Getting Energy From Food 1

Biomedic II
Metabolism and
Endocrine
System

Dep.of Biochemistry,Fac of Medicine, Hasanuddin Univ.

( rosdiana natzir )
 Learning Objectives :

• To interpret the role of carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in normal and

selected common disease states.

• To relate carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms to the functioning of the

Kreb’s cycle.

• To describe the structure of certain carbohydrate and lipid components of

human tissues.

• To describe the major pathways for carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis,

catabolism and storage.

• To describe the structure of hormone and endocrine controle of fuel

metabolism and glucose homeostasis
What are the major
pathways of metabolism
of our principal energy
sources?

Carbohydrates

Fats

Protein

What are the end-

products?

What are the waste

products?

Getting Energy From Food 6

 Getting Energy
From Food

Not responsible for:

Enzyme names and
molecular structures,
(unless discussed
specifically in class

Details of metabolic
pathways

7
How is energy
transferred to
ATP?

Substrate-level
phosphorylation

Chemiosmotic
phosphorylation

How is energy of
ATP used?

-- energetically
unfavorable Rxs Figure 3-33

Getting Energy From Food 8

What are Functions of NAD,
NADP, FAD?
Figure 3-35
Electron carriers

Oxidation / reduction reactions

NAD and catabolic reactions

-- substrate oxidation
-- H- used for ATP synthesis

NADP and anabolic reactions

-- substrate reduction
-- e.g., --COOH to C=O to C-
OH

Getting Energy From Food 9

Overview of Carbohydrate
Catabolism

You are expected to be

familiar with the:

• functions and metabolic

relationships between:
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Transition reaction
Krebs (TCA) cycle
Electron transport
• and their cellular locations

• roles/requirements for O2 and

CO2 in these processes

10
Overview of Glycolysis

Substrate-level
phosphorylation

vs

Chemiosmotic
phosphoryltion

Getting Energy From Food 11

How does fermentation
allow cells to produce
ATP in the absence of
oxygen?

-- detoxifying of
pyruvate
-- regeneration of NAD

How long can this go

on…?

What happens to the

lactate?

Cori-cycle (a little
physiology)

Lactic Acidosis
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Getting Energy From Food 13
Oxidation of Pyruvate to
Acetyl-CoA

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Complex
-- huge
-- highly regulated

Activators:
ADP, NAD, CoA

Inhibitors:
ATP, NADH, acCoA

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How are triglycerides
oxidized?

Fatty acids and glycerol

Beta-oxidation
1 FADH & 1 NADH /
acCoA

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Beta-oxidation
1 FADH & 1 NADH /
acCoA

How many FADH and NADH

would be produced from a 16
carbon FA?

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Krebs Cycle

Reactions “Citrate In
a Sentence Should
Form More
Oxaloacetate”

“CIASSFMO”
“nngfn”

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Getting Energy From Food 18
Using NADH to make ATP

Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

19
 You should be able to complete a table to calculate energy yields from glucose or fatty
acids (of any given length)
-- assuming 2.5 ATP per NADH (1.5 per glycolytic NADH) and 1.5 ATP per FADH

From glucose
Glycolysis ATP yield
____ NADH x ____ ATP _______
____ ATP _______
Transition Rx
____ NADH x ____ ATP x 2 pyr _______
Krebs cycle
____ NADH x ____ ATP x 2 pyr _______
From a 12 carbon fatty acid
____ FADH x ____ ATP x 2 pyr _______
B-oxidation ATP yield
____ GTP x ____ ATP x 2 pyr _______
____ FADH x ____ ATP x 6 acCoA _______
Total 30
____ NADH x ____ ATP x 6 acCoA _______
Krebs cycle
____ NADH x ____ ATP x 6 acCoA _______
____ FADH x ____ ATP x 6 acCoA _______
____ GTP x ____ ATP x 6 acCoA _______
Total 84

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What are the biosynthetic roles
of these pathways?

Getting Energy From Food 21