METHODS OF COMBAT

EMPLOYMENT OF NAVAL
FORCES
By
DR. M. VEGO
JMO DEPARTMENT,
U.S. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE,
NEWPORT, RI
RELATIONSHIP OBJECTIVE-METHOD-THEATER STRUCTURE-LEVEL OF WAR/COMMAND

Levels of War
•Tactical
•Operational-Tactical
•Operational 1
•Theater-Strategic
•National-Strategic

2 DETERMINE
OBJECTIVE
PS
E
ST DETERMINE
METHOD OF •TACTICAL
COMBAT •OPERATIONAL
FORCE •STRATEGIC
3 EMPLOYMENT
•TACTICAL ACTION
•MAJOR OPERATION
•CAMPAIGN
DETERMINE
SIZE OF
4 PHYSICAL •COMBAT ZONE/SECTOR
ENVIRONMENT •AREA OF OPS
THEATER STRUCTURE
•THEATER OF OPS
•THEATER (OF WAR)
DETERMINE
LEVEL OF •TACTICAL
COMMAND •OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL
•OPERATIONAL
•THEATER-STRATEGIC
•NATIONAL-STRATEGIC
ON MILITARY OBJECTIVE
 THE OBJECTIVE
• THE OBJECTIVE IS THE PURPOSE OF
ONE’S ACTIONS (IT ANSWERS THE
QUESTION “WHY?”)
• IT IS ACCOMPLISHED BY USING
MILITARY AND/OR NONMILITARY
SOURCES OF POWER IN A GIVEN TIME
AND WITHIN A SPECIFIC PHYSICAL
SPACE
 SCALE OF THE OBJECTIVE

• STRATEGIC
NATIONAL-STRATEGIC
MILITARY-STRATEGIC
 THEATER STRATEGIC
• OPERATIONAL
• TACTICAL
 MAJOR TACTICAL
 MINOR TACTICAL
 HIERARCHY OF OBJECTIVES

Political Strategic
Objectives

Military-
Strategic
Objectives

Theater-Strategic Theater-Strategic Theater-Strategic

Objective Objective Objective

Operational Operational Operational Operational

Objective Objective Objective Objective

Tactical Tactical Tactical Tactical

Objective Objective Objective Objective
 POLITICAL STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE

• THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT DECISION OF

THE NATIONAL OR ALLIANCE/COALITION
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IS TO DETERMINE THE
POLITICAL STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE FOR THE
PLANNED USE OF MILITARY AND NON-MILITARY
SOURCES OF POWER
• THE OBJECTIVE SHOULD BE ARTICULATED
CLEARLY AND CONCISELY
• IT SHOULD BE ATTAINABLE WITH THE MEANS
AVAILABLE OR BECOMING AVAILABLE.
MILITARY (-THEATER) STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVE
• IS THE ONE WHOSE ACCOMPLISHMENT
(THROUGH DESTRUCTION,
ANNIHILATION, NEUTRALIZATION, OR
CONTROL) WOULD HAVE A DRASTIC (OR
RADICAL) EFFECT ON THE COURSE AND
OUTCOME OF A WAR AS A WHOLE
• THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF A MILITARY
OR THEATER-STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
WOULD REPRESENT THE END OF A
DISTINCTIVE PHASE OF WAR.
 B e r in g S e a

G u lf o f A l a s k a

S e a o f O k h o ts k

N O R T H P A C IF IC A R E A
M O N G O L IA

DEFEAT O F
JA PA N ,
E a s t C h in a 1 9 4 5 -4 6
S ea JAPA N
P A C IF IC O C EAN AR EAS
G U A R D IN G S O U T H E R N A P P R O A C H E S
T O J A P A N E S E H O M E IS L A N D S , 1 9 4 4 - 4 5
T A IW A N
S E IZ IN G C E N T R A L P A C IF IC
A R C H IP E L A G O , 1 9 4 3 -4 4
S o u th C h in a S e a
T H A IL A N D P h i l ip p i n e S e a
S E IZ IN G T H E C E N T R A L P A C IF IC A R E A
P H IL IP P IN E S
P H IL IP P IN E S ,
G u lf o f
T h a i la n d
1 9 4 4 -4 5

S E IZ IN G N E W G U IN E A ,
1 9 4 2 -4 4

Ja va S ea PA PU A
N E W G U IN E A

A ra fu ra S e a

T im o r S e a
G u lf o f
C a rp e n ta r ia
C o ra l S e a

SO UTHW EST F IJ I

P A C IF IC A R E A N E W C A L E D O N IA
A U S T R A L IA

S O U T H P A C IF IC A R E A
Tasm an S ea
NEW ZEALAND

9 8 -C D V G -1 B (J R N )
 THE PHILIPPINE CAMPAIGN PLAN (MUSKETEER II), 29 AUG 1944
THEATER-STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVE South
China
-- SEIZING CONTROL Sea
LUZON
STRAIT
Luzon
Strait
BATAN ISLAND ASSAULTS

OF THE PHILIPPINES LOVE II

PRINCIPAL
SUBSEQUENT
OPERATIONS
AND ITS APPROACHES; OPERATION
CAMIGUIN ISLAND
OBJECTIVE AREAS

DEFEATING THE MIKE I OPERATIONS LATER

MAIN EFFORT CANCELLED
JAPANESE FORCES
Aparri

Vigan

DEFENDING THE Lingayen

Tuguegarao

LUZON
ARCHIPELAGO; CUTTING Gulf
San Fernando

OFF THE JAPANESE

COMMUNICATIONS
BETWEEN SOUTHERN Bataan Manila
Philippine Sea
RESOURCES AREA Peninsula
NOTE: Lamon
VICTOR - CONSOLIDATION OF AREASBay
BY-PASSED IN KING\LOVE\ AND MIKE
AND THE HOME ISLANDS; OPERATIONS TO BE COMPLETED BY
1 OCT 45.
MI
CREATING ND
WILLIAM - AUGMENTATION OF LAND-
OR
BASED AIR SUPPORT BY EMPLOYMENT
O
OF AIR FORCES REDEPLOYED FROM
Legaspi

PRECONDITIONS EUROPE.

FOR FUTURE LOVE III

SUBSIDIARY OPERATION
SAMAR

OPERATIONS; PANAY

LIBERATING THE LEYTE

CEBU
FILIPINO PEOPLE AND NEGROS
KING II
PALAWAN
ESTABLISHING THE MAIN EFFORT

NEW DEMOCRATIC
GOVERNMENT; LATER
CHANGED
TO

ENHANCING THE US MINDANAO

PRESTIGE AND Davao

INFLUENCE IN THE JOLO

KING III
KING I
PRELIMINARY
FAR EAST BRITISH OPERATION
PRELIMINARY
OPERATION
NORTH
BORNEO JOLO
FORCE

98-CD-43-VEGO-(PFR)
THEATER-STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVE
• IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A
MILITARY OR THEATER-STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVE
• THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF AN
OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVE WOULD
LEAD TO DRASTIC (OR RADICAL)
CHANGE IN THE SITUATION IN A
GIVEN DECLARED (OR
UNDECLARED) THEATER OF
OPERATIONS.
 SOLOMONS CAMPAIGN, 1942 – 1943: PHYSICAL OBJECTIVES
0 0 0
150 155 160
Manus I. Lorengau
LEGEND
Kavieng
ADMIRALTY IS.
JAPANESE BASES
NE
W STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
IR
EL
BISMARCK AN OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVE
Duke D
of York MAJOR TACTICAL OBJECTIVE
is.
ARCHIPELAGO
Rabaul

Sa Cha
int nn
Ge el
0
Cape Buka I. 5

org
0
5
Madang Gloucester Talasea Ontong Java

e
BOUGAINVILLE
A IN
EW BRIT Kieta
N
Gasmata Kahili
NEW Lae
Buin
GUINEA Shortland Is. CHOISEUL
Bailale I.
Salamaua SO Treasury Is.Faisi
LO Rekata
MO Vella Lavella
Bay SANTA
NS Kolombangara ISABEL
AR NEW GEORGIA
Kiriwina I. CH Gizo VangunuT
Buna IP Rendova SL HE
Woodlark I.
EL OT Florida I. MALAITA
OW
AG Russell Tulagi I.
EN
S
O Is. Lunga Pt.
TA
NL
Port Moresby EY
MO
UN
TA 10
0

10
0 INS GUADAL CANAL
Milne Bay
50 0 100
SAN
STATUTE MILES CRISTOBAL
0 0 0
00-vego-32(ajl) 150 155 160
2002/JMO/PROFVEGO/ SOLOMONS CAMPAIGN, 1942 – 1943: PHYSICAL OBJECTIVES
SUPPORTING INITIAL SUPPORTING
AND SUCCESSIVE INITIAL AND
OPERATIONAL SUCCESSIVE
OBJECTIVE OPERATIONAL
--OBTAINING & OBJECTIVE
MAINTAINING --OBTAINING &
LOCAL AND MAINTAINING
TEMPORARY LOCAL AND
CONTROL OF TEMPORARY
SEA APPROACHES CONTROL OF
TO LEYTE OF THE AIR OVER
LEYTE AND ITS
APPROACHES
MAJOR TACTICAL OBJECTIVE

• IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF AN
OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVE
• ITS ACCOMPLISHMENT WOULD
LEAD TO A DRASTIC CHANGE IN
THE SITUATION IN A GIVEN AREA
OF OPERATIONS.
MINOR TACTICAL OBJECTIVE

• IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A MAJOR

TACTICAL OBJECTIVE
• ITS ACCOMPLISHMENT WOULD
RESULT IN A DRASTIC (OR
RADICAL) CHANGE IN THE
SITUATION IN A GIVEN COMBAT
ZONE OR SECTOR.
 SOLOMONS CAMPAIGN, 1942 – 1943: PHYSICAL OBJECTIVES
0 0 0
150 155 160
Manus I. Lorengau
LEGEND
Kavieng
ADMIRALTY IS.
JAPANESE BASES
NE
W STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
IR
EL
BISMARCK AN OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVE
Duke D
of York MAJOR TACTICAL OBJECTIVE
is.
ARCHIPELAGO
Rabaul

Sa Cha
int nn
Ge el
0
Cape Buka I. 5

org
0
5
Madang Gloucester Talasea Ontong Java

e
BOUGAINVILLE
A IN
EW BRIT Kieta
N
Gasmata Kahili
NEW Lae
Buin
GUINEA Shortland Is. CHOISEUL
Bailale I.
Salamaua SO Treasury Is.Faisi
LO Rekata
MO Vella Lavella
Bay SANTA
NS Kolombangara ISABEL
AR NEW GEORGIA
Kiriwina I. CH Gizo VangunuT
Buna IP Rendova SL HE
Woodlark I.
EL OT Florida I. MALAITA
OW
AG Russell Tulagi I.
EN
S
O Is. Lunga Pt.
TA
NL
Port Moresby EY
MO
UN
TA 10
0

10
0 INS GUADAL CANAL
Milne Bay
50 0 100
SAN
STATUTE MILES CRISTOBAL
0 0 0
00-vego-32(ajl) 150 155 160
2002/JMO/PROFVEGO/ SOLOMONS CAMPAIGN, 1942 – 1943: PHYSICAL OBJECTIVES
THE OBJECTIVES OF
NAVAL WARFARE
 OBJECTIVES OF NAVAL WARFARE
STRONGER SIDE WEAKER SIDE
SCALE

ESTABLISHING MAINTAINING OPERATIONAL ESTABLISHING MAINTAINING

AND EXPANDING AND EXPANDING
BASING/DEPLOYMENT BASING/DEPLOYMENT
AREA CONTROL AREA CONTROL

OBJECTIVES

SEA CONTROL SEA DENIAL

STRATEGIC
OR
OPERATIONAL CHOKE POINT
CHOKE POINT CONTROL DENIAL
CONTROL OPERATIONAL
WEAKENING/PRESERVING
ECONOMIC POTENTIAL
AT SEA
01-GA-1021-1
• NAVAL TACTICAL ACTIONS

• MAJOR NAVAL OPERATIONS

• MARITIME CAMPAIGNS
 NAVAL TACTICAL ACTIONS
• A COLLECTIVE TERM FOR DIVERSE
NAVAL ACTIONS AND MEASURES
AIMED AT ACCOMPLISHING MAJOR
OR MINOR TACTICAL OBJECTIVES IN
A GIVEN MARITIME COMBAT ZONE OR
SECTOR.
 NAVAL TACTICAL ACTIONS
COMBAT ARMS
WITH USE OF SINGLE
WEAPONS TWO OR MORE
COMBAT ARMS

NAVAL ATTACK PURPOSE

NAVAL STRIKE
NAVAL RAID
NAVAL
NAVAL ENGAGEMENT
NAVAL BATTLE
TACTICAL OFFENSIVE
DEFENSIVE
ACTIONS
AREA OF COMBAT
EMPLOYMENT

NON-USE OF OPEN SEA/OCEAN

WEAPONS COASTAL WATERS

PLANNING
SURVEILLANCE OBJECTIVE
PATROLLING
SEARCH
SCOUTING MINOR TACTICAL
RECONNAISSANCE
PLANNED
OBSERVATION MAJOR TACTICAL
ETC. NON-PLANNED
OPERATIONAL (SOMETIMES)

PPT-98-VEG0-21 (PFR)
 NAVAL BATTLE
• A SERIES OF RELATED ENGAGEMENTS, STRIKES,
AND ATTACKS CONDUCTED BY TWO OR MORE
NAVAL COMBAT ARMS SEQUENCED AND
SYNCHRONIZED IN TERMS OF PLACE, AND TIME
AND AIMED TO ACCOMPLISH A MAJOR TACTICAL
(OR SOMETIMES AN OPERATIONAL) OBJECTIVE IN
A GIVEN MARITIME AREA OF OPERATIONS.

• A NAVAL BATTLE IS NORMALLY PLANNED, BUT IT

CAN BE ALSO UNPLANNED
• IT IS NORMALLY AN INTEGRAL PART OF A MAJOR
NAVAL OPERATION.
 THE BATTLE O FF CAPE ENG ANO
0 N A U T IC A L M IL E S
2041
O ZAW A TURN S TO
A S S IS T H A T S U S U K I
60
C A R R IE R “ D E C O Y ” F O R C E
(O Z A W A )
C A R R IE R S : Z U IK A K U ,
Z U IH O , C H IT A S E , C H IY O D A
B A T T L E S H IP S : IS E * , H Y U G A *
C R U IS E R S : IS U Z U , O Y O D A ,
TA M A * P LU S 9 D E S TR O Y E R S

*T O G R O U P “ A ” L A T E R

2330

2059
1800 D ES TRO YE R H ATSU S U K I
S U N K B Y C R U IS E R G R O U P
4 2050
1526
Z U IH O S U N K B Y 2000
T H IR D A IR S T R IK E
1414 3
Z U IK A K U S U N K B Y
T H IR D A IR S T R IK E C R U IS E R G R O U P ( D U B O IS )
0000 4 C R U IS E R S , 1 0 D E S T R O Y E R S
1830
1655
1200 C H IY O D A S U N K B Y C R U IS E R
G R O U P (D A M A G E D B Y F IR S T
A IR S T R IK E )
0937
1 ,2 C H IT O S E S U N K B Y
0235 F IR S T A IR S T R IK E
D E S T R O Y E R A K IT S U K I S U N K
B Y F I R S T A I R S T R IK E
1800
1900

0700
M A T S U D A ’S G R O U P
R E J O IN S O Z A W A

1630

1415

T A S K G R O U P S 3 8 .3 , 3 8 .4

G R O U P ‘A ’ 1219
(M A T S U D A )
2 B A T T L E S H IP S
111 5
1 C R U IS E R
T A S K G R O U P 3 8 .2 T U R N S
4 D ESTR O YERS
T O IN T E R C E P T K U R IT A ’S
111 5 FO R C E
TF 34 TUR N S TO
IN T E R C E P T K U R IT A ’S
FO R C E

0822

T A S K F O R C E 3 8 (M IT S C H E R )
1 0 C A R R IE R S , 2 2 D E S T R O Y E R S
P L U S S H IP S IN C R U IS E R G R O U P

T A S K F O R C E 3 4 (L E E )
F O R M E D , 0 2 4 0 , 2 5 O C T.
FR O M PA R T O F TF 38
6 B A T T L E S H IP S , 4 C R U IS E R S ,
8 DESTR O YER S

C D -9 8 -V E G O -1 2 1 (J R N )
 NAVAL ENGAGEMENT
• CONSISTS O A SERIES OF STRIKES/COUNTER
STRIKES AND ATTACKS/COUNTER ATTACKS
AIMED AT ACCOMPLISHING THE PRINCIPAL
TACTICAL OBJECTIVE IN A NAVAL BATTLE
• IT IS FOUGHT IN ONE’S SECTOR OF MAIN EFFORT
 NAVAL STRIKE
• A SERIES OF RELATED SHORT, POWERFUL
ATTACKS CARRIED OUT SIMULTANEOUSLY OR
ALMOST SIMULTANEOUSLY FROM ONE OR MORE
SECTORS BY A SINGLE OR SEVERAL WEAPONS
PLATFORMS OR TACTICAL UNITS AND AIMED AT
DESTROYING A GIVEN TARGET
• DEPENDING ON THE TARGET TO BE DESTROYED
OR NEUTRALIZED, TACTICAL, OPERATIONAL, AND
STRATEGIC STRIKES CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED
• A NAVAL STRIKE COULD BE CONDUCTED BY
USING CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS OR WEAPONS
OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD).
 NAVAL ATTACK
• A COMBINATION OF A MANEUVER
AND USE OF WEAPONS (MISSILE,
GUN, BOMB, TORPEDO) AIMED TO
ACCOMPLISH A MINOR TACTICAL
OBJECTIVE
 NAVAL RAID
• BROADER FORM OF A NAVAL STRIKE CONDUCTED
BY A SINGLE OR SEVERAL COMBAT ARMS TO
ACCOMPLISH A MAJOR TACTICAL OBJECTIVE;
TEMPORARILY DENY SOME POSITION, OR
CAPTURE OR DESTROY AN ENEMY FORCE OR
INSTALLATION OR FACILITY
• A RAID IS USUALLY AIMED AGAINST AN
OBJECTIVE THE ENEMY CONSIDERS SO
VALUABLE THAT HE COULD NOT IGNORE
ITS LOSS OR SERIOUS DEGRADATION
• A LARGER PURPOSE OF RAID IS TO ACHIEVE
SOME TEMPORARY ADVANTAGE, BUT AT THE
SAME TIME POSE THE THREAT OF FUTURE
REPETITION
• A RAID CAN ALSO BE CONDUCTED TO ENHANCE
ONE’S MORALE OR DIMINISH THE ENEMY’S
MORALE.
MAJOR NAVAL OPERATIONS
A MAJOR NAVAL OPERATION CONSISTS OF
A SERIES OF MAJOR AND MINOR NAVAL
TACTICAL ACTIONS SEQUENCED AND
SYNCHRONIZED IN TERMS OF SPACE AND
TIME TO ACCOMPLISH AN OPERATIONAL
(AND SOMETIMES STRATEGIC) OBJECTIVE
IN A GIVEN PART OF THE MARITIME
THEATER. IT IS PLANNED IN ACCORDANCE
TO A COMMON OPERATIONAL IDEA
(SCHEME) AND BY AN OPERATIONAL
COMMANDER.
• MAJOR NAVAL OPERATIONS ARE NORMALLY AN
INTEGRAL PART OF A MARITIME OR LAND
CAMPAIGN
• THEY CAN BE CONDUCTED IN ENCLOSED, SEMI-
ENCLOSED OR MARGINAL SEAS
• THEY ARE NORMALLY INTENDED TO ACCOMPLISH
AN OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVE IN A GIVEN
THEATER
 TYPES OF MAJOR NAVAL OPERATIONS

DEGREE OF SERVICE SINGLE SERVICE

PARTICIPATION JOINT
COMBINED MAIN
SUPPORTING
TIMING/
SEQUENCING MAIN PURPOSE
OFFENSIVE
DEFENSIVE
PRELIMINARY
TYPES PHYSICAL
INITIAL
SPACE
SUCCESSIVE

WAR NARROW OPEN OCEAN

SEAS
MARGINAL SEA
OF AN OCEAN
OOTW
ENCLOSED SEA
SEMI-ENCLOSED SEA

PPT-96VEG013
 MAJOR NAVAL OPERATION AND ITS MAIN ELEMENTS
POST-COMBAT
PRE-COMBAT COMBAT EMPLOYMENT PHASE PHASE

ENEMY’S MARITIME
OPERATIONAL AREA OF OPERATIONAL
CENTER OF OPERATIONS OBJECTIVE
GRAVITY

MAIN FORCES
SERIES OF MAJOR
TACTICAL
ACTIONS

SECTOR OF
MAIN WITHDRAWAL
EFFORT OR
REDEPLOYMENT

PURSUIT
SECTOR OF & DESTROYING
SECONDARY THE REMAINING
ENEMY FORCES
EFFORT
SERIES OF MINOR
TACTICAL ACTIONS
NG
U P P ORTI OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL
S ES
FORC DECEPTION PAUSE

ACCOMPLISHING
STRATEGIC/ OPERATIONAL CONCENTRATION CONSOLIDATING
THE OPERATIONAL
OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL
MANEUVER OR DISPERSAL OBJECTIVE
SUCCESS
MAJOR OPERATIONS VS.
TACTICAL ACTIONS
 PREREQUISITES
• SUFFICIENT FORCES AND ASSETS
• COMPREHENSIVE COMBAT SUPPORT
• ADEQUATE DEGREE OF
BASING/DEPLOYMENT AREA CONTROL
• CLOSE COOPERATION AMONG NAVAL
COMBAT ARMS AND COMBAT ARMS OF
OTHER SERVICES.
CHARACTERISTICS
 MAJOR NAVAL OPERATIONS IN WAR
DESTROYING ENEMY DESTROY
SEA-BASED ENEMY
STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FLEET
FORCES (ANTI-SSBN)
AT SEA

PROTECTION OF AT ITS BASE(S)

SEA-BASED STRATEGIC
NUCLEAR FORCES AMPHIBIOUS
(PRO-SSBN) LANDING
MAIN PURPOSE

DESTROYING ENEMY
COASTAL INSTALLATIONS/
SUPPORT OF FACILITIES
GROUND FORCES
ON THE COAST

DEFENSE &NAVAL
NAVAL BLOCKADE
PROTECTION INTERRUPT / CUT-OFF
COUNTER- OF MARITIME MARITIME
BLOCKADE TRADE TRADE

PPT-96VEG015
MAJOR NAVAL OPERATIONS
VS. ENEMY FLEET
• DESTROYING THE ENEMY’S
FLEET AT SEA
• DESTROYING ENEMY’S FLEET
AT ITS BASE(S)
 BATTLE O F JUTLAND:
D E P L O Y M E N T O F F O R C E S , 3 0 -3 1 M A Y 1 9 1 6

SHETLAND
IS .

N O R W A Y
OR KNEY
S C APA FLO W IS .

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30 M AY

M O R A Y F IR T H J E L L IC O E
1400, 31 M AY
H IP P E R
ABERDEEN 1400, 31 M AY
S C O T L A N D

BA RE
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BEATTY

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1400, 31 M AY
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SCHEER
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G LASG OW 1400, 31 M AY

N E W C A S TLE
DO GG ER S A IL E D
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C D -9 8 - V E G O -1 3 (J R N )
 G E R M A N N A VA L O P E R A T IO N R H E I N U E B U N G , 1 80 0, 25 M A Y - 10 30 , 2 6 M A Y 19 41

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C D - 9 9V E G O 3( G M A )
 O P E R A T IO N M I: D E P L O Y M E N T O F F O R C E S , 2 8 M A Y - 5 J U N E 1 9 4 2
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A DAK

2 2 0 0 /3 2 2 0 0 /4
K is k a a n d A ttu S u p p o r t F o r c e
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0 9 0 0 /5
1 0 0 0 /4 N A U T IC A L M IL E S
1 0 0 0 /3 P e r m is s io n t o u s e U N tr a c k c h a r t g r a n t e d b y J a p a n D e f e n s e A g e n c y
1 0 0 0 /2 S o u r c e : V o l.3 4 P la te 2 .
1 1 0 0 /1
1 1 0 0 /3 1
1 1 0 0 /3 0
F o rce
D u tc h H a r b o r A tta c k in g

40° 40°
0 7 0 0 /5

1 0 0 0 /4
TO KYO
1 0 0 0 /2
Yokoham a 1 0 0 0 /1 0 9 0 0 /4
0 3 0 0 / 4 1 0 0 0 /04 7 0 0 / 5 1 2 0 0 /2
1 1 0 0 /3 1
1 1 0 0 /3 0
B O N IN I. 2 2 3 0 /4
1 1 0 0 /2 9 1 0 0 0 /1

1 0 0 0 /1 A k e b o n o M a ru to rp e d o e d M ID W A Y
1 2 0 0 /2 8
1 1 0 0 /2 1 0 0 0 /3 1 0 0 0 /4 2 0 5 4 /4
V O L C A N O I. 0 3 0 0 /5
1 0 0 0 /4
1 0 0 0 /3
1 0 0 0 /1 1 0 0 0 /2
M A R C U S I.
O AHU
1 1 0 0 /3 1
20° 1 1 0 0 /3 1
H A W A II
20°
M A R IA N A S W A K E I.
1 1 0 0 /3 0
1 1 0 0 /2 9 J O H N S T O N I.
S A IP A N

C D -0 1 -V E G O -0 7 (J M P )0 3 2 5 0 1
160° 180° 160° 140°
DESTROYING ENEMY
FLEET AT ITS BASES
 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES
• 3-4 JUL 1940 -- OPERATION CATAPULT
(ATTACK ON THE FRENCH FLEET AT
MERS-EL-KEBIR BY THE BRITISH
FORCE H
• 11-12 NOV 1940 -- OPERATION
JUDGEMENT (BRITISH ATTACK ON
THE ITALIAN FLEET AT TARENT.
MAJOR NAVAL OPERATIONS
VS. ENEMY COASTAL
INSTALLATIONS/FACILITIES
 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES

• 24 MAY 1915-- ATTACK BY THE AUSTRO-

HUNGARIAN FLEET VS. ITALIAN
BASES/PORTS AND RAILWAY
BRIDGES/TUNNELS ON EASTERN COAST
OF THE ADRIATIC
• 15-24 FEB 1942 --- JAPANESE CARRIER
RAIDS ON PORT DARWIN, TIMOR, AND BALI
• 23 MAR -6 APR 1944; US CARRIER RAIDS
ON PALAU, YAP, AND WOLEAI (OPERATION
DESECRATE).
• 13 APR -- 4 MAY 1944: TF-58 RAIDS ON
WAKDE AND SARMI, HOLLANDIA,
TRUK, AND SATAWAN ISLANDS AND
PONAPE
• 28 AUG-24 SEPT 1944: PREPARATORY
STRIKES IN SUPPORT OF
AMPHIBIOUS LANDING ON PALAU-
MOROTAI
 AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN FLEET ATTACK ON
THE ITALIAN COAST 23/24 MAY 1915
GRADO

TRIESTE
VENICE
GROUP A: 1st, 2nd, 4th BATTLESHIP DIVISIONS
FIUME
BATTLESHIP: ERZH. FRANZ FERDINAND
VEG

POLA
LI A
DESTROYER: DINARA, CSIKOS, VELEBIT, REKA

CHERS
ARBE
TORPEDO BOAT: 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63,

O
PAGO
PTO 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72,
CORSINI
74, 75, 76, 77.
ZARA
RIMINI GROUP B: BATTLESHIP: ZRINYI
GROSSA

SENIGALLIA SEBENICO
TORPEDO BOAT: 4, 7.
ANCONA SPALATO
GROUP C: BATTLESHIP: RADETZKY
GROUP D: BRAZZA
TORPEDO BOAT: 56, 73.
ARMORED CRUISER: SANKT GEORG LESINA
LISSA
PEDASO

TORPEDO BOAT: 1, 2. CURZOLA

MELE
D A
GROUP E: LAGOSTA

PESCARA PTA.
PROTECTED CRUISER: NOVARA ORTONA
INSEL
PELAGOSA OSTRO
CATTARO

TORPEDO BOAT: 78, 79, 80, 81. INSEL

TREMITI
S
TERMOLI NB
GROUP F: CAMPOMARINO QU
T. di MILETO VIESTE

PROTECTED CRUISER: SAIDA, SZIGETVAR MANFREDONIA

K. RODONI
LARGE DESTROYER: BALATON, TRIGLAV
DURAZZO
BARLETTA
GROUP G:
BARI

PROTECTED CRUISER: HELGOLAND

LARGE DESTROYER: CSEPEL, TATRA, ORJEN, LIKA BRINDISI

TARANTO VALONA
GROUP H:
LEGEND
PROTECTED CRUISER: ADMIRAL SPAUN AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN NAVAL FORCE
ITALIAN NAVAL FORCES
DESTROYER: WILDFANG, STREITER, USKOKE CRUISING AREA OF ITALIAN CRUISERS Cap Sta Maria
CAPE SANTA
AMPHIBIOUS LANDING
OPERATIONS
ALLIED INVASION OF SICILY 10 JULY 1943: MAIN ROUTES OF ASSAULT CONVOYS TO ASSEMBLY
MESSINA
PALERMO
FORCEV KMF18 I oni an
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18
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KMF
SBM1 TOBOMBARD
Gabes CATANIAAND
TAORMINA

NC

36
F1

MWF
Medenine

TUNISIA Tripoli
R/V6am/9
FORCEH
DIVERSION

FORCEA MWF36

GULFOFSIRTE

Sirte
0 20 40 60 80 100 200 miles
T R I PO L I T A NIA
CD-96VEGO35
 O p e r a t io n H u s k y : F in a l P la n f o r A s s a u lt L a n d in g , 1 0 J u ly 1 9 4 3
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FR O M M E
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SECONDARY ROADS KM F 18 M W S 36X FO RCE B F R O M T U N IS IA M W F
FRO M U K F R O M T R IP O L I F R O M T R IP O L I FR O M UK
PO PULATED AREAS
A S S A U LT S E C TO R S
APPRO ACH TRACKS
B E A C O N S U B M A R IN E S
A A IR F IE L D S
 Fecamp
Auderville
Etretat
Cherbourg Barfleur

la
e n insu
in P
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ah Harfleur
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ch each LE HAVRE
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ac h Juno Be Normandy
ac h Bridge

nt
lle
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re
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ch
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Di
La Haye Carentan Luc Pont-l’Eveque

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Mont Bayeux
du-Puits
Castre Creully Douvres
Benouville
Dozule
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Lessay Tilly-sur-
Seulles Troarn
Periers Cheux Cagny Lisieux
Hill
Caumont n
O do 112 Bourguebus
St. Lo Tourmauville
R. St. Aignan
Gavrus
Coutainville Villers- Hill 111
Coutances Torigni- St. Pierre-sur-
Bocage
sur-Vire Dives
Estrees-la-

R. Dives
Campagne Livarot
Mont

e
Pincon Thury- Portigny Vimoutiers

R. O r n
Harcourt
Les Champeaux
Brehal Villedieu- Falaise Camembert
Coudehard
les-Poeles Mont Ormel
Granville Vire Trun
17 June St. Lambert Hill
Chambois 262
Exmes
30 June Sartilly Flers Bourg St. Leonard
Brecey Tinchebray Argentan
24 July Sourdeval
Le Mont Avranches
St. Michel Briouze
6 August Mortain
La Ferte-
Hill Mace
Domfront
16 August Dol-de-Bretagne 317 Sees
St. Hilaire-
Pontorson du-Harcouet
00-vego-06(ajl) St. James
 SUPPORT OF FRIENDLY GROUND
FORCES OPERATING ON THE COAST
 SUPPORT OF GROUND FORCES:
RANGE OF NAVAL FORCES’ TASKS
(IN GENERIC TERMS)

MAJOR
MAJOR OFFENSIVE & MAJOR
OFFENSIVE DEFENSIVE DEFENSIVE
OPERATIONS OPERATIONS OPERATIONS
• DESTROYING ENEMY NAVAL FORCES • DEFENSE OF THE COAST • SLOWING DOWN ADVANCE OF ENEMY’S
PRESENTING A THREAT TO ONE’S OWN AND TROOPS
• PROVIDING FIRE SUPPORT
FRIENDLY TROOPS
• PARTICIPATING IN ANTI- AMPHIBIOUS
• DEFENSE AND PROTECTION OF ONE’S
• ATTACK ON ENEMY’S TROOP DEFENSE
OWN AND FRIENDLY MARITIME TRAFFIC
CONCENTRATIONS ON THE COAST
IN COASTAL WATERS • DEFENSE OF NAVAL BASES AND PORTS
• ATTACK ON ENEMY’S COASTAL
• OFFENSIVE/DEFENSIVE MINING • COMMANDO RAIDS IN ENEMY’S REAR
INSTALLATION/FACILITIES
• DEFENSIVE/OFFENSIVE MCM • EVACUATION OF TROOPS AND CIVILIANS
• INTERDICT ENEMY ROAD/RR TRAFFIC IN THE
COASTAL AREA
• CONDUCTING AMPHIBIOUS LANDINGS AND
RAIDS
• PREVENTING ENEMY’S REINFORCEMENTS OF
TROOPS AND MATERIEL
• PROVIDING SUPPORT IN SEIZING ENEMY’S
NAVAL BASES AND PORTS
• PROVIDING SUPPORT IN CROSSING
BAYS/GULFS AND OTHER WATER OBSTACLES

JMO-01-GA-0866-10
 SUPPORT IN MAJOR
OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
• SUPPORT IN SEIZING ENEMY NAVAL BASES
AND PORTS
• DESTROYING ENEMY CRITICAL MILITARY
INSTALLATIONS/FACILITIES AND POLITICO-
MILITARY CENTERS DEEP IN THE ENEMY’S
TERRITORY
• SUPPORT IN CROSSING WATER
OBSTACLES (LARGE RIVER ESTUARIES,
STRAITS, NARROWS, ETC.)
G E R M A N A D V A N C E T O U K R A IN E , A U G - N O V 1 9 4 1
G
AU
20

28 JU L

END O F O
6TH A R M Y K IE V
1S T PA N ZE R 19 SEP
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16 A UG
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GALATZ
KERCH
UBE

E V A C U A T IO N E V P A T O R IY A
O F DANUBE
S U T IN A
DAN

F L O T IL L E S IM F E R O P O L

SEVASTO PO L
E
26 JUN YA LTA
ATTA C K
C O N S TA N TA

BLACK SEA
C D -9 6 V E G O 1 7
 S IE G E O F O D E S S A , 1 4 A UG - 1 6 O C T 1 9 4 1

2 3 SE P T - 1 5 O C T
1 5 7 ID

P T
O C H AKO V
SE
1 5

4 2 1 ID G RIG O RE VK A B UG A N D D N EP R
E STU AR Y

9 5 ID F O N TAN KA
LAN D IN G O F
G
AU

1 / 2 M A RIN E
E PT

UG
14 A
O D E S SA IN FA N T RY B D E.
5 S
24

2 5 ID 16 A UG - 1 6 O C T
S UP P LY A N D E VA C UATI O N
RO U TE S

2 N D C AVA LR Y
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1 4 / 1 5 SE P T

LS
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SOVIET CRIMEAN OPERATION, 8 APRIL-12 MAY 1944
 SUPPORT IN MAJOR
DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
 SUPPORT OF MAJOR GROUND
DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

ANTI-AMPHIBIOUS BLOCKING/ SLOWING

DEFENSE DOWN ENEMY’S
ADVANCE

DEFENSE OF MAJOR
NAVY’S NAVAL BASES/
COMMANDO PORTS
RAIDS
TASKS

EVACUATION OF EVACUATION OF
FRIENDLY TROOPS CIVILIAN POPULATION

PPT-01-VEGO-66(JMP)041101
ANTI-AMPHIBIOUS DEFENSE
 Fecamp
Auderville
Etretat
Cherbourg Barfleur

la
e n insu
in P
Montivilliers

e n t Ut
Co t
ah Harfleur
Valognes B ea Omaha B
ch each LE HAVRE
Montebourg Gold Be
ac h Juno Be Normandy
ac h Bridge

nt
lle
Pointe

es
St. Sauveur-

re
Ste. Mere Eglise

vi

St iere s
ch
Sword B

re
le
du Hoc

ss n-
au
er

s
le-Vicomte each

s
an

l
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Co vie
Barneville

in
Be seu
Be rt-e

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Vi

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Lo in

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m

Ri
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ng
Deauville

St

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rn
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du-Mont

Ar

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ille

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rv
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Di
La Haye Carentan Luc Pont-l’Eveque

R
Mont Bayeux
du-Puits
Castre Creully Douvres
Benouville
Dozule
Ranville
Lessay Tilly-sur-
Seulles Troarn
Periers Cheux Cagny Lisieux
Hill
Caumont n
O do 112 Bourguebus
St. Lo Tourmauville
R. St. Aignan
Gavrus
Coutainville Villers- Hill 111
Coutances Torigni- St. Pierre-sur-
Bocage
sur-Vire Dives
Estrees-la-

R. Dives
Campagne Livarot
Mont

e
Pincon Thury- Portigny Vimoutiers

R. O r n
Harcourt
Les Champeaux
Brehal Villedieu- Falaise Camembert
Coudehard
les-Poeles Mont Ormel
Granville Vire Trun
17 June St. Lambert Hill
Chambois 262
Exmes
30 June Sartilly Flers Bourg St. Leonard
Brecey Tinchebray Argentan
24 July Sourdeval
Le Mont Avranches
St. Michel Briouze
6 August Mortain
La Ferte-
Hill Mace
Domfront
16 August Dol-de-Bretagne 317 Sees
St. Hilaire-
Pontorson du-Harcouet
00-vego-06(ajl) St. James
 DEFENSE OF NAVAL BASES

• TO SLOW DOWN ENEMY’S ADVANCE

• TO TIE DOWN LARGE ENEMY’S
FORCES
• TO GAIN TIME AND STABILIZE ONE’S
OWN FRONT
• TO GAIN TIME TO ORGANIZE
DEFENSE OF MORE IMPORTANT
NAVAL BASES.
 DEFENSE OF NAVAL BASES IN THE BALTIC, 1941-
1945

• 22-27 JUNE 1941: DEFENSE OF LIEPAYA

(EX-LIBAU)
• 22 JUL-15 AUG 1941: DEFENSE OF REVAL
(TALLINN TODAY)
• SEPT-DEC 1941: DEFENSE OF HANGÖ,
GULF OF FINLAND
• AUG-OCT 1941: DEFENSE OF ODESSA
• 30 OCT 1941--4 JUL 1942: DEFENSE OF
SEVASTOPOL
EVACUATION OF CIVILIAN
POPULATION
• GERMAN EVACUATION OF THE
COURLAND PENINSULA, FEB 1945.
SUPPORT OF GROUND FORCES
IN MAJOR OFFENSIVE &
DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
• DEFENSE OF COAST
• PROVIDING FIRE SUPPORT
• RAIDS IN THE REAR OF THE
ENEMY’s FORCES
• DEFENSE & PROTECTION OF
SEABORNE MILITARY TRANSPORT
• OFFENSIVE & DEFENSIVE MINING
MAJOR OPERATIONS VS.
ENEMY MARITIME TRADE
 R e s u p p l y C o n v o y t o M Oa l pt ae , r 1a 0t i -o1 n5 PA eu dg e 1s 9t a4 l2: E( Ox pe ce ur at it oi on n, 1P 0e -d1 e5 s At au l g) : 1O 9 p4 e2 r a t i o n a l S c h e m e ( I d e a )
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tu rn s 1 2 A /C
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T U N I S IA 5 A /C F o rc e X re t u r n s
s a il f o r G ib r a lta r
(O p e r a t io n A s c e n d a n t )

S fa x
H a m m a m e t Is .
0 2 4 5 -0 5 0 0 A L G E R I A G u lf o f
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 MAJOR OPERATIONS TO
DEFEND/PROTECT FRIENDLY
MARITIME TRADE
ALLIED CONVOYING SYSTEM, U.K.—U.S.A./CANADA, 1939–1945
 R e s u p p l y C o n v o y t o M Oa l pt ae , r 1a 0t i -o1 n5 PA eu dg e 1s 9t a4 l2: E( Ox pe ce ur at it oi on n, 1P 0e -d1 e5 s At au l g) : 1O 9 p4 e2 r a t i o n a l S c h e m e ( I d e a )
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p a tr o llin g a r e a s E lb a I.
G ro s s e to
L I
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 M A R IT IM E T R A F F IC T O /F R O M T H E C R IM E A , A P R IL - M A Y 1 9 4 4
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C D -9 8 -V E G O -6 3 (J R N )
MARITIME CAMPAIGN
MARITIME CAMPAIGN A HIGH-
INTENSITY CONFLICT CONSISTS OF A
SERIES OF MAJOR NAVAL/JOINT
OPERATIONS SEQUENCED AND
SYNCHRONIZED IN TERMS OF SPACE
AND TIME AND AIMED TO
ACCOMPLISH A STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVE IN A GIVEN MARITIME
THEATER.
 THE PURPOSE

• TO WEAKEN OR CUT-OFF ENEMY

MARITIME TRADE
• TO DEFEND AND PROTECTFRIENDLY
MARITIME TRADE
• TO SEIZE ISLAND ARCHIPELAGO(ES)
OR LARGE ISLAND.
 CAMPAIGNS
TIMING
SEQUENTIAL
CAMPAIGNS PURPOSE
(CONSECUTIVE) DEFENSIVE OFFENSIVE
SIMULTANEOUS OBJECTIVE
(CONCURRENT)
THEATER
PLANNING STRATEGIC NATIONAL OR
ALLIANCE/COALITION
MILITARY STRATEGIC
UNPLANNED
PLANNED SERVICE
PARTICIPATION
OPERATIONAL
CONTINUUM COMBINED
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JOINT
(MULTISERVICE)
LOW INTENSITY WAR
CONFLICT** PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT(MEDIUM)
GLOBAL REGIONAL
(GENERAL) (LOCAL)
LAND
* Denotes predominant features of the medium in which a
campaign in conducted MARITIME
** MOOTW in U.S. terms
PPT-97VEG028
 J A P A N E S E S O U T H E R N O P E R A T IO N S , D E C 1 9 4 1 - M A Y 1 9 4 2
LEG EN D
O P E R A T IO N S D E C -F E B

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 J A P A N E S E A M P H IB IO U S L A N D IN G S

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 THE SOLOMONS CAMPAIGN, AUG 1942 - FEB 1944
ST. MATTHIAS GROUP Mid
1 944
MUSSAU
EMIRAU 20 March
4 Mar Div lands unopposed
15 Mar NEGROS Isabel Channel
MANUS 0 100 200
ADMIRALTY IS. NEW HANOVER KAVIENG
SCALE OF MILES

29 Feb
1 Cav Div

NEW IRELAND
B I S M A R C K Isolated Japanese air and
B I S M A R K S E A naval bases til end of war
A R C H I P E L A G O RABAUL
GREEN
IS.
6 March 15 February
26 December 1 Marine Div 3 NZ Div
7 and 1 Marines Divs S
LONG Jap Eighth BUKA O
MADANG TALASEA Area Army HQ L
24 Apr (Imamura)
O
2 Jan 1944 IN Bonis M
VI ITA BOUGAINVILLE O N P A C I F I C O C E A N
TI C. GLOUCESTER BR
SAIDOR AZ
NEW Tenekau
BLISSFUL (diversion for Cherryblossom)
ST
R AARAWE End 1944 Kieta 28 October
IT 15 Dec 2 Mar Para Bn
FINSCHAFEN S Empress Augusta Bay Kara I
LAE Kahili (withdraws 3 Nov) S
22 Sept US 112 Cav Regt
O BUIN L
TSILI TSILI 4 Sept 9 Aust Div Diversionary landing Voza
CHOISEUL A
7 Aust Div L SHORTLAND IS. FAURO Sagigai N
SALAMAUA 12 Sept D
WAU 29 June 1943
O Slo
TREASURY
SA Th
e S
CHERRYBLOSSOM
Nassau Bay
M 1 November VELLA
t IS. NT
A
MOROBE KOLOMBANGARA ISA
3 Aust Div Mid
194 O 3 Marine Div LAVELLA 4 July Ne
wG BE
3
N ‘GOODTIME’
15 Aug
NEW
GEORGIA e or gi
a
L
27 October Munda So
P A P U A SANANANDA 22 Jan
TROBRIAND 8NZ Bde Group 13 Aug un
d
ISLANDS VANGUNI
O

2 Nov
W

BUNA 14 Dec 1942 Part US 158 RENDOVA MALAITA

EN

Part US RUSSELL IS. F

KOKODA Inf Regt TOENAILS LO
7 Aust Div 32 Div WOODLARK BANIKA RI
2 Nov GOODENOUGH 30 June PAVUVU DA
TU
ST 17 Oct
21 Oct S US 43 Inf Div CLEANSLATE LA
GI S.
I
21 February 1943
PORT MORESBY US 32
Div
A NLE Aust
FERGUSSON
Bn 7 Aust Bde
US 112 E US assault bns HENDERSON FIELD
Y
,M T inf bn
Cav Regt A
S. NORMANBY GUADALCANAL
30 June End 7 Aug 1942 / 7 Feb 1943
GILI GILI 1 94 2
MILNE BAY
SAN CRISTOBAL
LOUISIADE
ARCHIPELAGO
C O R A L S E A

2002/JMO/PROFVEGO/THE SOLOMONS CAMPAIGN, AUG 1942 - FEB 1944

QUESTIONS?