Molar solutions

Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of

solution (moles/Liter), used to measure the
concentration of a solution.
Mole: This term is related to large number of elementary particles
(atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) of any substance.
1 mole is 6.02 x 1023 molecules of that substance. (Avogadro's
number). Mole is calculated as mass / molar mass of a
substance
Formula of molarity: The formula for molarity (M) is: moles of
solute / 1 liter of solution or gram-molecular masses
of solute / 1 liter of solution
For example: The molecular weight of a sodium chloride molecule
(NaCl) is 58.44, so one gram-molecular mass (=1 mole) is 58.44 g. If
we dissolve 58.44g of NaCl in a final volume of 1 liter, it means we
have prepared 1M NaCl solution.
Molal solution
Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Formula of molality: The formula for molarity (M) is: moles of solute / Kg of solvent

Normal solution
Normality (N) is defined as the number of mole equivalents per liter of solution:
Formula: Normality = number of mole equivalents/1 L of solution 1 mole equivalent is
Formula weight of a solute / valence (number of hydrogen ions that can be displaced).
Example 1: If we want to prepare 1 Normal NaCl solution. We will calculate MW of
NaCl = 22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 g N = MW/valence (the valence for NaCl is 1.0) 58.44
g/1.0 = 58.44 g = 1.0. For 1 N NaCl Solution, we dissolved 58.44g in 1 L of solution
Krebs cycle Steps
Oxidative Decarboxylation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA.

Step 1: Condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate.

Step 2: Isomerization of citrate into isocitrate.
Step 3: Oxidative decarboxylations of isocitrate.
Step 4: Oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate.

The following are the enzymes that catalyze different steps throughout the process of the citric acid cycle:
 Citrate synthase
 Aconitase
 Isocitrate dehydrogenase
 α-ketoglutarate
 Succinyl-CoA synthetase
 Succinate dehydrogenase
 Fumarase
 Malate dehydrogenase