Trucks

ALAELDIN M. ALI

ALAELDIN@UOFK.EDU
Truck … Dumper
Huge Truck
Types of trucks

trucks can be classified into three main types:

(1) conventional rear dump;

(2) tractor-trailer, bottom, side, and rear dump;

(3) integral bottom dump.

Length

 Haulage road length is a major consideration in truck selection,

tire life, truck production, and haulage cost. Generally, road
length should be minimized consistent with reasonable road
grades.
Grade

 Haulage road grades usually are determined as percent slope

[(vertical rise/horizontal distance) × 100].
Grade

 Uphill grades or vertical rises are adverse or unfavorable

grades, expressed as a positive (+) percent.
Grade

 Downhill grades or vertical falls are favorable grades,

expressed as a negative (–) percent.
Grade

 Optimum grades for conventional rear dump trucks usually are

7 to 10%, but must be evaluated for specific trucks.
Grade

 For short distances, grades may be as high as 15%. Tractor-

trailer units operate on lower grades than conventional rear
dump trucks.
Grade

 Surface mining regulations for coal limit overall grades to a

maximum of 10%.
Sight Distance

 Sight distances are limited on vertical curve crests due to road

surface and on horizontal curves due to berms, steep rock cuts,
trees, structures, etc.
Sight Distance

 Haulage roads must be designed with adequate sight distance

for the operator to stop a truck traveling at operating speed
before reaching a hazard.
Resistance

 Grade and rolling resistance provide resistance to truck

movement. Grade resistance is the retarding or assisting force
of gravity which is negative when traveling uphill and positive
when traveling downhill.
Resistance…

 Grade resistance, the motion resistance due to the haulage road

grade, is expressed as a percent grade or grade resistance
factor. The grade resistance factor, GRF, is calculated by
Resistance…

 GRF = 10 kg/t × % grade

or

 GRF = 20 lb/ton × % grade

Resistance…

 where 1 % of vehicle weight is equivalent to 10 kg/t (20 lb per

ton). The grade resistance, GR, is calculated by
Resistance…

 GR = 10 kg/t × vehicle weight in tonnes × % grade

or
 GR = 20 lb/ton × vehicle weight in tons × % grade
or
 GR = GRF × vehicle weight in tonnes (tons)
Resistance…

 Rolling resistance is motion resistance due to tire flexing under

load, wheel bearing friction, tire penetration into the ground,
and wind or air movement.
Resistance…

 Rolling resistance usually is expressed in kilogram per tonne

(pound per ton) of vehicle weight, but also may be expressed
as a percent of vehicle weight where 10 kg/t (20 lb/ton) equals
1%.
Resistance…

 Rolling resistance factor, RRF, in kilogram per tonne (pound

per ton) is calculated by

RRF = Rf + RsP + (KAV2/W)

Resistance…

Where

 Rf is the resistance due to tire flexing and wheel bearing

friction, commonly 15 kg/t (30 lb/ton) for radial tires and 20
kg/t (40 lb/ton) for bias ply tires;
Resistance…

 Rs is the resistance per centimeter (inch) of tire penetration, 5.9

kg/t (12 lb/ton);

 P is tire penetration, cm (in.);

 K is the coefficient of air resistance, about 0.0066 SI (0.0035

English) for the off-highway truck;
Resistance…

 A is the truck frontal area, m2 (sq ft);

 V is the air velocity, km/h (mph); and

 W is the truck vehicle weight, tonne, (ton).

Resistance…

 The total resistance, TR, is calculated by

TR = GR + RR
Resistance
Truck cycle time
Cycle time

 Truck cycle time is time required for the truck to complete a

single cycle including spot and load, haul loaded, turn and
dump, return empty, wait, and delays.
Cycle time …

 The productivity of an operating truck is dependent on the

average actual payload and average cycle time. Matching of
loading equipment (front end loader, shovel, etc.) and truck are
important to ensure appropriate payloads and loading times.
Cycle time …

 The method of spotting and loading trucks influences spot and

load times. Haulage road layout and design, including length,
grade, rolling resistance, curves, and velocity limits affect
travel times.
Cycle time …

 Travel times also will be affected by driver skill and attitude,

road maintenance, and truck maintenance. Velocity or travel
time for the slowest truck in the fleet tends to set the fleet
pattern, especially with a no overtaking policy.
Cycle time …

 Space and ground conditions, as well as the necessary support

equipment, influence turn and dump times
Cycle time …

 Climate and weather conditions can result in poor equipment

performance and operating delays.
Cycle time …

 Truck haulage, with many operating trucks, is capital

intensive, requiring good engineering and supervision to
ensure maximum productivity from available equipment.
Cycle time …

 Spot time is the time needed for the truck to maneuver into
position for loading.
Cycle time …

 Load time is the time required for the loading machine to make
the required number of passes to load the truck
Cycle time …

 Total truck cycle time is the summation of spot and load, haul
loaded, turn and dump, haul empty, wait, and delay times.
Cycle time …

 Total cycle time usually is expressed as an average time for

specific loading equipment and trucks operating on a specific
haulage road.
Cycle time …

 Total cycle time usually is expressed as an average time for

specific loading equipment and trucks operating on a specific
haulage road.
Cycle time …

 Total cycle time usually is expressed as an average time for

specific loading equipment and trucks operating on a specific
haulage road.
Matching Trucks and Loading Equipment

 Based on truck cycle and spot and load times, trucks and
loading equipment must be matched to avoid excessive over-
or under-trucking the loader or shovel.
Matching Trucks and Loading Equipment

 The theoretical number of trucks that can service a loader or

shovel, NT, can be derived by:

NT = ttc ∕ ttl
Matching Trucks and Loading Equipment

 Based on truck cycle and spot and load times, trucks and
loading equipment must be matched to avoid excessive over-
or under-trucking the loader or shovel.
Matching Trucks and Loading Equipment

 where ttc is the total theoretical truck cycle time (no wait time)

in minutes and ttl is the truck spot and load time in minutes. In

calculating the theoretical number of trucks, NT, the truck wait

time.
Production

 Truck production, assuming 100% availability and/or

utilization can be calculated by

P = 60 * Lt ⁄ ttc
Production …

 where P is the truck production rate based on actual active-

operating time, t/h (tph); Lt is the truck actual payload, t (ton);

and ttc is the truck total cycle time, minute.

Truck cost …

 Ownership Costs

usually are fixed charges incurred by having equipment at the

mine.
Truck cost …

 Ownership Costs

For tax purposes, these costs may occur either as capital,

financial, depreciation, or operating charges and may be
determined both as annual and hourly costs.
Truck cost …

 Operating Costs

... are variable charges directly applicable to truck operation.

These normally include fuel, tires and tire repair, preventive
maintenance, mechanical repairs, and operator wages.
Truck cost …

 Operating Costs

… normally do not include indirect mine costs associated with

mine facilities and supervision.
Truck cost …

 Operating Costs

… can best be estimated from field studies and analysis of mine

records.
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