Introduction to Design of Dams

and Water Power Plant

RC -14-1407
Wasis Wardoyo
Danayanti Azmi AD
Sequence of lecturing
Dams and water power plant

River Sediment Soil

Engineering Transport Mechanics

Hydraulics Hydrology
A. Definition
Bendungan/Dams (Reservoir)  are constructed
to impound water in periods of surplus suply for
use in periods of deficient supply

Bendung (Weir)  to elevate/ to raise the water

level in order to fullfill the needs of irrigation intake

B. Purposes of building reservoir:

 Single purpose
 Dual or multi purposes
B. Purpose
 Irrigation  the supply of water must be adequate for
succesfull irigation (considering occasional tolerable shortage)
 Domestic and municiple purposes  be adequate to serve the
requirements and for reasonably predictable increases in
requirements.
 Industrial Use  certain industrial processes require more
exacting standart with respect to freedom from chemichel
injuries of equipment or to the manufactured product.
 Stock water  the quality must be suitable for the purpose.
 Power development  the capacity of the power generating
equipment and the load demand are closely related to the
quantity of water available and the amount of storage provided
Purposes ..continue...

 Flood control  the temporary storage must be sufficient to

lower the major peak flow or to decrease the frequences of
minor flood.
 Recreation  must be adequate supply to provide for
evaporation losses, free of pollution within practical limits,
adequate depth for bathing, the shoreline should be zoned
to preserve privacy and to provide separation of conflicting
uses.
 Wildlife they must be sufficient depth and supply of water
to maintain livable conditions for wildlife throughout the
dry season.
 Water storage for Streamflow regulation is sufficient to
produce minimum values of regulated flow required.
Waduk Pacal: Waduk untuk Irigasi
Waduk Jatiluhur : Waduk untuk PLTA
Waduk multiguna Ir. Sutami (Karangkates)
C. Source of Data needs
 Topographic Map
 Planimetric Map
 Aerial Photograph
 Transportation Map
 Triangulation and Benchmarks
 Geology
 Soils
 Climatological data
 Streamflow data
 Sedimentation
 Quality of Water
 Irrigation and drainage data
 Power data
 Ecological Information
 Environmental Information
D. The items should be considered for the
investigations of dams and reservoir

I. General data
1. Location and vicinity map
2. Hydrologic data
3. Climatic data
4. Geologic data
5. Ecological and Environmental data
Data ..continues

II. Reservoir data

1. Reservoir map
2. Road and public utility survey
3. Miscellaneous data (Estimate of probable life of reservervoir,
Land evaluation survey, Tabulation of area to be cleared with
estimate cost, Description of buildings, fences and farm
improvements which must be removed with estimate cost,
Description of land adjacent to the proposed reservoir,
Economic or phisical limitation to maksimum flow line)
Data ..continues...

III. Data for Dam

1. Dams site map
2. Foundations exploration (drill hole, logs of exploration,
samples, data bedrock)
3. Materials exploration (lcation and character of proposed
material to be used in the constr. of dams, borrow area)
4. Tailwater data
5. Local condition controlling of the dams
6. Local condition affecting construction
D. Selection of type of Dams
I. Classificatiion by the Purposes ( has been discussed
in previous slide)

II. Classification by Hydraulics Design

1. Overflow dams  to carry discharge over the crest
2. Non-overflow dams  which are not designed to be
overtopped.
3. Combination  to form a composite structure
consisting of, for example, an overflow concrete
gravity dam with dikes of earthfill construction.
Overflows dams
Non–overflow dam
Classification.. continues

III. Classification by material

1. Earthfill dams (further classified as homogenous,
zoned or diaphragm)
2. Rockfill
3. Concrete gravity
4. Concrete Arch
5. Concrete Buttress
6. Other types ( steel dams, timber dams)
E. Physical Factors Governing Selection of Type

I. Topography  important for spillway location

A narrow stream flowing between high rocky walls
would naturally suggest a concrete overflow dam.
The low, rolling plains country would suggest and
earthfill dam with a separate spillway.
II. Geologi and foundation condition
(a) Solid rock foundation
(b) Gravel foundation  well compacted  all type
(c) Silt or find sand foundation  for low dam
(d) clay foundation  low +treatment
(e) Non uniform foundation
Physicall ---continous

III. Materials availability (soil for embankment, rock

for embankment and riprap, concrete aggregat)
IV. Spillway size and location
V. Earthquake

F. Legal, Economic and Esthetic Consideration

1. Statutory Restrictions
2. Purpose and Benefit Cost Ratio
3. Appearance (especially for recreational use)
Relations between Water Depth (H), Surface
Area (A) and Volume of Reservoir (V)

Inflow

Effective Volume
Water
Depth
(H)

outflow
Dead Volume
Graph
Area (A)

Volume (V)