Networking and Cloud Computing

Ralph M. Stair | George W.
Reynolds
Chapter 6
Telecommunications and
Networks
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Why Learn About Telecommunications
and Networks?
• Effective communication is essential to the

success of every major human
undertaking
• To be a successful member of any
organization, you must be able to take
advantage of the capabilities that
communications technologies offer you
2
An Overview of Telecommunications
• Telecommunications is the electronic

transmission of signals for
communications
• Telecommunications medium: any material
substance that carries an electronic signal
to support communications between a
sending and receiving device
3
An Overview of Telecommunications
(cont’d.)
• Networking protocol: a set of rules,

algorithms, messages, and other
mechanisms that enable software and
hardware in networked devices to
communicate effectively
4
Elements of a Telecommunications
System
5
An Overview of Telecommunications:
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous
• Synchronous communications
– Receiver gets message instantaneously
• Asynchronous communications
– Receiver gets message after some delay
6
Basic Telecommunications Channel
Characteristics
• A simplex channel transmits data in only

one direction
• A half-duplex channel transmits data in
either direction but not simultaneously
• A full-duplex channel permits data
transmission in both directions at the same
time
7
Channel Bandwidth
• Channel bandwidth: the rate at which data

is exchanged, measured in bits/sec
• Broadband communications: a relative
term; a telecommunications system that
can transmit data very quickly
8
Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
• A circuit-switching network sets up a

circuit between the sender and receiver
before any communications can occur
• A packet switching network has no fixed
path is created between the
communicating devices
– Data is broken into packets for sending
9
Telecommunications Media
• Two broad categories

– Wired (guided) transmission media: signals
are guided along a solid medium
– Wireless: the signal is broadcast over
airwaves as a form of electromagnetic
radiation
10
Table 6.1 Guided Transmission Media
Types
Media Type Description Advantages Disadvantages
Twisted-pair wire Twisted pairs of copper Used for telephone Transmission speed
wire, shielded or service; widely and distance
unshielded available limitations
Coaxial cable Inner conductor wire Cleaner and faster data More expensive
surrounded by transmission than than twisted-pair
insulation twisted-pair wire wire
Fiber-optic cable Many extremely thin Diameter of cable is much Expensive to

strands of glass bound smaller than coaxial cable; purchase and
together in a sheathing; less distortion of signal; install
uses light beams to capable of high
transmit signals transmission rates
11
Wireless Communications Options
• Wireless transmission involves the

broadcast of communications in one of
three frequency ranges
– Radio, microwave, or infrared frequencies
• In some cases, use of wireless
communications is regulated
– The signal must be broadcast within a specific
frequency range to avoid interference with
other wireless transmissions
12
Table 6.2 Frequency Ranges Used for
Wireless Communications
Technology Description Advantages Disadvantages
Radio Operates in the Supports mobile users; Signal highly

frequency 3 kHz–300 MHz range costs are dropping susceptible to
range interception
Microwave— High-frequency radio Avoids cost and effort Must have

terrestrial and signal (300 MHz–300 to lay cable or wires; unobstructed line of
satellite GHz) sent through capable of high-speed sight between sender
frequency atmosphere and space transmission and receiver; signal
range (often involves highly susceptible to
communications satellites) interception
Infrared Signals in the 300 GHz– Allows you to move, Must have
frequency 400 THz frequency range remove, and install unobstructed line of
range sent through air as light devices without sight between sender
waves expensive wiring and receiver;
transmission effective
only for short
distances
13
Short Range Wireless Options: Near Field
Communication and Bluetooth
• Near field communication (NFC): a very
short-range wireless connectivity
technology
– Designed for consumer electronics, cell
phones, and credit cards
• Bluetooth: a wireless communications
specification that describes how cell
phones, computers, personal digital
assistants, etc., can be interconnected
14
Short Range Wireless Options: Ultra
Wideband and Infrared
• Ultra wideband (UWB): a short-range

communications that employs extremely
short electromagnetic pulses lasting 50 to
1,000 picoseconds
– Transmission range: 10 to 50 meters
• Infrared transmission:
– Sends signals at a frequency of 300 GHz and
above
– Requires line of sight and short distances
15
Short Range Wireless Options: ZigBee
• ZigBee: a developing network wireless

communications standard
– Carries small amounts of data
– Uses fairly low bandwidth of 20 Kbps to 250
Kbps
– Has midrange distances (100 meters)
– Requires very little power
• ZigBee is used in security systems
16
Medium-Range Wireless Options: Wi-Fi
• A wireless telecommunications technology

brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance
• Employs a wireless access point (a
transmitter with an antenna) that receives
the signal and decodes it
• Maximum range of Wi-Fi access points
– 300-900 feet outdoors
– 100-300 feet within a dry-walled building
17
Wi-Fi Network
18
Wide Area Wireless Network Types
• Wide area network options include:

– Satellite and terrestrial microwave
transmission
– 4G
– 5G
– WiMAX
19
Wide Area Wireless Network Types:
Microwave Transmission
• Microwave is a high-frequency (300 MHz–

300 GHz) signal sent through the air
20
Microwave Communications
21
Satellite Transmission
22
Wide Area Wireless Network Options:
4G and 5G Wireless Communications
• Historical perspective
– 1G (first generation) of wireless
communications standards: originated in the
1980s; based on analog communications
– 2G (second generation) employed fully digital
networks; superseded 1G networks in the
early1990s
– 3G supports wireless voice and broadband
speed data communications in a mobile
environment at speeds of 2 to 4 Mbps
23
4G Wireless Communications
• 4G wireless provides increased data

transmission rates
– 3 to 20 times the speed of 3G networks for
mobile devices
• 4G networks are based on Long Term
Evolution (LTE)
• LTE is a standard for wireless
communications for mobile phones based
on packet switching
24
WiMAX
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

Access (WiMAX)
– A 4G alternative
– Based on a set of IEEE 802.16 wireless
metropolitan area network standards
25
5G Wireless Communications
• The next major phase of mobile

telecommunications standards beyond 4G
• Anticipated in the early 2020s
• Expected characteristics
– Higher data transmission rates
– Lower power consumption
– Higher connect reliability and more coverage
– Lower infrastructure costs
26
Networks and Distributed Processing
• Computer network: the communications

media, devices, and software needed to
connect two or more computer systems or
devices
• Network nodes: the computers and
devices on the networks
• Organizations can use networks to share
hardware, programs, and databases
27
Network Topology
• A diagram that indicates how the

communications links and hardware
devices of the network are arranged
• Three most common network topologies
– Star network
– Bus network
– Mesh network
28
Network topologies
topology
Star
Mesh topology
29
Network Types
• A personal area network (PAN) supports the

interconnection of information technology
close to one person
• A local area network (LAN) connects
computer systems and devices within a
small area (e.g., an office or a home)
• A metropolitan area network (MAN)
connects users and their devices in an area
that spans a campus or city
30
Typical LAN
31
Network Types: WANs
• A wide area network (WAN) connects

large geographic regions
• WANs consist of:
– Computer equipment owned by the user
– Data communications equipment and
telecommunications links provided by various
carriers and service providers
• Communications may involve transborder
data flow
32
Wide Area Network
33
Basic Processing Alternatives
• Centralized processing occurs in a single

location or facility
• Decentralized processing involves devices
placed at various remote locations; the
devices do not communicate with one
another
• Distributed processing uses devices placed
at remote locations; devices are connected
to each other via a network
34
Basic Processing Alternatives: File Server
Systems
• Authorized users share data through file

server computing
35
Client/Server Systems
• Client/server architecture features multiple

computer platforms dedicated to special
functions, e.g., database management,
printing, or communications
• A client is any computer that sends
messages requesting services from the
servers on the network
• A database server sends only the data that
meets a specific query—not the entire file
36
Client/Server Connection
37
Telecommunications Hardware
• Modem: a device that converts (modulates

and demodulates) communications signals
so they can be transmitted over the
communication media
38
How a Modem Works
39
Telecommunications Hardware: Routers,
Switches, and Other Devices
• Router: a telecommunications device that

forwards data packets between computer
networks
• Switch: a device containing ports to which
all the devices on the network can connect
– Uses the physical device address in each
incoming message to determine to which
output port it should forward the message to
reach its intended destination
40
Telecommunications Hardware: Routers,
Switches, and Other Devices (cont’d.)
• Gateway: a telecommunications device

that serves as an entrance to another
network
• Wireless access point: a device that
enables wireless devices to connect to a
wired network using Wi-Fi, or other
wireless network standards
41
Telecommunications Hardware: Private
Branch Exchange (PBX)
• A telephone switching exchange that

serves a single organization
• Enables users to share outside lines to
make calls to people outside the
organization
• Provides other services
– Routing of calls, voice mail, Voice over IP
(VoIP) calls, voice paging, three-way calling,
call transfer, and call waiting
42
Telecommunications Software
• Network operating system (NOS): systems

software that controls the computer
systems and devices on a network
• Network management software:
– Protects software from being copied,
modified, or downloaded illegally
– Locates telecommunications errors and
potential network problems
43
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
• An emerging approach to networking

• Allows network administrators to have
programmable central control of the
network via a controller without requiring
physical access to all the network devices
44
Securing Data Transmission
• Encryption: the process of converting an

original message into a form that can only
be understood by the intended receiver
• Encryption key: a variable value that is
applied (using an algorithm) to a set of
unencrypted text to produce encrypted text
(ciphertext) or to decrypt encrypted text
45
Encryption Process
46
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• A private network that uses a public network

(usually the Internet) to connect multiple
remote locations
• Provides network connectivity over a
potentially long physical distance
• Supports secure, encrypted connections
between a company’s employees and
remote users through a third-party service
provider
47
Telecommunications Services and
Network Applications
• Cellular phones:
– Operate using radio waves to provide two-
way communications
– May be linked to a cordless phone via a
Bluetooth connection
• Small cell: a miniature cellular base station
designed to provide improved cellular
coverage and capacity
48
Typical Cellular Transmission
Scenario
49
Cellular Phone Services: Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL) Service
• Telecommunications service that delivers

high-speed Internet access over existing
phone lines
– An asymmetric DSL (ADSL) line has
download speed that is three to four times
faster than upload speed
– Symmetric DSL (SDSL) is used mainly by
small businesses; the speed of receiving and
sending data is the same
50
Voice Mail
• Users can send, receive, and store verbal

messages to and from other people around
the world
• Voice mail-to-text services capture voice
mail messages, convert them to text, and
send them to an e-mail account
• Reverse 911 service delivers emergency
notifications to users in a selected
geographical area
51
Home and Small Business Networks
• A DSL modem enables each computer in

the network to access the Internet
• A firewall filters the information coming
from the Internet into your network
• A router encrypts all wireless
communications to keep your network
secure
52
Electronic Document Distribution
• Enables the sending and receiving of

documents in a digital form without being
printed
– Electronic distribution via networks is much
faster than mailing printed forms
– Viewing documents on screen instead of
printing saves paper and document storage
space
– Accessing and retrieving documents is faster
53
Call Centers
• Locations where organizations handle

their customer and other telephone calls
• Used by:
– Customer service organizations
– Telemarketing companies
– Computer product help desks
– Charitable and political campaign
organizations
54
Telecommuting and Virtual Workers and
Workgroups
• Telecommuting: the use of computing

devices and networks so that employees
can work effectively away from office
• Telecommuters need to be strongly self-
motivated, organized, and focused on their
tasks with minimal supervision
• Not all jobs are suitable for telecommuting,
e.g., jobs requiring close supervision or
those with many short-term deadlines
55
Electronic Meetings
• Videoconferencing:
– Enables people at multiple locations to
communicate using simultaneous two-way
video and audio transmissions
– Reduces travel expenses and time
– Increases managerial effectiveness through
faster response to problems, access to more
people, and less duplication of effort
56
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)
• System of transferring money from one

bank account directly to another without
any paper money changing hands
• Used for:
– Credit transfers, e.g., payroll payments
– Debit transfers, e.g., mortgage payments
57
Electronic Funds Transfer (cont’d.)
• Benefits of EFT
– Reduced administrative costs
– Increased efficiency
– Simplified bookkeeping
– Greater security
58
Quick Response (QR) Codes
• Two dimensional barcodes that can be

scanned by users with a smartphone
camera
– Requires appropriate software
59
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Applications
• GPS is a global navigation satellite system

that uses two dozen satellites 11,000 miles
above the earth
• GPS receivers:
– Have become as small as a cell phone and
are relatively inexpensive
– Are commonly found in automobiles, boats,
planes, laptop computers, and cell phones
60
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Applications (cont’d.)
• GPS tracking technology:

– Has become the standard by which fleet
managers monitor the movement of their cars
– Is employed by computer-based navigation
systems
61
Summary – Principle 1
• A networking protocol defines the set of

rules that governs the exchange of
information over a telecommunications
channel
• Channel bandwidth refers to the rate at
which data is exchanged
• Wireless communications solutions are
available for very short distances, medium
distances, and long distances
62
• The three most common network

topologies are the star, bus, and mesh
• A network’s geographic area determines
whether it is a personal area network, local
area network, metropolitan area network,
or wide area network
• Three basic data-processing strategies
using two or more computers are
centralized, decentralized, or distributed
63
Summary – Principle 2 (cont’d.)
• A client/server system is a network that

connects a user’s computer (a client) to
one or more host computers (servers)
• Telecommunications software performs
important functions, such as error
checking and message formatting
• The interception of confidential information
by unauthorized parties is a major concern
for organizations
64
• Telecommunications and networks are

creating profound changes in business
because they remove the barriers of time
and distance
• Networks let users share hardware,
programs, and databases across the
organization
• Networks can improve organizational
effectiveness and efficiency
65

Networking and Cloud Computing

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Networking and Cloud Computing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ralph M. Stair | George W.

• Effective communication is essential to the

• Telecommunications is the electronic

• Networking protocol: a set of rules,

• A simplex channel transmits data in only

• Channel bandwidth: the rate at which data

• A circuit-switching network sets up a

• Two broad categories

Fiber-optic cable Many extremely thin Diameter of cable is much Expensive to

• Wireless transmission involves the

Radio Operates in the Supports mobile users; Signal highly

Microwave— High-frequency radio Avoids cost and effort Must have

• Ultra wideband (UWB): a short-range

• ZigBee: a developing network wireless

• A wireless telecommunications technology

• Wide area network options include:

• Microwave is a high-frequency (300 MHz–

• 4G wireless provides increased data

• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

• The next major phase of mobile

• Computer network: the communications

• A diagram that indicates how the

• A personal area network (PAN) supports the

• A wide area network (WAN) connects

• Centralized processing occurs in a single

• Authorized users share data through file

• Client/server architecture features multiple

• Modem: a device that converts (modulates

• Router: a telecommunications device that

• Gateway: a telecommunications device

• A telephone switching exchange that

• Network operating system (NOS): systems

• An emerging approach to networking

• Encryption: the process of converting an

• A private network that uses a public network

• Telecommunications service that delivers

• Users can send, receive, and store verbal

• A DSL modem enables each computer in

• Enables the sending and receiving of

• Locations where organizations handle

• Telecommuting: the use of computing

• System of transferring money from one

• Two dimensional barcodes that can be

• GPS is a global navigation satellite system

• GPS tracking technology:

• A networking protocol defines the set of

• The three most common network

• A client/server system is a network that

• Telecommunications and networks are

You might also like