Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phil Politics and Gov.
Phil Politics and Gov.
GOVERNANCE
I. Introduction: The concepts of
politics and governance
1. INTRODUCTION: THE CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
IDEOLOGY
• a : a systematic body of concepts especially
about human life or culture
• b : a manner or the content of thinking
characteristic of an individual, group, or
culture
• c : the integrated assertions, theories and
aims that constitute a sociopolitical program
Ideology
An ideology is a set of cultural beliefs, values,
and attitudes that underlie and justify either
the status quo or movements to change it. The
culture of every social system has an ideology
that serves to explain and justify its own
existence as a way of life. Ideology can also
underlie movements for social change, which
rely on sets of ideas that explain and justify
their purpose and methods.
Ideology
A set of doctrines or beliefs that are shared by th
e members of a social group or that form the b
asis of a political,economic, or other system.
Political Ideologies
LIBERALISM
one of the major political ideologies of the world. It
focuses on individualism, self-reliance, personal
responsibility, equality before the law and limited
government.
a political philosophy based on belief in progress, the
essential goodness of the human race, and the
autonomy (see autonomy 2) of the individual and
standing for the protection of political and civil
liberties
Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview
founded on ideas of liberty and equality.
Liberals espouse a wide array of views
depending on their understanding of these
principles, but generally they support ideas and
programmes such as freedom of speech,
freedom of the press, freedom of religion,
free markets, civil rights, democratic societies,
secular governments, gender equality, and
international cooperation
SOCIALISM
An economic and political doctrine advocating
governmental ownership and direction of
production and services but which would retain
existing institutions as a means of regulating them.
It is also viewed as an ideology which opposes
capitalism and tries to provide a more humane and
socially viable substitute. Moreover, cooperation is
preferred over competition. Furthermore, socialism
adheres to social equality which is the main way to
attain spcial stability and cohesion.
Distinctive Ways of Understanding Socialism
• 3.1 Nature
Power can be defined in many ways. Most
simply, it is the ability to get what you want, or
as scholar Kenneth Boulding said, power is
"the ability to change the future."
Dimensions of power
1. Issue
The first face (or dimension), as proposed by such theorists as Dahl who saw
power as a 'relation among people'. It is the ability of one person to achieve
compliance by others who change how they behave as a result of the power
being exerted. It can be seen in systems of ruling elites, where few people
have significant power. As such, power is direct, with identification of an issue
and a singular response to this. It is, in essence, about making decisions.
In governmental power, this can be seen when the government makes a
decision, typically through law-making, that requires obedience by the
broader population. Such decisions may be debated openly with opportunity
for consultation and challenge along the way. Despite this openness, the
focus is still on decision.
This can be seen as an 'open face', where it is clear who is making the decision
and why they are making it. As this can be seen, it is more likely to be trusted
and consequently obeyed with little question.
2. Agenda
The second face, as proposed by theorists such as Bachrach and Baratz, adds the
more subtle system of power, where decision is made within a complex system.
In this situation, power is not just about making decisions, but also about setting
the agenda that leads to decisions. In other words, if you can control the context
within which decisions are made, then you can influence those decisions.
In governmental power, this can be seen in decisions made 'behind closed doors'
and in the 'corridors of power', where who is deciding and why is seldom clear.
In such contexts, power is held not only by elected officials but also by the
whisperers and assistants who set up meetings, shape agendas and write the
minutes.
This can be seen as a 'secretive face', where it is not clear who is making the
decision. This can lead to problems as other people suspect that there are
corrupt elements to the choice, such as those based on political agendas and
personal gain.
3. Manipulation
Lukes adds a third face, that of even more subtle aspect of manipulating the
psychology of anyone and everyone affected. This can be seen as similar to the
Marxist view of ideological power, where the ability to control what people think
of as being 'right' can lead to acceptance of biased decisions without question.
In governmental power, this appears in propaganda, spin and crafting of speeches
that are deliberately designed to change minds before the decision is announced.
For example if legislation against trade unions is planned, then a provocative
rhetoric of how these unions cause problems may be started some time
beforehand. Any union action then plays directly into the government's hands.
This can be seen as a 'deceptive face', where trickery and psychological methods are
the primary tool in shifting values and changing what people consider to be
important. The problem with this method is that when it is discovered, it can lead
to a sharp loss in trust and consequent betrayal effects.
TYPES OF POWER
Coercive Power- This kind of power involves the usage of
threat to make people do what one desires.
Legitimate Perverted
Ruled by One Monarchy Tyranny
Ruled by the Few Aristocracy Oligarchy
Ruled by the many Polity Democracy
Forms of Government
According to Distribution of Powers
State Nation
• A political concept • It Is a racial-cultural concept
• Sovereign • People continue as a nation
even if they do not remain
sovereign
• Inhabited by heterogeneous • Inhabited by homogeneous
group of people group of people
4.2 Globalization as a context of relations
among nation-states
GLOBALIZATION – also known as Global
Industrialism is a process of forging
international, political, religious and socio-
cultural interconnections. The concept of
sovereign nation-states is increasingly being
challenged by globalization.
II. Philippine democratic politics
5. Historical Background of Philippine
Democratic Politics
5.1 The evolution of Philippine politics, government,
and governance.
a. Pre Spanish Government
b. Philippines under Spanish Rule
c. American Period
d. Commonwealth
e. Japanese Occupation
f. The Philippine Republic
Emilio Aguinaldo
Manuel L. Quezon – 1935-1944
Jose P. Laurel – 1943-1945
Sergio Osmena – 1944-1946
Manuel Roxas – 1946-1948
Elpidio Quirini – 1948-1953
Ramon Magsaysay – 1953-1957
Carlos P. Garcia – 1957-1961
Diosdado Macapagal- 1961-1965
Ferdinand Marcos – 1965 – 1986
Corazon Aquino - 1986-1992
Fidel V. Ramos - 1992-1998
Joseph Estrada - 1998-2001
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo - 2001-2010
Benigno Aquino - 2010-2016
Rodrigo R. Duterte - 2010-Present
6. The Executive
SUFFRAGE
Legal Basis – Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the
Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least
eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the
Philippines for at least one year and in the place wherein they
propose to vote for at least six months immediately preceding the
election. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement
shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage. (Art. V Sec. 1)
Suffrage
It is defined as the right and obligation to vote
and be voted in public office.
Views on Suffrage
• A mere privilege – suffrage is not a natural right
but merely a privilege to be given or withheld by
law.
• A political right – suffrage enables a citizen to
participate in the process of government.
Theories on Suffrage
The Natural Right Theory – This theory claims
that the right to vote is a natural right and
inherent to every citizen. The state was
deliberately created by the people and hence
all the people have a natural right to
participate in the affairs of the government.
The Legal Theory
According to this theory, suffrage is not a
natural right, but a political right granted by
the law of the state
The Ethical Theory
The ethical theory considers the right to vote
as a means of self-expression of the individual
in political affairs. Suffrage provides for the
development of the human personality.
The Tribal Theory
In early Greeks and Roman States, suffrage
was extended only to the citizen class. Only
people who were accorded citizenship status
could vote. Nowadays, citizenship is essential
for voting. This practice is based on the Tribal
Theory.
The Feudal Theory
The feudal theory claims that the right to vote
depends on a particular social status. The
simplest form of social status was ownership
of land.
Scope of Suffrage
Election – means by which people choose their officials.
Plebiscite – the vote of the people of their choice for
against aproposed law submitted to them.
Referendum – the submission of a law passed by the
legislative body to the people for ratification or
rejection.
Initiative – a method in which people directly propose a
law.
Recall – a method by which an elective local official may
be removed from office during his tenure.
Qualifications in the exercise of suffrage
Classification
a. One Party System
b. Two Party System
c. Multi Party System
One-Party System
Only one political party holds power either
because it towers above the others or it
suppresses all other parties.
Two-Party System
A system where the major political parties
alternate with each other in the exercise of
political power.
Multi-Party System
More than 2 political parties fight in an
election, and no single party gets the majority
control of power.
Functions
• Organize the Competition. Party exists primarily
as an organizing mechanism to win elections
and thus, gain control of the government.
• Unify the electorate.
• Inspire and inform voters
• Translate preferences into policy
• Help govern.
• Act as watchdogs
11. Civil Society and Social Movements