Machine Design & Drawing

ESMD 402
Module 1, Chapter 4

By
Arindam Chakraborty
Assistant Professor, S.V.I.ST, Kolkata
Guest Lecturer, CU, Kolkata

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 Fluctuating Load
Some machine parts are subjected to static loading. Since many of the machine parts (such as axles, shafts,
crankshafts, connecting rods, springs, pinion etc.) are subjected to variable or alternating loads (also known as
fluctuating or fatigue loads

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 Stress Concentration source and reduction
Whenever a machine component changes the shape of its cross section, the simple stress distribution no longer holds good
and the neighbourhood of the discontinuity is different. This irregularity in the stress distribution caused by abrupt changes
of form is called ‘stress concentration’.

Causes of stress concentration The various causes of stress concentration are as follows:-
(i) Abrupt change of cross section
(ii) Poor surface finish
(iii) Localized loading
(iv) Variation in the material properties
Methods of reducing stress concentration:-
1. Provide additional notches and holes in tension members.
a) Use of multiple notches. b) Drilling additional holes.
2. Fillet radius, undercutting and notch for member in bending.
3. Reduction of stress concentration in threaded member.
4. Provide taper cross-section to the sharp corner of member
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 Fluctuating stress
Under fluctuating / cyclic stresses, failure can occur at loads considerably lower than tensile or yield strengths of
material under a static load: Fatigue Estimated to cause 90% of all failures of metallic structures (bridges, aircraft,
machine components, etc.)Fatigue failure is brittle-like(relatively little plastic deformation) -even in normally ductile
materials. Thus sudden and catastrophic!

Fatigue failure
Fatigue failures have caused many injuries and much financial loss. However, relative to the great number of
successfully designed mechanical components and structures, fatigue and mechanical failures are minimal. Fatigue
failures involve an extremely complex interaction of load, time, and environment, where environment includes both
temperature and corrosion. Loads may be steady, variable, uniaxial, or multiaxial. The loading duration may range from
centuries to years, as in steel bridges, or to seconds or milliseconds, as in firing a handgun. Temperatures can vary
from cryogenic with rocket motor fuels, to ambient with household kitchen chairs, to over 1000°C with gas turbine
engines.

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 Endurance limit
The maximum value of completely reversed bending stress that a material can withstand without any failure.
If the number of cycles are less than 10^(6), the corresponding endurance is called endurance strength.
If the number of cycles are more than 10^(6), the corresponding endurance is called endurance limit.

Cumulative damage in fatigue

This technique for estimating well in advance of failure the fatigue lives of individual specimens avoids the usual
difficulties caused by scatter of fatigue results, ... The problem of correlating the fatigue behaviour under these two
conditions is usually referred to as 'cumulative damage in fatigue'

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 Soderberg and Goodman diagrams

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 Modified Goodman diagram

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 Procedure for estimation of fluctuating
stress

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 Procedure for estimation of fluctuating
stress

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 Procedure for estimation of fluctuating
stress S.N.R

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 Thank You
Send Your quires

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