Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5 Plant Disease Management
5 Plant Disease Management
Exclusion
• Regulation of plant material at ports, city,
county, state or country boundaries – federal
and state rules
• Pathogen-free seed or plants
• Seed certification
• Meristem culture
• Cuttings from clean “mother” plant
under sterile conditions
Exclusion
Don’t Pack a Pest
http://www.dontpackapest.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=x0S99cwnDqM
University of Florida - IFAS 3
Integrated Plant Disease Management
Exclusion
Where did all the impatiens go?
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp309
Plant Resistance
Genetic
• Immunity is the rule in the plant kingdom
• If immunity does not exist, plant breeders develop
cultivars with resistance to specific pathogens
• Constitutive and inducible defenses
Chemically or Biologically Induced
• Application of chemicals or biologicals to induce
production of defense compounds
Adaptation
• Plant adaptation to site
University of Florida - IFAS 5
Integrated Plant Disease Management
Plant Resistance
Genetic
Plant Resistance
Genetic
• Constitutive: continuous defenses; includes
cell walls, waxy epidermal cuticles, bark, leaf
hairs – physical and chemical barriers
• Inducible: defenses (chemicals or proteins)
produced in response to invading pathogens;
includes toxic chemicals, pathogen-degrading
enzymes, deliberate plant cell suicide
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/topics/Pages/OverviewOfPlantDiseases.aspx
University of Florida - IFAS 7
Integrated Plant Disease Management
Plant Resistance
Genetic
Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
• Activated when pathogen infects tissue
• Long-lasting systemic immunity, even in
tissues not infected
• Relatively broad spectrum
• Usually associated with increase in
phytohormone salicylic acid (SA)
Plant Resistance
Chemically Induced
Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
• Use of SA or SA analogs can induce
SAR-like responses
• Provides resistance in plant tissues
beyond application site (systemic)
• Often referred to as “plant activators”
• Benzothiadiazoles (ex: Actigard) used
for plant protection
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306307/pdf/fpls-05-00804.pdf
University of Florida - IFAS 9
Integrated Plant Disease Management
Plant Resistance
Biologically Induced
Systemic Acquired Resistance SAR)
• Weak viruses
Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)
• Triggered by non-pathogenic plant growth
promoting rhizobacteria
• Involves jasmonic acid and ethylene, rather
than salicylic acid
doi: 10.1105/tpc.113.111658. Plant Cell May 2013 vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1489–1505
doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.9.4951-4959. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Sept. 2005 vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 4951-4959
University of Florida - IFAS 10
Integrated Plant Disease Management
Plant Resistance
Adaptation
“Right Plant for the Right Site”
• temperate vs. tropical; cold induction
• dry vs. rainy
• soil type: sand vs. clay
• day length
• others?
• Genetic resistance can be overcome if
site is not right for the plant species
University of Florida - IFAS 11
Integrated Plant Disease Management
Cultural Controls
• Crop rotation
• Alternate host eradication – for pathogens
and vectors
• Sanitation of tools, equipment, potting
containers, shoes, etc.
• Improved plant environment, especially water
management, air circulation
• Nutrient management
• Soil treatment, such as solarization, tillage
• Mulches or other barriers
Chemical Controls
Fungicides Bactericides Nematicides
Insecticides Fumigants
• Seed treatments • Foliar sprays
• Soil treatments • Trunk injections
• Root drenches • Trunk sprays
• Disinfecting tools • Post-harvest use
For fungicides and bactericides, the “cides” is not
accurate. Most suppress rather than kill.
There are no chemicals to use against plant viruses.
University of Florida - IFAS 13
Integrated Plant Disease Management
Chemical Controls
From: http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/Fungicides.aspx
(IN)Organic Fungicides: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/bp/bp-69-w.pdf
Organic Materials Review Institute: http://www.omri.org/
University of Florida - IFAS 15
Integrated Plant Disease Management
Chemical Controls
Mode of action of some major fungicides classes, their FRAC code and resistance risk
FRAC Resistance
Code Chemical Class Mode of action / inhibition risk
1 Benzimidazoles Beta-tubulin assembly in mitosis (cytoskeleton and motor proteins) high
2 Dicarboximides MAP/Histidine-kinase in osmotic signal transduction medium-high
3 Azoles, Pyrimidines C-14 demethylation in sterol biosynthesis in membranes medium
4 Phenylamides RNA polymerase I (nucleic acid synthesis) high
5 Morpholines ^8 and ^7 isomerase and ^14 reductase in sterol biosynthesis low-medium
7 Carboxamides Succinic acid oxidation (respiration) medium
9 Anilinopyrimidine Methionine biosynthesis (amino acid and protein synthesis) medium
11 Strobilurins Mitochondrial synthesis in cytochrome bc1 (respiration) high
16 Various chemistry Melanin biosynthesis (two sites) in cell wall medium
40 Carboxylic acid amides Cellulose synthase (cell wall formation in Oomycetes) low-medium
M1 Inorganics Multisite contact low
M3 Dithiocarbamates Multisite contact low
M5 Phthalimides Multisite contact low
Chemical Controls
From:
Microbiological Controls
Fungi: Trichoderma, Candida, Muscodor, Pythium, Ulocladium,
Verticillium
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/advanced/topics/Pages/BiologicalControl.aspx
https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides
Microbiological Controls
Effective because they produce:
• Antibiotics • Detoxification enzymes
• Lytic enzymes • Iron-chelating siderophores
• Biocidal volatiles
Microbiological Controls
GMOs
Is there a place for
GMOs in our integrated
plant disease
management tool box?
University of Florida - IFAS 22
Integrated Plant Disease Management
GMOs
Some diseases cannot be
controlled with any currently
available methods!
Florida Example:
Bacterial Spot Disease of Tomatoes
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: What the Future Could Hold for Bs2 Tomatoes
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1259