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 • Ferns are seedless plants whose flagellated
sperm require moisture to reach the egg

Figure 17.3C

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 • A major step in plant evolution was the
appearance of seed plants
– Gymnosperms

– Angiosperms

• These vascular plants have pollen grains for

transporting sperm
• They also protect their embryos in seeds

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 • Gymnosperms, such as pines, are called naked
seed plants
– This is because their seeds do not develop inside
a protective chamber

• The seeds of angiosperms, flowering plants,

develop in ovaries within fruits

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