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GROUP 6

The Calcarae
Class
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The Host

Haniyatul Huda Azizah Amatu Zikra Yudha Okprianda

1910422038 1910422043 1910423002
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Today's Discussion
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

Introduction
Order Clathrinida
Order Murrayonida
Order Leucosoleniida
Order Lithonida
Order Baerida
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SUBCLASS CALCINEA

Calcarea with regular triaradiate (spicules, equiangular and equiradiate) or exceptionally

parasagittal or sagittal, have a basal system of quadriradiates, and most species have at
least some spicules with the rays and angles between the rays being equal, with or
without monactinal or diactinal free spicules.

This subclass divided into 2 orders, Clathrinida and Murrayonida.

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Order Clathrinida
(Hartman, 1958 emend)

Calcinea with skeleton composed exclusively of free spicules, without

hypercalcified non- spicular reinforcements or spicule tracts, and
calcareous scales or plates. It has 6 families:
 Family Clathrinidae
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(MINCHIN, 1900)

• Clathrinida with an essentially tubular organization ( the constituent

tubes are formed by a pinacoderm)
• A continuous choanoderm lines all the internal cavities
• Growth is by longitudinal median divisions and anastomosis of tubes
to form large units called the cormus
• There is neither a common cortex nor a well-defined inhalant and
exhalant aquiferous system
• This fam has 2 genera (Clathrina *Gray, 1867  and Guancha
Clathrina clathrus
*Miklucho Maclay, 1868).
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Family Soleniscidae

(BOROJEVIC, BOURY-ESNAULT & VACELET, 1990)

• Clathrinida with an essentially tubular organization

• Grow in the form of an individual olynthus, with several olynthi growing or in the form
of distally ramified tubes
• This fam scoped 2 genera (Soleniscus *Haeckel, 1870 emend and Dendya *Bidder,
1898).
Family Levinellidae
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(BOROJEVIC & BOURY-ESNAULT, 1986)

• Cormus composed of a central tube, sometimes ramified, and diverticuli isolated or grouped in
clusters;
• Skeleton of central and radial tubes composed of regular equiradiate and equiangular spicules;
• Skeleton of diverticuli composed of regular and/or parasagittal spicules always clearly distinct from spicules
composing the skeleton of the central tube; 
• Choanoderm either lines all the central cavity or is restricted to the diverticuli. 
• This fam scoped 2 genera (Levinella and Burtonulla *Borojevic & Boury-Esnault, 1986)
Family Leucalidae
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(DENDY & ROW, 1913)

• Tubular, branching or regularly anastomosing cormus, either with many oscules or with a
large atrium and a single osculum; 
• Sponge wall composed of a distinct cortex and choanosome; 
• Skeleton of choanosome and atrial wall absent or composed of small and dispersed
triradiates and quadriradiates;
• There are 3 valid genera (ASCANDRA *Haeckel, 1872, LEUCALTIS *Haeckel, 1872, and
Leucettusa *Haeckel, 1872) and 1 incertae sedis (leuclathrina Borojevic & Boury-Esnault,
1987)
Family Leucascidae
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(DENDY, 1893)

• Body differentiated into cortex and choanosome reminiscent of a clathroid

body composed of anastomosed tubes; 
• The cortex composed of large triradiates and/or quadriradiate spicules; 
• Choanocyte chambers tubular, often highly ramified and anastomosed; 
• Choanoskeleton restricted to walls of the choanocyte chambers, maintaining a
distinctly tubular organisation. 
• There are 2 genera (Ascaltis *Haeckel, 1872 and LEUCASCUS *Dendy,
1892)
Family Leucettidae
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(DE LAUBENFELS, 1936)

• It has a solid body;

• The aquiferous system is always leuconoid;
• The choanoskeleton is well-developed and in the form of a regular network
composed of triradiates and/or quadriradiates;
• The cortex is thin and composed of spicules similar to those in the choanoskeleton;
• This fam scoped 2 valid genera (LEUCETTA *Haeckel, 1872 and PERICHARAX
*Polejaeff, 1883) and 1 incertae sedis (LEUCOMALTHE *Haeckel, 1872),
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Key For Genera and Order of Clathrinida

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Order Murrayonida
(VACELET, 1981)

Calcinea with reinforced skeleton consisting of a rigid network of calcite, of calcareous plates, or of
spicule tracts generally composed of diapason triactines. Canal system leuconoid.

This order divided into 3 families:

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Family Murrayonidae
(DENDY & ROW, 1913)

• Murrayonida in which the basal skeleton is

composed of a rigid calcareous, aspicular network
• Cortex composed chiefly of overlapping calcareous
scales in the oscular zone, and of small triactines in
the pore-zone.
• Choanosomal skeleton including free diapason
triactines.

Murrayona phanolepis Kirkpatrick, 1910

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Family Paramurrayonidae
(VACELET, 1967)

• Murrayonida with a choanosomal skeleton made up of fascicles of diapason triactines

without any rigid structure.
• Cortical skeleton composed chiefly of a superficial layer of overlapping calcareous scales
and an internal layer of free calcareous plates.

Paramurrayona corticata Vacelet, 1967

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Family Lelapiellidae
(BOROJEVIC ET AL., 1990)

• Murrayonida with choanosomal skeleton made

up of fascicles of diactines without any rigid
structure.
• Cortical skeleton composed chiefly of a layer
of tripod triactines and curved diactines.

Lelapiella sphaerulifera Vacelet (1977)

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Key to Genera
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SUBCLASS CALCARONEA

Calcarea with incubated amphiblastula larvae flagellated only on the

anterior half. The nuclei of choanocytes apical and the flagellum arises
directly from the nucleus. The spicules are triradiate and sagittal and as
well as free monaxonic forms.

This subclass divided into 3 orders, leucoselonida, lithonida, and baerida

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Order Leucosolenida

Calcaronea with a skeleton composed exclusively of free spicules without calcified

non-spicular re-inforcements (L. variabilis spics MCS) (Sycon ciliatum spics).

This divided into 4 families:

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Family Amphoriscidae
(Dendy, 1892)

• Leucosolenida with a distinct cortex supported

by tangentially placed tetractines in which the
apical rays cross entirely, or at least a large part
of, the choanosome.
• An articulated choanosomal skeleton is absent

Paraleucilla magna anggita

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Family Grantiidae
(Dendy, 1892)

• Leucosolenida in which a cortex is always present

and sustained by a skeleton of tangential spicules.
• Choanocyte chambers are radial and elongated or
spherical and scattered.
• The choanoskeleton is regular or more often articulate

Leucandra
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Family Heteropiidae
(Dendy, 1893)

• Massive, tubular, pear-shaped and branching

growth forms, occuring as solitary sponges or
in groups.
• A continous cortex, pierced by ostia and
reinforced by asymmetrical triactine spicules
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Family Leucosoleniidae
(Minchin, 1898)

• Leucosolenida with a continuous choanoderm that

lines all of the internal cavity of the sponge.
• There is no common cortex.

Leucosolenia variabilis
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Key to Genera
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Order Lithonida
(VACELET, 1981)

Calcaronea with reinforced skeleton consisting either of linked or cemented basal

actines of tetractines, or of a rigid basal mass of calcite. Diapason spicules generally
present. Canal system leuconoid.

This divided into 2 families:

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Family
Petrobionidae
(BOROJEVIC, 1979)

Lithonida of thickly encrusting or

subspherical growth form. Basal skeleton
composed of a solid mass of calcite
consisting of elongated sclerodermites that
form a series. Petrobiona massiliana Vacelet & Levi, 1958
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Family Minchinellidae
(DENDY & ROW, 1913)

The basal skeleton is made by the attachment or cementation of the basal actines of
tetractines, which are linked by the zygosis of their irregularly curved or expanded ends.

Minchinella lamellosa Kirkpatrick, 1908

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Key to Genera
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Order Baerida
(Borojevic, Boury-Esnault & Vacelet, 2000)

Leuconoid Calcaronea with the skeleton either

composed exclusively of microdiactines, or in which
microdiactines constitute exclusively or
predominantly a specific sector of the skeleton, such
as choanoskeleton or atrial skeleton.
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Family Baeriidae
(Borojevic, Boury-Esnault & Vacelet, 2000)

• Baerida with a choanoskeleton

consisting of giant triactines, and/or of
tetractines in no particular order,
and/or of very numerous
microdiactines.
• No traces of radial organization can be
seen in the choanoskeleton. Leuconia nivea Grant, 1826
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Family Trichogypsiidae
(Borojevic, Boury-Esnault & Vacelet, 2000)

Baerida with a skeleton entirely formed by diactine spicules

Trichogypsia villosa Carter, 1871

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Family Lepidoleuconidae
(Vacelet, 1967)

• Baerida with a leuconoid organization and with an irregular outer layer of scales
derived from triactines.
• Choanoskeleton exclusively composed of scattered micro-diactines.

Lepidoleucon inflatum Vacelet, 1967

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Key to Genera
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