RECEPTOR

ENDINGS
Dr. Mehwish Khalid
 INTRODUCTION:-
 An individual receives impressions from outside world and from within the body by special
sensory nerve endings or receptors.
 Sensory receptors can be classified into five basic functional types:
1. Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical deformation.
2. Thermoreceptors respond to changes in temperature; some respond to cold and others to
heat.
3. Nociceptors respond to any stimuli that bring about damage to the tissue.
4. Electromagnetic receptors the rods and cones of the eye, are sensitive to changes in light
intensity and wavelength.
5. Chemoreceptors respond to chemical changes associated with taste and smell and oxygen
and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood.
HAIR FOLLICLE RECEPTORS:-
MEISSNER CORPUSCLE:-
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
EFFECTOR
ENDINGS
 The PNS controls muscle and secretory cell functions.
 These axonal endings establish chemical synapsis on non nwuronal cells such as skeletal,
smooth and cardaic muscle cells and to the cells of glandular tissue.
SKELETAL MUSCLE INNERVATION:-
 Skeletal muscle is innervated by one or more nerves.
 In the limbs, head and neck, the innervation is usually single, but in the large muscles of the
abdominal wall, the innervation is multiple, the latter muscles having retained their
embryonic segmental nerve supply.
 The nerve supply and blood supply to a muscle enter it at a more or less constant posistion
called the neurovascular hilus.
 The nerve to a muscle contains motor and sensory fibers.
 The motor fibers are of 3 types:
1. Large alpha myelinated fibers.
2. Small gamma myelinated fibers.
3. Fine unmyelinated C fibers.
 The sensory fibers are of 3 main types:
1. Myelinated fibers that originate in the neuromuscular spindles.
2. Myelinated fibers that originate in the neurotendinous spindles.
3. Myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers that originate from a variety of sensory endings in
muscle connective tissue.
MOTOR UNIT:-
 The motor unit may be defined as the single alpha motor neuron and the muscle fiber that it
innervates.
 The muscle fiber of a single motor unit are widely scattered throughout the muscle.
 Where fine precise muacle control is required, auch as in the extraoccular muscles or the
small muscles of hand, the motor unit posses only a few muscle fibers.
 Where precise control is not necessary, however as in a large limb muscle such as the
gluteus maximus, a single motor nerve may innervate many hundreds of muscle fibers.
SEGMENTAL
INNERVATION
 SEGMENTAL INNERVATION
OF SKIN:-
 The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve and therefore, a single segment of the
spinal cord is called a dermatome.
 On the trunk, dermatonea extend round the body from the posterior to the anterior
median plane.
 Adjacent dermatomes overlap considerably, so to produce a region of complete
anaesthesia, atleast 3 spinal nerveshave to be sectioned.
 The area of tactile loss is always greater than the loss of painful and thermal sensations.
The reason for this difference is that the degree of overlap of fibers carrying pain and
thermal sensations is more extensive than the overlap of fibers carrying tactile
sensations.
 In the limbs, the arrangement of dermatomes is more complicated because of the
embryologic rotation of the limbs as they grow out from the trunk.
 In the face, the divisions of trigeminal nerve supply a precise area of skin, with little or
no overlap to the cutaneous area of another division.
 SEGMENTAL INNERVATION
OF MUSCLES:-
 Most of the skeletal muscles are innervated by more than one spinal nerve and
therefore by the same number of segments of spinal cord.
 Thus, to paralyze a muscle completely, sectioning several spinal nerves or destroying
several segments of the spinal cord would be necessary.
 The segmental innervation of the following muscles should be known because testing
them by eliciting simply muscle reflexes in the patient is possible.
 BICEPS BRACHII TENDON REFLEX C5-C6:- Flexion of the elbow joint by
tapping the biceps tendon.
 TRICEPS TENDON REFLEX C5-C6 &C8:- Extension of the elbow joint by
tapping the triceps tendon.
 BRACHIORADIALIS TENDON REFLEX C5-C7:- sypination of radioulnar joints by tapping the
insertion of brachioradialis muscle.
 ABDOMINAL SUPERFICIAL REFLEXES:- Contraction of underlying abdominal muscles by
stroking the skin: upper abdominal skin T6-T7, middle abdominal skin T8-T9, lower abdominal skin
T10-T12.
 PATELLAR TENDON REFLEX (KNEE JERK) L2,L3,L4:- Extension of knee joint on tapping the
patellar tendon.
 ACHILLES TENDON REFLEX (ANKLE JRKE) S1 & S2:- plantar flexion of the ankle joint on
tapping the Achilles tendon.
MUSCLE TONE ND MUSCLE ACTIONS:-
 a motor unit consista of a motor neuronin the anterior gray column of the spinal cord and all the muscle
fibers it supplies.
 In gluteus maximus, where fine control is unnecessary, a given motor neuron may supply as many as
200 muscle fibers.
 In contrast in small muscles of hand or extrinsic muscles of eyeball, where fine control is required, one
nerve fiber supplies only a few muscle fibers.
 Every skeletal muscle, while resting, is in partial state of contraction, a condition
referred to as muscle tone.
 Basically muscle tone is dependent on the integrity a simple monosynaptic reflex
arc composed of 2 neurons in the nervous system.
 The lengthening and shortening of a muscle are detected by sensitive sensory
endings called muscle spindles, and the tension is detected by tendon spindles.
 The nervous impulses travel in the large afferent fibers to the apinal cord.
 There, they synapse with the motor neurons situated in the anterior gray column,
which in turn send umpulses down their axons to the muscle fibers.
 The muscle spindles themselves are innervated by small gamma efferent fibers
that regulate the response of the muscle spindles, acting synergically with the
external dtretch.
 In this manner, muscle tone is mainatined reflexly and adjusted to the needs of
posture and movement.
CLINICAL
ANATOMY
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