Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Philippine Politics
and Governance
“A man without ideology has a life
without purpose” – Yash Takur

Quarter 1- Week 2
Module 2
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Differentiate the political ideologies

1
 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you
while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy
the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances
learning that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

 Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.
 Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
 Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings and
skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
 Brief Introduction - This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
 Discussion - This section provides a short discussion of the lesson. This aims
to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
 Activities - These are activities designed to develop critical thinking and other
competencies. This can be done with or without a partner depending on the
nature of the activity.
 Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
 Check your understanding - It will verify how much you learned from the
lesson.
 Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.

2
 EXPECTATIONS
You will characterize and differentiate major political ideologies.
Specifically, this module will help you to
 identify major political ideologies and their characteristics;
 explain and evaluate how ideologies influence politics and governance;
 express insights on how political ideologies can be used for the betterment of the
community, society, and country; and
 distinguish the different types of political ideologies by constructing a table of
comparison.

PRETEST Let us start your journey in learning more about Political

Ideologies by answering a short pretest. I know you are eager
to learn something new and interesting!

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Country A has decided to adopt a government that is popularly elected, a

constitution that provides and guarantees individual freedom and rights of its
citizens, and a policy that accepts and recognizes all religions. Which among the
following ideologies do you think guides country A in its choice?
A. Fascism C. Communism
B. Liberalism D. Conservatism

2. Which among the following principles falls under the Communist ideology?
A. Classless Society C. Free Enterprise
B. Individualism D. Survival of the Fittest

3. President X believes that the only way for his country to become “great” again is
to impose solidarity among his citizens using propaganda, repression, and
expansionist policy towards its neighboring countries. Based on this agenda,
President X is an example of a
A. Conservative C. Capitalist
B. Liberal D. Fascist

4. The following policies fall within the domain of the Socialist agenda, except ___.
A. Free education for all C. Privatization of industries
B. Affordable health care D. Price regulation/control

5. Augusto believes that the best way to achieve economic development is the
restoration and preservation of traditional values which is the foundation of social
stability. Augusto’s belief represents which ideology?
A. Liberalism C. Communism
B. Capitalism D. Conservatism
3
 LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
Great! You finished answering the questions. You may now request
your facilitator to check your work. Congratulations and keep on
learning!

In the previous module, you learned about the concepts of politics, governance and
government. To determine how much you learned about the past lesson, you will
work on this short activity.

Interpreting Editorial Cartoons

Directions: One a separate sheet of paper, write a short interpretation of this

editorial cartoon. Use the guide questions below as your reference.

Figure 1. Good Governance and Poverty. (Courtesy of Juan Pulso.

Retrieved from http://pinoypulse.com/2018/09/09/good-
governance-key-to-ease-poverty/, July 29, 2020.

Critical Thinking Questions

1. What is the message of the editorial cartoon?

2. What is the role of good governance in eliminating poverty?
3. Why is good governance necessary?
4. How can good governance improve the lives of Filipinos?

4
 BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Ideologies are important because they influence our political behavior. They
are the “lens” through which we see and explain the world, where politics plays an
important role. As such, they affect the way we live although sometimes people are
not immediately aware of it until their effect becomes clear and tangible.

Our views and position towards issues of local, national and international
significance are always shaped by ideologies. Thus, it is not uncommon for people
to have different opinions and attitudes towards major political issues that may have
a direct effect on how we do things.

Figure 2. Differing views. (Photo: Evan Katz, 2016. Retrieved from

https://politicstheorypractice.com/2016/03/03/on-political-ideology-and-pragmatism/ , July 29, 2020)

In this lesson, you will learn what ideologies are, their characteristics, and their
various forms. Your understanding of ideologies will help you evaluate their
importance in our political life and how they influence our government and the way
we are governed.

5
DISCUSSIONS

Lesson
Political Ideologies
1
Ideology
Ideology may be defined as ‘a
political belief system’ (Heywood, 2017,
p. 31). As a phenomenon, it is the
mainspring of an individual’s way of
looking at politics and political life. Just
like any other belief, an ideology is like a
lens through which we see the world, and
our perception affects the way we
behave.
The word Ideology was first used
during the French Revolution by Antoine
Figure 3. The world of ideas. (Courtesy of
https://www.google.com/search?q=ideology&sx
Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) to mean “a
srf=ALeKk0254IW92ghIm_nw5D8zy2zXeuYWtw: new science of ideas” (idea + logos,
1593167862438&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ved=2ahUKEwjV_4fkpJ_qAhVKc3AKHZlNDP4
“study of”) and used it in the same sense
Q_AUoAXoECBMQAw&biw=1280&bih=577#img as biology, psychology, astronomy, etc.
rc=8Gxh47krX9l2fM, July 29, 2020.) However, it was Karl Marx (1818-1883)
who popularized the word as a political
term. Although there are many ways by
which the term ideology may be defined, it has nevertheless three main
characteristics (Heywood, 2017, p. 38):
1. It presents a description of the way things are, particularly in the form of a
“worldview”;
2. It offers a model of a desired future, an idea of a “good society”; and
3. It explains how political change should be carried out, beginning from what
is current to what should be in the future.

It must be pointed out that like any other belief, an individual’s ideological
position may change throughout his lifetime. Our experiences may result in a shift
the way we look at things and this influences our behavior. Thus, just like a pair of
goggles or eyeglasses which affects our vision, ideologies may alter the way we see
the world and how we make decisions.
Now, we shall discuss the different types of ideologies to help you determine
what your beliefs are and evaluate their impact on your choices.

6
Liberalism
The belief in the importance of the individual, respect for his uniqueness and
freedom, and his equality with other people, are among the fundamental elements of
liberalism. This ideology believes that every person has the natural ability to think
rationally, thus capable of making the right choices that will ultimately enable us to
create a better society. Furthermore, Liberalism puts a lot of faith in the natural
goodness of man who will always act according to what is fair and beneficial to all.
Thus, he deserves to be free. Individual freedom does not mean, however, doing
whatever you want to do. There are limits to what you are allowed to do such as
prohibitions against actions that may harm other people.
For Liberals, justice means giving what is due. Respect for differences
anchored on the principles of tolerance and pluralism is central to their ideology.
This is the reason why in Liberalism, individuals matter and distinct moral, political,
and economic culture may co-exist.
To illustrate, our current laws in the Philippines guarantee freedom of speech
and freedom of religion. We are free to express our political or religious views on
different platforms including social media without the fear of being sent to prison.
Moreover, our laws also recognize and protect the rights of all individuals regardless
of their gender, cultural background, or political affiliations.
The liberal ideology was a product of a movement that can be traced back to
the Age of Enlightenment (17 th to 19th centuries) when the traditional system of
absolute monarchy, conservatism, divine right of kings, state religion and hereditary
privilege came to be challenged by new ideas championed by liberal thinkers such as
John Locke (1632-1704), Voltaire (1694-1778), Jean-Jacques Rosseau (1712-1778).
Locke’s theory of the social contract which asserts the natural right of man to life,
liberty and property as well as the government’s duty to protect these rights, infused
the spirit to the liberal movement (Tuckness, 2005, para.1).
Today, Liberalism has become the foundation of modern governments where
individual rights are guaranteed and protected by laws, where people enjoy a
considerable degree of freedom, and where differences in beliefs, culture, and
traditions are respected. The United States, United Kingdom, Japan, and South
Korea are some examples of countries with liberal governments.

Conservatism
Conservatism believes that human beings are imperfect, and they lack the
potential to improve themselves. Consequently, social stability and security will not
be possible if there are no mechanisms such as institutions that can control their
behavior exists. Man cannot be simply left alone. In order to preserve society, a
system of hierarchy and authority is necessary. For Conservatives, tradition based
on values, practices and institutions are essential for society to function properly.
The more traditional elements of Conservatism, called reactionaries, are opposing to
the ideology of modernism and insist on a return to “the way things were” (McLean,
2009 para. 1).

7
 For Conservatives, no individual can exist outside of society or the social
groups that nurture him or her, such as family, friends, colleagues, local community,
and the nation. Everyone must subject
himself to authority that develops
naturally in a society that is principally
hierarchical. In addition, Conservatives
believe in the importance of property
which is considered necessary for social
stability. Accordingly, an individual
must strive to acquire his own property
since people are less likely to damage
someone else’s possession if they also Figure 4. Some selected conservative ideas.
own one (Heywood, 2017 p. 115). (Accessed from
https://www.google.com/search?q=conservatis
As a political concept, m&tbm=isch&chips=q:conservatism,g_1:ideolo
gy:tv7s25TXcxM%3D&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwiyk
Conservatism does not represent any
uyBw57qAhUUxIsBHcZiAtEQ4lYoA3oECAEQG
singular view. Thus, conservatives do w&biw=1263&bih=577#imgrc=E3PXlNvs_rbgv
not always agree on many issues. After M , July 29, 2020)
all, Conservatism is based on traditions
and what is traditional in a particular
place and time is always different from that of another.

In many countries, conservatives are often associated with right-wing politics

and many of the current governments or regimes that are under conservative political
parties include Russia, Italy, Brazil, India and Indonesia (Serhan, 2020, para. 1).
Conservatives are often identified by their traditional views on many issues
such as their opposition to the proposal to adopt a population control program,
legalization of same-sex marriage, adoption of a divorce law, or the inclusion of sex
education subjects in the school curriculum.

Socialism
Socialism is an ideology that looks positively on human nature. The idea
that human beings have the capacity to improve themselves through life experiences
is central to this ideology. It rejects the notion of predestination and affirms that
human beings are capable of becoming greater than what they are (Heywood, 2017
p. 147). Hence, it is possible for people to create a better society where human beings
live in the spirit of cooperation, equality, and cooperation all of which are part of their
nature.
The historical foundations of Socialism can be traced back to the revolutionary
movements of the mid-to-late 18th century and it was born out of the concerns for
the social problems arising out of (industrial) capitalism (Lamb and Docherty, 2006,
p.1). By the 19th century, Socialism evolved as an ideological opposition to Capitalism
mainly as a result of the works of Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-
1895) who both advanced the idea of an economic system based on the idea of social
ownership of the means of production (Giddens, 2007 p. 71). Today, the socialist
ideology has become a term representing a wide range of ideas that extends into the
political, economic and cultural spheres. Nevertheless, what binds these varying

8
interpretations together is their call for collective action in addressing the social and
economic evils brought about by excessive individualism.
Socialists are committed to equality which is why they are among the most
vocal critics of the existence of social classes. To them, the idea of private property
is unacceptable since it is one of the causes of competition and social inequality.
Accordingly, Socialism holds the view that all property must be communal, i.e. owned
by everyone. In order for this idea to be put into practice, the government must take
an active role in ensuring that everyone must have access to and benefit from the
use of resources.
In the Philippines, we hear of various local radical groups or organizations
such as the Akbayan, Anakpawis, Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU), Bayan Muna, Trade
Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) and Gabriela who often call on the
government through mass actions to adopt programs and policies that shall promote
and safeguard the welfare of workers, women, children and other marginalized
groups from exploitation and abuse. At the same time, they openly criticize policies
that they consider harmful or detrimental to the well-being of the greater majority,
many of whom belong to the less privileged class.
Most of the time, Socialism is confused by many with Communism which is
an extreme form of Socialism. Communism will be discussed later in this module.
Current governments who claim to be Socialists include the People’s Republic
of China, Vietnam, Tanzania, India, and Portugal (World Population Review, 2020
para. 3).

Fascism
Between the First (1914-1919) and the Second (1939-1945) World Wars,
Fascism, an ideology of far-right, authoritarian ultra-nationalism characterized by
dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and a strong regimentation of
society and the economy, emerged dramatically in Europe particularly in Germany
and Italy (David and Lynch, 2002, pp. 1-5). Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) of Italy,
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) of Germany and Hideki Tojo (1884-1948) of Japan are
names that always come to mind whenever we hear the word Fascism. Both men
came into power in the 1920s and led their respective countries to war until they
were defeated by the Allies in 1945.
Fascism is essentially an ideology that rejects rationalism (logical thinking)
and relies instead on its emotional appeal. The idea that life is a constant struggle
and only the strongest survives (based on Darwin’s concept of ‘natural selection’) is
a central theme of this ideology (Heywood, 2017, p. 272). Thus, Fascists do not
believe in equality, asserting that some people are born to lead. This strong faith in
elitism extends beyond their own societies, incorporating a belief that certain nations
are superior to others demonstrated by their extreme embrace of nationalism.

There is no place for liberal democracy in Fascism and an authoritarian or

dictatorial government capable of bringing national unity is needed to achieve
economic and political stability. Violence, war, and imperialism are not necessarily

9
considered unacceptable if they are a means to achieve national rejuvenation (Griffin
and Feldman, 2004, p.185).
Much too often, governments who do not tolerate any form of criticism or
opposition, who insist on unity or solidarity as an indispensable means to national
survival, who condone the use of force by the military or the police to stay in power,
and who rely on the fanatical support of the masses are labeled as Fascists.
After the end of the Second World War, only a few political parties openly
declare themselves as Fascist, as the term acquired a negative connotation.
Nonetheless, a number of countries today are led by governments who demonstrate
fascistic tendencies but deny being such.

Capitalism
Capitalism is mainly an
economic rather than a
political ideology.
Nevertheless, just like political
ideologies, Capitalism offers a
particular model for organizing
society. It is actually the most
predominant economic
ideology in many parts of the
world, and its presence is felt
even in the most distant and
smallest countries who actively
participate in international
trade.

This ideology is a
product of the modern times.
Its earliest beginnings can be
traced back to the Renaissance
(15th to 16th centuries) with the
rise of agrarian and mercantilist
capitalism. However, it was not
until the mid-19th century when
industrial capitalism, the kind of
capitalism that we are most
familiar with, formally became a
social system when “generalized
markets” were established
(Polanyi, 2001, p. 81).
Figure 5. The negative side of Capitalism. (Accessed
from
https://www.google.com/search?q=capitalism&tbm=is
ch&ved=2ahUKEwjK57SWyJ7qAhUCS5QKHYx3AjgQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=capitalism&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIEC
AAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzICCAAyAggAMgI
IADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoFCAAQsQNQqsFDWMHcQ2D_
50NoAHAAeAGAAeEGiAHGIZIBCzAuMy40LTIuMS4zmA
EAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=2271
XoqOIIKW0QSM74nAAw&bih=577&biw=1263&hl=en#i
mgrc=aiaZIykbmYlClM , July 29, 2020.)

In capitalism, the “market” is considered as the most important element that

guides society. When we say “market”, we are not referring to the physical market
where we buy goods but the process of selling and buying goods (Heywood, 2017,
p.144). We generally refer to this activity as “trade”. This process is always influenced

10
by “supply” and “demand”. Ultimately, society benefits from these activities in the
market which are primarily driven by the self-interested actions of individuals. Adam
Smith (1723-1790) referred to this as the “Invisible Hand” which he described in his
book, The Wealth of Nations (1776).

For Capitalists, the driving force behind the desire of individuals to produce
and sell goods and services is the desire for profit. To accumulate wealth as a means
to improve one’s position in society is a natural tendency for all human beings. If
everyone will be concerned with increasing his wealth, social order shall be
maintained. Hence, a large part of the production process must be kept in private
hands and individuals must be given freedom to pursue their economic interests
(laissez faire principle).
Countries who commit themselves to Capitalism are open to the idea of
allowing private companies, both local and foreign, to take control of the different
sectors of the economy, since they can bring in more “capital” or money that will
provide more income to the people through employment and to the government in
the form of taxes. Ultimately, this system of wealth creation is expected to lift more
people out of poverty thus improving the lives of many.

Communism
The idea that mankind is ultimately
destined to create a society where there are
no social classes, no states, nor money, and
where there is a common ownership of the
means of production is the fundamental
principle of the ideology called
Communism. Etymologically speaking, the
word “Communism” is derived from the
French commun which means “common”
(Merriam-Webster, 2020, para 11). In the
beginning, Communism was used
synonymously as Socialism until 1840
when it came to be distinguished from the
Figure 6. May regard Communism as a latter. But it was only in 1917, the year of
better alternative to capitalism. the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, that
(Accessed from Communism formally became distinct from
https://www.google.com/search?q=commu Socialism (Steele, 1992, pp.44-45).
nism&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjV14Pm1Z7
qAhUWBpQKHcI1DbwQ2- Communism is an ideological response to
cCegQIABAA#imgrc=MD83JYqS7RVhnM ,
the harmful consequences on the working
July 29, 2020).
class of industrial capitalism that became
the most dominant economic system in 18th
century Europe. Like the Socialists, Communists openly criticized social and
economic inequality and advocated for a classless society where there is no hierarchy
or authority; but for this to happen, it is necessary that the means of production
must be held in common, i.e. owned by everyone. In many ways, Socialism and
Communism have a lot in common which is the reason why they are often confused

11
with one another (Heywood, 2017, p.143-144). In fact, for Marx, Socialism is an
intermediate stage between capitalism and communism.
However, unlike the Socialists who simply insist upon socializing the means
of production, communists aim to socialize both production and consumption
(Steele, 1992). Primarily, this economic and social program was derived from the
ideas of Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) in their pamphlet,
“The Communist Manifesto” published in 1848. Both Marx and Engels identified
that the conflict between the proletariat (working class) and the bourgeoisie (capitalist
class) is the root of all social problems (Marx and Engels, 1969). The only way for
this conflict to end is through a social revolution where the working class will seize
power and then establish social ownership of the means of production, an essential
step in transforming society towards Communism.
As such, Communism considers Capitalism as its enemy. In the former Soviet
Union (1922-1991) for example, all property was placed under the control of the
state. All businesses were considered public and no individual was allowed to own
land, businesses or any resources. Everything that people needed was supplied by
the state under a highly centralized economic system. In this manner, the country
was able to establish a society that somehow came close to being “classless”.
Throughout the world today, communist parties are generally recognized as
legitimate political parties legally allowed to participate in national elections.
However, in the Philippines, the CPP (Communist Party of the Philippines) is
outlawed. Countries currently under the control of communist parties include the
People’s Republic of China (PROC), North Korea, Vietnam and Cuba.

The ideologies that were discussed above are just some of the few main
examples of the most common and dominant types. The other varieties of ideologies
that are currently gaining a significant degree of popularity and influence will be
discussed in the next module.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1.1. Data Retrieval Chart
Objective: To identify how ideologies are reflected in everyday beliefs or ideas.
Directions: Complete the table by identifying at least one (1) key characteristic of
the following ideologies, and by giving one (1) example among the
countries which you think best that follow these ideologies. Then,
answer the questions below.

12
 IDEOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS COUNTRIES

Liberalism

Conservatism

Socialism

Fascism

Capitalism

Communism

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. Why do you think the countries you have chosen best represent each
ideology?
2. Based on your assessment, are these ideologies working for or against the
interest of these countries? Why?

Activity 1.2. Essay Writing (Critical Thinking, Communication, Character)

Objective: To evaluate your understanding of the major political ideologies.
Directions: Choose one (1) question and answer it by writing a short essay made
up of at least two (2) paragraphs.

1. Why do people have different opinions about political issues?

2. In your point of view, which ideology provides the best recommendation for us to
create a “good society”? Why?
3. Are ideologies necessary for a society to work properly? Why?

Activity 1.3 Symbolism (Critical Thinking, Creativity, Communication)

Objective: Apply the understanding of ideologies in by means of symbols.

Directions:

1. Draw/Create symbols which represents each of the major political ideologies.

2. Choose at least one ideology discussed which you would want to present in a
symbol.
3. Explain in 1-2 sentences the symbols which you have created.

13
(Draw your symbol here.)

Interpretation

14
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

UNDERSTANDING IDEOLOGIES

After learning about ideologies, it is now time for us to test how much you learned
from our discussion. This exercise is meant to help you become familiar with
ideologies. Through familiarization, you can even perhaps evaluate your own
ideological inclinations.

Directions: Complete the table below by filling in the correct information in the
blank spaces. Select your answer from the words listed below.

Liberalis Conservatis Communis

View Socialism Fascism
m m m

Of Human
Good Imperfect (1) (2) Flexible
Nature

Of Cooperati
(3) Obedient Unequal Communal
Individual ve

Egalitaria
Of Society Free (4) Elitist (5)
n

Pillar of
For Social Cause of Collective
Of Property (6) State
Stability Inequality Ownership
Power

For Personal Benefit Classless Hierarchical

Rational Evil Good

15
 REMEMBER
 Ideology is a system of beliefs that explains the way things are, presents a view of
a desired society, and points the way towards creating that society.
 Liberalism is an ideology based on the idea of respect for the individual,
acceptance of differences, faith in reason, justice and tolerance.
 Conservatism believes that an orderly society can be created and maintained by
the use of tradition, hierarchy and authority, and strong and unchanging
institutions.
 Socialism stresses the natural ability of human beings to cooperate with one
another in establishing a better society based on the concept of equality,
brotherhood, and common ownership of property.
 Fascism relies on emotional rather than rational appeal to keep the society strong
and united through its emphasis on nationalism, elitism, and authoritarianism.
 Capitalism is economic ideology that offers a model of a “good society” that can
be possible through the creation of free markets where individuals can pursue
their private economic interests essential to maintaining social order.
 Communism is an extreme form of Socialism which advocates for a social
revolution to bring an end to the perpetual conflict between the capitalist and
working classes and create a classless society where there is no hierarchy,
authority and inequality.

POST TEST
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which among the following is a basic element of Conservatism?
A. Tolerance B. Equality C. Rationalism D. Hierarchy
2. If a society is to become communist, which of the following must be removed?
A. Economy B. Social Classes C. Government D. State
3. From the standpoint of Capitalism, society will become stable and prosperous if
the following policies will be implemented except:
A. Free market policy C. Trade Liberalization policy
B. Privatization policy D. Centralized economic planning policy
4. Which of the following characteristics best represents Fascism?
A. Ultra-nationalism C. Individualism
B. Communalism D. Traditionalism
5. Elmer believes that it is the duty of any government to ensure that every person’s
right to live, to own property, and to enjoy freedom within the bounds of the law.
This makes Elmer an advocate of which ideology?
A. Communism C. Liberalism
B. Conservatism D. Fascism

16
 REFERENCES

Online Sources
Communism. (2020). Retrieved July 09, 2020, from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/communism

McLean, I., & McMillan, A. (2009). Conservatism. Retrieved July 09, 2020,
from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/978019920
7800.001.0001/acref-9780199207800-e-276?rskey=RNau8R

Marx, K., & Engles, F. (1969). Bourgeois and Proletarians. Ch. 1 in

Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848), (Marx/Engels Selected
Works 1, pp. 98–137) (M. S, Trans.). Retrieved July 09, 2020, from
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist
-manifesto/index.htm.

Tuckness, A. (2016, January 11). Locke's Political Philosophy. Retrieved July

09, 2020, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-political/

Serhan, Y. (2020, January 06). Populism Is Morphing in Insidious Ways.

Retrieved July 09, 2020, from
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/01/futu
re-populism-2020s/604393/

Socialist Countries 2020. (2020). Retrieved July 09, 2020, from

https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/socialist-countries/

Books

Davies, P., & Lynch, D. (2002). Introduction. In The Routledge Companion to

Fascism and the Far Right (pp. 1-5). London, UK: Routledge.

Giddens, A. (2007). Socialism and the Welfare State. In Beyond left and right:
The future of radical politics (p. 71). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

Mussolini's cultural revolution: Fascist or nationalist? (2004). In R. Griffin &

M. Feldman (Eds.), Fascism. Fascism and Culture (p. 185). London,
UK: Routledge.

Heywood, A. (2017). Political Ideologies an Introduction. In Political Ideologies

an Introduction (6th ed., pp. 38, 115, 143-144). London, UK: Palgrave
Macmillan.

Lamb, P., & Docherty, J. C. (2006). Introduction. In Historical dictionary of

socialism (2nd ed., p. 1). Lanham, MD, US: Scarecrow Press.

17
Polanyi, K. (2001). Speenhamland, 1795. In The great transformation: The
political and economic origins of our time (p. 81). Boston, MA: Beacon
Press.

Steele, D. R. (1992). The Abolition of the Market. In From Marx to Mises: Post-
capitalist society and the challenge of economic calculation (pp. 44-45).
La Salle, Ill, US: Open court.

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 Acknowledgements

Writer: Ernie Ronel T. Mabahague, Teacher I

Editor: Amalia C. Solis - EPS
Reviewers: Raul F. Espinosa, Master Teacher II (Content)
Ludielyn C. Bautista, Teacher III (Content)
Joy R. Raviz, Master Teacher II (Language)
Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim-Schools Division
Superintendent-Manila, Aida H. Rondilla-Chief Education Supervisor
Lucky S. Carpio-EPS and Lady Hannah C. Gillo, Librarian II-LRMS

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 REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET

Name ____________________________________________ Grade and Section ___________

School: ______________________ Date: _____________ Subj. Teacher: _______________

Quarter: 1st Module No.: 2 Week No.: 2

MELC: Differentiate the political ideologies
Objectives:
 Unlock the meaning of politics, governance and government.
 Establish the relationships among the given concepts.
 Become an active agent of social transformation.

Topic: Political Ideologies

Journal Writing
Directions: Read and analyze each question. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Based on your observation of Philippine political culture, which ideology do you
think will work best for our country? Why?
2. In social media, we often see a lot of people complaining about the lack of discipline
among Filipinos as the reason behind our failure to solve many of our economic
and social problems and they blame our liberal policies for it. Do you agree or
disagree? Explain your answer.
3. According to your understanding of ideologies, how will you describe the
government’s decision to impose a lockdown in many parts of the Philippines as a
response to the threat of Covid-19 pandemic?

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 ANSWER KEY
PRE-TEST CHECK YOUR POST-TEST
UNDERSTANDING 1. D
1. B 1. Good 2. B
2. A 2. Evil 3. D
3. D 3. Rational 4. A
4. C 4. Hierarchical 5. C
5. D 5. Classless
6. For Personal
Benefit

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