Obstacles in Chaining

Lecture - 9
 Lecture Delivered By:
Engr. Syed Saqib Mehboob
Lecturer, CED.

Lecture Composed By:

Engr. Ghufran Ahmed Pasha
(Lecturer, CED)
ghufran.ahmed@uettaxila.edu.pk
(Japan , Sitama University for PhD)
 Obstacles in Chaining
 When selecting survey stations, some survey lines might get
selected in which there are obstructions. These lines are
otherwise important as they fulfill the requirements of well
conditioned triangles or they, are necessary due to some other
factors.
 If these obstructions can be overcome by applying special
techniques, then such lines can be selected without any fear.
 These obstructions can be divided into three categories:
1. Chaining free, vision obstructed
2. Chaining obstructed, vision free
3. Chaining and vision both obstructed
Chaining free, Vision Obstructed
 In this category the obstacles may be a small hill, a valley or
an intervening jungle.
 In the case of a small hill or Valley, reciprocal ranging can be
used.
 The length can then be measured along this ranged line by the
method of stepping or the length measured along the slope can
be corrected by applying the slope correction.
 In the case of an intervening jungle, a random line is ranged
in the approximate convenient direction.
 Chaining free, Vision obstructed

 Let us say AB is a line whose length is required, but AB

cannot be ranged because of an obstruction (Fig. 2.23).
 Select any other line AC in almost the same direction, till the
end point B is visible.
 From B drop a perpendicular on the measured line. Let BC be
the perpendicular.
 Measure BC. Then

AB  AC 2  BC 2
Obstruction

 The line AC is called the random line.

Chaining obstructed, Vision free
 Under this category fall obstructions, such as a lake, pond or
river. The obstructions can be tackled as shown in Figs. 2.24
& 2.25.

BC  BD 2  DC 2 BC  DC 2  BD 2
 These procedures are adopted when obstructions are of small
size.
 Chaining obstructed, Vision free

 For bigger obstructions, such as a big pond or lake, the under

mentioned procedure is normally adopted.
 Let us take GDC as the survey line crossing a pond (Fig. 2.26)
on the near end at D, select any line ADB, such that from A
and B lines AC and BD are clear of obstruction.
 Measure AD, DB, BC and AC.
 Derivation
 Chaining obstructed, Vision free

AC 2  BD  BC 2  AD
DC   AD  BD
AD  BD
 For remembering the relationship,

(one side) 2  its opposite component 

( other side) 2
 its opposite component
(Obstructed distance) 
2

Addition of the two components

 Multiplica tion of the two components
 Problems
1. A big pond obstructs the chain line AB. Lines AD and AE
were measured on either side of the line just to cross the
pond. Points D, A and E were in the same straight line. The
distances measured were: AD = 320m, AE = 305m, BD 70m
and BE = 85m. Find the obstructed distance AB.
2. There is an obstruction in the form of a pond on the main
chain line CD. From point C, chain lines CE and CF were
run on either side of line CD to clear the obstruction in such
a way that points E, C and F were in the straight line. The
measured distances were: CE = 1000m, CF = 800 m, ED =
600m and DF = 560m. Find the obstructed distance CD.
 Chaining obstructed, Vision free

 When an obstruction, such as a river falls under this

category, where it is not possible to chain around the
obstruction:
Method I:
 In Fig. let CAF be the ranged line,
AF being the obstructed part.
 At A, erect the perpendicular AB.
 By looking at points F and B, Select
point D such that FDB is a straight
line.
 Erect perpendicular CD at C.
 From B drop BE perpendicular on
the CD line.
 Chaining obstructed, Vision free

 Triangles AFB and BED are similar.

AB AF AB  BE
  or AF 
ED BE ED
 Chaining obstructed, Vision free

Method II:
 At point A, AB is the perpendicular
and C is the middle point of AB.
 At point B, erect the perpendicular
BD. Select the point D on this
perpendicular in such a way the FCD
is a straight line.
 Measure BD which is equal to AF.
 Chaining and Vision both
Obstructed
 A building is a typical example of this category (Fig. 2.28).
Method-I:
 Let AB be the chain line which is require to be prolonged

across the intervening building.

 Erect two equal perpendiculars AC and BD on this line such

that points C and D are clear of the obstruction.

 Chaining and Vision both obstructed

 Join CD and prolong across the building.

 Select two more points E and F and erect EG and FH, two
equal perpendiculars of the same length as erected earlier.
 Join GH. This is the prolongation of the line AB.
 The obstructed distance BG will be equal to DE.
 Chaining and Vision both obstructed

Method-II:
 Let GI be the line obstructed by the building.
 At G, make an equilateral triangle GHI by the intersection of equal
arcs.
 Extend GH to D.
 At D make again on equilateral
triangle, DFE.
 Extend DE to A such that
DA=DG.
 At A, make an equilateral
triangle ABC once again. BA is
the extended part of the line GI.
 Obstructed length GA is equal to
DA or DG.
 Problems
1. C and D are two points on the opposite banks of a river
along a chain line BCD which crosses a river at right angles.
From a point A which is 60 m from C, a perpendicular is
dropped on a line BE (which is parallel to line AC) at point
F. If the length of BC is 90 m and FE if 65 m, find the width
of the river.
2. A chain line ABC crosses a river, B and C being on the near
and distant banks respectively. A line BD of 20-ft is set out
at right angles to the chain line at B. Find the width of the
river.
 Problems

3. Survey line BC is obstructed by a high building. To extend

the line beyond the building a perpendicular CD is set out at
C measuring 80 m. From D two lines DE and DF were
ranged out 45° and 60° respectively from line CD. The
points E and F lies on opposite sides of the building. Find the
lengths DE add DF so that points E and F lie on the
extension of line BC.
4. A and B are two points 250 m apart on one side of a river
flowing east. B is exactly on the bank of river. A tree on
other bank is observed from A and B at location C (edge of
river). Line AD is perpendicular of length 80 m towards east.
Line joining point C and D is know to be 632 m. Find the
width of the river.