Chapter-1

Overview of Operating Systems (OS)

 What is Operating System?
 Os is the core component of computer systems.
 Os is a program that designed to control the operation of a computer
system.
 Os act as an interface between computer and the users/outside
world.
 Os is the layer between users and computer /hard ware parts.
 What are the faction of OS?
 Recognizing input from the keyboard,

 Sending output to the display screen,

 Keeping track of files and directories on the disk,

 Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers, and

 Os also responsible for security, i.e. ensuring that unauthorized users do not
access the system.
 Functions of operating system

 In general basic functions of OS are:-

 Process Management
 Memory management
 File Management
 Device Management
 Cont.….
 Process Management:
 Is a process of assignment/allocation of processor to different tasks/processes being
performed by the computer system.
 It allows two or more processes to be executed at a time, using multitasking concept.

 Memory management

 Allocating: Assign main memory and other storage areas to the system programs as
well as user programs.
 Swapping: exchange the content of memory to the disk storage.

 Paging: means the virtual address space is divided into units. It helps the program
data is loaded into pages of memory.
 Cont..….
 Device Management (Input/output management)

A coordination and assignment of different input and output

device to a given process, while one or more programs are
being executed.

 File Management

Create and maintain a file System, where users can create,

delete and move files from structured file system.

It allows all files to be easily changed and modified using

text editors or any other files manipulation.
 Types of Operating Systems

 There are several types of operating systems. The most widely

used
 Windows: is the popular Microsoft brand preferred by most personal users.
 Unix/Linux
 UNIX: It is well known for its stability and often used more as a server
than a workstation.
 Linux: was designed based on the UNIX system, with the source code being a
part of GNU open-source project.
 Macintosh: Recent versions OS, including the Mac OS X, follow
the secure architecture of UNIX.
 It is efficient and easy to use, but can only function on Apple
branded hardware.
 Type of Os based on the:-
Number of users they can serve at one or different
stations and
Number of programs the operating system handle/
support on a time,
Times required to response the given request/input.
 Real-time operating system (RTOS):
 This kind of Os is used when there are time requirement are very
strict like missile system, robots, scientific instruments and other
industrial systems.
 This Os very small response time. i.e. The time interval required
to process and response to input is very small.
 Cont….
Single-user, single task:
This kind of OS allows only one user to access the system at a time.
i.e. It runs only one program at a time.
Examples: MS-DOS (Micro Soft Disk Operating System) produced
by Microsoft.
Advantage
 Execution speed is good b/c only one process run a time.
Disadvantage
 A low degree of resource utilization b/c a number of resources
are present in a computer system and only one of these
resources being utilized by the process
 Single-user, multi-tasking:
 In this operating system, all resources are dedicated to only one user. But the
user can use more than one program (resource).
 It overcomes a single user-single tasking operating system limitation.
 Single user have a permission to run multiple programs at the same time.
 Example Microsoft's Windows (98, 2000, XP, Vista etc) and Apple's MacOS
X.
 Multi-user multi tasking:
 It is mostly used on the networked environment.
 More than one user can utilized the resources available on the computer
simultaneously like hard wares and soft wares.
 Example: Linux, UNIX, etc
 When OS start its work?
OS start its work, when the computer is turned
on, at that time the Os will be loaded from the
hard drive into the computer's memory.
The process of loading the operating system
into memory is called bootstrapping, or
booting the system.
 Chapter-2

Introduction to HCI

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What does mean HCI?
HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people interact
with computers for successful communications.
As its name implies, HCI consists of three parts: the user, the computer
itself, and the ways they work together.
HCI is emerged discipline concerned basically on the
interaction between human beings and computers
 Not primarily the study of Human
 Not primarily the study of Computer
 The study of bridge between them

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 Cont.…
 HCI is a filed of study which concerned with the design,
implementation and evaluation of interactive computing systems for
human use.

 The knowledge gained from this filed is used to create

information systems and work environments which help
To make people more productive and

More satisfied with their work life.

 Advantages of HCI are:
 Simplicity,
 Ease of deployment & operations
 Cost savings for smaller set-ups.
 Reduce solution design time and complexity.

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 Why Study HCI?
 Computers have to be designed in such a way that they are ‘user friendly’

That is they should have an ‘easy to use’ interfaces

 In the past, computers were expensive & used by technical people only

 Now, computers are cheap and used by non-technical people (different

backgrounds, needs, knowledge, skills)
 Computer and software manufacturers have noticed the importance of
making computers “user-friendly”: easy to use, save people time, reduce
system complexity etc.
 HCI involves designing user interfaces which are not only “easy to use” but

 Which could be used when tired and under pressure without making
mistakes .
 Cont …
• A system may be thrown away because of bad user
interface.
• people no longer willing to accept products with poor interfaces

• So generally the HCI goals is to enhance the quality of the

interaction between people and computers.
– Have you noticed such bad or good designs in your
surrounding ?
– More keys lay on small surface; Keys/buttons are very
congested. This generate type error and limit writing speed.
–

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 Cont…
Toilet Paper: In a luxuries hotel, having sat down and
done the business then you lost where the toilet paper.

Toilet
Paper

Can’t use 2
You can get more examples of bad designs on the webpeople
: at the
http://www.baddesigns.com same time 17
 Chapter-3

 What is Cloud Computing

 Why Cloud
 Types
IaaS
PaaS
SaaS

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 Cloud computing
 An Internet-based computing, whereby

 shared resources,

 software, and

 information

are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.
 Refers to anything that involves delivering hosted services over the internet

 It reducing the cost of purchasing physical infrastructure by renting the usage

from a third party Provider.

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 Why Cloud?
1. Web-scale problems
2. Large data centers
3. Different models of computing
4. Highly-interactive Web applications

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 Types of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing has three main segments which
are as follows:
– Applications (SaaS)

– Platform (PaaS)

– Infrastructure (IaaS)

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 Application (SaaS)
 It is software services that runs to delivered the services to
the end users.
 Just run it for me! Example: Gmail

 Salesforce.com (CRM), Google (GOOG) and NetSuite (N)

are some of the companies which provide on demand
software or SaaS business.

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 Platform Segment (PaaS)
PaaS is a platform that allow users to access
applications from centralized servers.
– Give me nice API and take care of the implementation

Example: Net Suite, Amazon, Google App Engine,

Net Suite, Rackspace cloud and a like.

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 Infrastructure as a services(IaaS)
IaaS, the backbone of the entire concept.
 Why buy machines when you can rent cycles?

 Examples: Amazon’s EC2, GoGrid, AppNexus

It is platform that allow users to build applications such as

Google gears.
Cloud storage, such as Amazon’s S3, is also considered to
be part of the infrastructure segment.

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 Chapter 4

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and

Intelligence.
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems” hence Artificial
Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."
So, we can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of
computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based
skills such as learning, reasoning, perception and solving problems.
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Why we need AI at this time?
To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the
capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

3. An intelligent connection of perception and action

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4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem

 Playing chess

 Plan some surgical operation

 Driving a car in traffic

5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new
things by itself and demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

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 Advantage of AI?
 High Accuracy with fewer errors

 High-Speed: fast-decision making

 High reliability: AI machines can perform the same action multiple times with high

accuracy.

 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,

exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users

 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self driving

car ,facial recognition for security purposes and a like.

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Some of the disadvantages of AI are:

High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of

resource to meet current world requirements.

Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they

cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or

programmed.

No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not

have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with humans, and may

sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.

Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting

more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.

No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still

AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
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imaginative.
Group Discussion
Write a short note about history of AI, It includes?
 Do you think AI is old technology?
 If your answer is yes, why?
 Can you name the person who coined the term AI? and when?

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 Chapter 5: Augmented Reality (AR)
Learning Outcomes:
 Explain augmented reality

 Explain the features of augmented reality

 Explain the difference between AR, VR, and MR

 Describe the application areas of augmented reality

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What do you think about augmented reality?
 The purpose of any invention and technology is to simplify our life.

 AR is a way of combine/mix, the view of the real environment with

additional, virtual content through computer graphics.

 i.e. It allows users to overlay or mix computer generated virtual

content in the real world object.

 Unlike virtual reality, which creates a totally artificial environment,

augmented reality uses the existing environment and overlays new
information on top of it.

 By using the latest AR technologies, the information about the

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surrounding real world becomes interactive and digitally usable.
 Picture 1:Augmented Reality Systems (ARS) standard architecture
 What are the three blocks/components of the AR system architecture and
discuss its function?
 There are three blocks/components of the AR system architecture, such as
infrastructure tracker unit, visual unit, and processing unit.
 Some of the function of these units are:
 Infrastructure tracker unit: Receive real world data from sensors and level the data
orientation & positions
 Visual Unit: Received the real world visual data and pass to the processing units
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 Processing Unit: Accept real world data & visual/ virtual contents and produce mix realities
 Applications of AR Systems

 Technology is ever-changing and ever-growing.

 One of the newest developing technologies is AR, which can be
applied to many different areas such as:
 In education: Augmented reality allows:
 To make the class room more attractive and deliver interactive
lessons.
 To get affordable learning materials –b/c posters, digital
illustrations, and physical models are very expensive to purchase.
 Boost intellectual interest :i.e. AR makes students more excited
about learning certain subjects
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• Ij medicine:
• Augmented reality jas play a bkg role )n enhanci^g
medicine and!huaLthcare towards Mord cafety and
efficieNcy.
• For surgery i.e. spinal surgery, as usually, is a long and
difficult process. But with the use of AR, it can reduce the
time, cut the risks and improve the results.
• For education of future doctors:
• For diagnostics/ describing the symptoms : Have you ever
been in a situation when it was hard to describe to the
doctor what was bothering you? In such kind of situations
AR help by describing the symptoms of the patients.
• For detecting the signs of depression and other mental
illnesses by reading facial expressions, voice tones, and
physical gestures. 37
 In general AR provides the following benefits to patients and healthcare workers:
 Reduce the risks associated with surgery.
 Better informed decisions about the right treatment and illness prevention.
 Make procedures more tolerable by assisting medical procedures and tasks.
 Better post-hospital care
 Medical training and education.

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 In Entertainment
 AR can be used in various “entertainment” industries (music, movies, live shows,
games, eSport and a like) as entertainment.

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 Virtual Reality (VR)
VR is fully immersive, which tricks/touch your senses into thinking
you’re in a different environment or world apart from the real world.

Every thing that is not real ,but any thing on your computer
from simple Mario to modern warfare game is virtual real.
VR is a way of generating the realistic sounds, images and other
sensations that replicate a real environment using reality headsets.
Using VR devices such as Google Cardboard, users can be transported
into a number of real-world and imagined environments

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Mixed Reality (MR)
MR is the merging of real and virtual worlds to produce new
environments and visualizations where physical and digital
objects co-exist and interact in real-time.
It means placing new imagery within a real space in such a
way that the new imagery is able to interact, to an extent, with
what is real in the physical world we know.
The key characteristic of MR is that the synthetic content
and the real-world content are able to react to each other in
real-time.

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 nv .t
le
Re t ua
al Vir
en
v.t

Picture 2: Mixed reality in home for entertainment purpose

 As we have seen in picture 2 in mixed reality, you can interact

with and manipulate both physical and virtual items as the
same time.

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