CHAPTER 4

Curriculum
Development
Models
ELAIZA F. FRUELDA
BEED-III
LINEAR
MODEL

Linear models of curriculum  – this model prescribe a

rational step- by – step procedure for curriculum
development starting with objectives. The linear
curriculum models includes the following models:

1. Tyler Rationale Linear Model

2. Taba’s Grassroots Rationale Model
3. Standard- based Curriculum Development Model
4. Understanding by Design Model
5. Systematic Design Model
6. Murray Print Model Curriculum Design
Ralph Tyler

Ralph Tyler at the University of

Chicago developed the first model of
curriculum development. This model was
presented in his book Principles of
Curriculum and Instruction published in
1949.Tyler argued that curriculum
development should be logical and
systematic.
Tyler Rationale
Linear Model
Hilda Taba

A follower of Tyler is another scholar, Hilda

Taba. Taba presented her model in her book
Curriculum Development: Theory and Practice
in 1962. Her model is a modified version of
Tyler’s Model.
Taba’s Grassroots
Rationale Model
Allan Gatthorn

Allan Gatthorn developed the standards- based

curriculum development model . The model was
intended for developing curriculum standards for
any discipline from basic education to higher
education.
Standard- based curriculum
development model
 Understanding by Design
Model

Understanding by Design is a
book written by Grant Wiggins and
Jay McTighe that offers a
framework for designing courses
and content units called “Backward
Design.”
Robert Diamond

Robert Diamond originally developed

the Systematic Design model in the early
1960’s. It has undergone major revisions
but its structure is unchanged (Diamond,
1998).
Systematic Design Model
Murray Print

Murray Print published his model

in his book Curriculum
Development and Design in1988.
Murray Print Model
Curriculum Design
CYCLICAL
MODEL

Cyclical models - it prescribe a cyclical or

continuous  process of curriculum development.
Cyclical models usually start with situational
analysis that serves as the basis for all the
succeeding process. 
TWO 1. Nicholls and Nicholls Model
EXAMPLES OF for Curriculum Development
CYCLICAL 2. Wheeler’s Curriculum
Development Model
MODEL
Audrey & Howard Nicholls

Nicholls and Nicholls Model of Curriculum

Development was designed by Audrey Nicholls and
Howard Nicholls in their book called “Developing a
Curriculum : A Practical Guide” and it was
published in the mid 1970’s, the second edition
was published in 1978.
 Nicholls and
Nicholls Model
 Weaknesses

 Time-consuming
 Situational analysis is difficult
 Too much flexibility
 Strengths

 Situational analysis- context

 Interdependent curricular elements
 Flexibility
 Opportunity to revisit and reform
Daryl Kenneth Wheeler

The wheeler model of curriculum development

is other wise called cyclic model. In the year 1967,
Wheeler modified Tyler’s straight line model into
cyclic model. D.K Wheeler in his book “Curriculum
Process” defined curriculum. He say’s “By
curriculum we mean the planned experiences offered
to the learner under the guidance of the school.”
Wheeler’s
Model
DYNAMIC MODEL

Dynamic model - describes how curriculum

workers develop curricula in various educational
contexts and models are usually used in school-
based settings.
 1. Walker’s Model of Curriculum
Development
THE FOLLOWING ARE 2. Skilbeck’s Curriculum Development
Model 
THE EXAMPLES OF 3. Eisner’s Artistic Approach to
DYNAMIC MODEL: Curriculum Development 
4. Pawilen’s Model for Developing
Curriculum
Decker Walker

 Decker Walker was an Assistant Professor

of Education at Stan-ford University, where he
received his Ph.D. in 1971.
 His specialty was curriculum, and his major
interests are the process of curriculum
development.
What is Naturalistic Model?

Naturalistic Model- is a descriptive model in contrast

to the classical model (perspective model) by Tyler et. al
(1949)- it is also called as the communicative approach.

The term Naturalistic describes how the process of

curriculum planning is done instead of suggesting how
it should be done.
 Walker’s Model of
Curriculum Development
Malcolm Skilbeck

 In 1976 Skilbeck’s came up with the model

for developing curriculum. His model is a
school- based curriculum. In his model
curriculum worker may start from any phase
but it must follows a systematic sequences
Skilbeck’s Curriculum
Development Model
Elliot W. Eisner

 Elliot W. Eisner a famous curriculum

scholar published a book in 1979 entitled “
The Educational Imagination” where he
presented his idea on how curriculum
development should be done.
 Eisner believe that “There is a need to
develop new theory that recognizes the
artistry of teaching that is useful in helping
teachers develop those arts.”
Eisner’s Artistic Approach to
Curriculum Development

1. Goals and priorities

• The need to consider less, well- defined objectives as well
as explicit ones
• The need for deliberation in talking through priorities
2. Content of Curriculum
• Options to consider in selecting curriculum
• Caveats about the null curriculum
3. Types of learning opportunities
• Emphasis on transforming goals and content into learning
events that will be of significance to students
 Eisner’s Artistic Approach to
Curriculum Development
4. Organization of learning opportunities
• Emphasis on a nonlinear approach in order to encourage diverse
student outcomes
5. Organization of content areas
• Emphasis on cross-curricula organization of content
6. Model of presentation and mode of response
• Use of number of modes of communication to widen
educational opportunities for students
7. Types of evaluation procedure
• Use of a comprehensive range of procedures at different stages
of the process of curriculum development
 Pawilen’s Model for
Developing Curriculum

1. Situational Analysis
2. Selection of Goals and Objectives
• Curriculum sources
• Learners
• Society
• Discipline
3. Development of Curriculum Standards
4. Selection of content or subject areas
5. Selection and organization of learning experience
6. Implementation
7. Evaluation
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