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ზოგადი და არაორგანული ქიმია ლექცია პრეზენტაცია
ზოგადი და არაორგანული ქიმია ლექცია პრეზენტაცია
Aatomur-molekuluri moZRvreba
XVII saukuneSi Zveli atomistikis
aRorZineba scada jer frangma
filosofosma hasendim, romlis azriT
atomTa SeerTebiT rTuli da didi
nawilakebi warmoiqmneba, da Sedeg
didma irlandielma moazrovnem
robert boilma. 1660 wels man
aRmoaCina kanoni, romelic
gansazRvravs gazebis moculobis
damokidebulebas wnevaze. manve
pirvelad miiRo acetoni da lakmusi
Aatomur-molekuluri moZRvreba
m. lomonosovis (1711-1765) azriT yoveli
nivTiereba Sedgeba umciresi
nawilakebisagan da rom arsebobs
“elementi”, romelTa garkveuli
raodenobiT SeerTebis Sedegad
“korpuskula” warmoiqmneba.
lomonosovis “korpuskula”
Seesabameba molekulas, xolo
“elementi” – atoms.
lomonosovma Camoayaliba debuleba
materiisa da moZraobis maradisobis
Sesaxeb: yvela cvlileba, romelic bunebaSi
xdeba, iseTi xasiaTisaa, rom ramdenic erT
sxeuls moakldeba, imdenive meores
emateba. ramdenime wlis Semdeg
lomonosovma (1756w.) da mogvianebiT
lavuaziem (1774w.) da sxva
mkvlevarebma Caatares cdebi, romliTac
daadastures da ganazogades materiis
maradisobis debuleba. qimiaSi es
debuleba amJamad cnobilia, rogorc
nivTierebis masis mudmivobis kanoni,
romlis mixedviTac qimiuri reaqცiis
Sedegad warmoqmnil nivTierebaTa masa
yovelTvis udris sawyis nivTierebaTa
masas.
qimiur nivTierebaTa Sedgenilobis mudmivobis kanoni
C + O2 = CO2
O3).
alotropiuli saxesxvaobebi
almasi, grafiti
atomuri da molekuluri masa
aviRoT ori airi TiTo litris odenobiT. davuSvaT, rom TiToeuli litri airi N
molekulas Seicavs. pirveli airis wona iyos g, xolo meorisa – g1.
Sesabamisad maTi molekuluri masebi iyos M da M1. airis masa udris
misi molekulebis masaTa jams, e.i. g = NM da g1 = NM1. Tu pirvel
gamosaxulebas gavyobT meoreze miviRebT:
g / g1 = M / M 1
e.i. erTnairi moculobis airebis wonaTa fardoba udris maTi molekuluri
masebis fardobas.
g / g1 fardoba gamosaxavs pirveli airis simkvrives meoris mimarT, rasac
D asoTi gamosaxaven. amitom
M / M1 = D saidanac M = D M1
airis molekuluri masa udris mis simkvrives meore airis
mimarT, gamravlebuls meore airis molekulur masaze
1 2 3 2 52 7 2
K2 O Cr2O3 N2O5 Cl2O7
4 2 42 6 2 6 2
SiO2 CO2 SO3 CrO3
valentoba gamoisaxeba xaziT. xazebis ricxvi Seesabameba
valentobis ricxvs.
1. SeerTebis reaqciebi:
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
2Mg + O2 = 2MgO
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4
2. daSlis reaqciebi:
CaCO3 = CaO + CO2
2HgO = 2Hg + O2
Cu2(OH)2CO3 = 2CuO + CO2 + H2O
malaqiti
3. Canacvlebis reaqciebi:
CuSO4 + Fe = FeSO4 + Cu
H2SO4 + Zn = ZnSO4 + H2
2KI + Cl2 = 2KCl + I2
4. mimocvlis reaqciebi:
HCl + KOH = KCl + H2O
AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl + NaNO3
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl
egzoTermuli da endoTermuli reaqciebi
1. naxSirbadis wva
C + O2 = CO2 + Q
Vt V0 (1 0.00367t )
სადაც Vt აირის მოცულობაა t0C ტემპერატურაზე, V0 - 00C -ზე.
ამ კანონს ემორჩილება აირების წნევაც. თუ აირის მოცულობა
უცვლელია:
Pt P0 (1 0.00367t )
სადაც Pt აირის წნევაა t0C ტემპერატურაზე, ხოლო Pt - 00C -ზე.
periodulobis kanoni
d. mendeleevis mier elementebis periodulobis kanonis
aRmoCenis sababi iyo saxlmZRvanelos – “qimiis safuZvlebis”
Sedgena. amisaTvis saWiro iyo im droisaTvis dagrovili masalis
sistemaSi moyvana. man YyuradReba SeaCera imaze, rac
qimiuri reaqciebis dros ucvleli rCeba. es raRac ucvleli,
ganapirobebs naerTis Tvisebebs da warmoadgens elements. d.
mendeleevis ganmartebiT “elementi aris cvladi
nivTierebis is nawili, romelic qimiuri reaqciebis dros
ucvleli rCeba”
naxSirbadi sam sxvadasxva saxesxvaobas warmoqmnis – grafits,
almass da karbins. samive sxvadasxva martivi nivTierebaa,
magram elementi erTia - naxSirbadi
mendeleevis azriT, qimiuri elementi xasiaTdeba iseTi
sididiT, rogoricaa atomuri wona / masa. masa
nivTierebis swored is Tvisebaa, romelTanac
damokidebulebaSia nivTierebis yvela danarCeni
Tviseba.
“atomuri masa ekuTvnis ara naxSirs, ara
grafits, ara almass, aramed naxSirbads” – werda
mendeleevi
yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba gakTdes daskvna,
rom atomwonis zrdis mixedviT dalagebis
SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneba maTi Tvisebebis
periodulad gameorebas.
d. mendeleevma mis mier aRmoCenil periodulobis
kanons Semdegi formulireba misca:
“martiv nivTierebaTa, agreTve elementTa
naerTebis qimiuri Tvisebebi periodul
damokidebulebaSia elementTa atomuri wonis
(atomuri masis) sididesTan, (anu sxvanairad, am
sididis perioduli funqciaa)
periodulobis kanoni sam debulebas Secavs.
ganvixiloT isini cal-calke.
1.“martiv nivTierebaTa Tvisebebi periodul
damokidebulebaSia elementTa atomuri
masebis sididesTan”
sailustraciod ganvixiloT perioduli sistemis
pirveli ori periodi
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
pirvel periodSi Li metalia, Be-c metalia, magram ara tipiuri, B
warmoadgens metal – metaloids (gardamavali elementi), C
metaloidia (arametali), metaloidebia N da O, xolo F yvelaze
aqtiuri metaloidia. mis mezoblad inertuli elementia – Ne.
amrigad liTiumidan neonamde metaluri Tvisebebi sustdeba xolo
arametaluri Zlierdeba.
meore periodSi Na tipiuri metalia, Mg-c metalia, magram
araiseTi aqtiuri, rogoric Na. Al ukve aratipiuri metalia. Semdeg
siliciumis, fosforis da gogirdis arametaluri Tvisebebi Zlierdeba
da ftori ukve yvelaze aqtiuri metaloidia da mezobladac inertuli
elementia – Ar.
amrigad
40
54
24 Cr , 54
26 Fe, 40
18 Ar , 40
19 K, 20 Ca
24p, 30n 26p, 28n 18p, 19p, 20p, 20n
22n 21n
იზოტონები
74
36
16 S,
37
17 Cl , 38
18 Ar , 70
30 Zn, 72
32 Ge, 34 Se
16p, 20n 17p, 20n 18p, 20n 30p, 40n 32p, 40n 34p, 40n
rezerfordis atomis planetaruli modelis Teoria
ewinaaRmdegeba klasikuri eleqtrodinamikis maqsvelis
Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac damuxtuli eleqtroni
atomgulis irgvliv moZraobis dros gamoasxivebs
energias, rac eleqtronis energiis Semcirebas iwvevs da is
sabolood unda daeces atomguls. amis Sedegad atomi
unda daSliliyo, rasac sinamdvileSi adgili ar aqvs.
atomis eleqtronuli garsi
h
2meU
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT eleqtronis dualistur
bunebas, maSin elqtronis moZraobis
traeqtoria atomSi kargavs azrs.
eleqtrons, birTvis garSemo
moZraobisas, Seesabameba iseTi talRis
sigrZe, rom is jeradi iyos orbitis sigrZisa.
Sredingeris gantoleba
d 8 m
2 2
2
2 ( E U ) 0
dx h
2 2 2 8 2 m
an 2 2 2 ( E V ) 0
x 2
y z h
mniSvnelobebs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 . . .
Tu n =1, l = 0, Tu n = 2, l = 0; 1 da a.S.
1 0 0 +1/2, -1/2 2
0 0 +1/2, -1/2
+1 +1/2, -1/2
2 8
1 0 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
0 0 +1/2, -1/2
+1 +1/2, -1/2
1 0 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
3 +2 +1/2, -1/2 18
+1 +1/2, -1/2
2 0 +1/2, -1/2
-1 +1/2, -1/2
eleqtronebis maqsimaluri ricxvi doneebze
n=1 1s 2 2
2s 2
n=2 8
2p 6
3s 2
n=3 3p 6 18
3d 10
4s 2
4p 6
n=4 32
4d 10
4f 14
atomuri orbitalebis Sevsebis principebi
(hidroqsidebad) da marilebad.
da mJavebad
Jangeulebi anu oqsidebi
Jangeuli an oqsidi ewodeba nebismieri
elementis naerTs JangbadTan. oqsidebis
formulis gamosaxvisas jer iwereba oqsidis
warmomqmneli elementis simbolo, da Semdeg
Jangbadi. magaliTad:
normaluri Jangeulebia:
–O–O–
JangeulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom
Jangbadis atomebi erTmaneTTan ki ar aris
dakavSirebuli, aramed Jangeulis
warmomqmnel atomTan
oqsidebis saxelwodebebi
Tu elements cvladi valentovneba axasiaTebs da
ramodenime oqsids warmoqmnis, maTi saxelwodeba
warmodgeba siTyvisagan “oqsidi”, romelsac erTvis misi
valentobis maCvenebeli romauli cifrebiT: FeO – rkinis
(II) oqsidi, Fe2O3 – rkinis (III) oqsidi, Cl2O7 –
qloris (VII) oqsidi
xmarebaSia aseve saxelwodebebi, sadac aRniSnulia
Jangbadis atomTa ricxvi, romelic mocemuli elementis
erT atomze modis. CO2 – naxSirorJangi, SO2 –
gogirdis orJangi.
zogjer JangbadatomTa ricxvi dasaxelebulia berZnulad.
NO – azotis monooqsidi, CrO3 – qromis trioqsidi.
qvemoT motanilia azotis yvela oqsidis saxelwodeba
1. fuZe oqsidebad
2. mJavur oqsidebad
3. amfoterul oqsidebad
fuZe oqsidebi
fuZe oqsidebi metalebis mxolod is oqsidebia,
romlebic ar Sedian reaqciaSi tuteebTan, xolo
mJaveebTan warmoqmnian marilebs.
fuZe oqsidebia:
Na2O, K2O, MgO, CaO, BaO, FeO, CrO,
romlebsac Seesabameba fuZeebi-hidroqsidebi:
NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2,
Fe(OH)2, Cr(OH)2
mravali metalis oqsidi ar Sedis wyalTan
urTierTqmedebaSi. tute metalebis oqsidebi -
Na2O, K2O, tutemiwaTa metalebis oqsidebi –
BaO, CaO da sxva oqsidebi wyalTan
warmoqmnis wyalSi xsnad hidroqsids.
Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH
BaO + H2O = Ba(OH)2
tute metalebis oqsidebi wyalTan warmoqmnian
tuteebs NaOH, KOH da a.S.
Tu raime metali ramdenime oqsids
warmoqmnis, am oqsidebidan fuZe oqsidi
iqneba is, romelSic metali udables
valentobas amJRavnebs. aseTebia FeO,
MnO, CrO, Cr2O3, CrO3, amasTan fuZe
oqsidia mxolod CrO
fuZe oqsidebi mJavebTan urTierTqmedebisas
warmoqmnian marils da wyals:
CuO + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + H2O
BaO + 2HCl = BaCl2 + H2O
CaO + 2HNO3 = Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
fuZeebi
amfoteruli oqsidebi
amfoteruli oqsidebi avlenen fuZe da mJavuri
oqsidebis Tvisebebs.
amfoterul oqsidebs warmoqmnian metalebi:
Zn, Al, Cr, Sn da sxva.
amfoteruli oqsidebia: ZnO, Al2O3, Cr2O3 .....
amfoteruli oqsidebi miiReba metalebis uSualo
daJangviT:
2Zn + O2 = 2ZnO, 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3
hidroqsidis gauwyloebiT gaxurebis gziT:
Zn(OH)2 = ZnO + H2O 2Al(OH)3 =Al2O3+3H2O
karbonatebis Termuli DdaSliT:
ZnCO3 = ZnO + CO2
aseTi oqsidebi wyalTan uSualod reaqciaSi ar
Sedian. isini reagireben rogorc mJavebTan, ise
fuZeebTan.
ZnO + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2O
ZnO + 2NaOH = Na2ZnO2 + H2O
ZnSO4 – marilia, natriumis cinkati
aseTive reaqciaSi Sedis aluminis oqsidi:
Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH + H2O = 2NaH2AlO3
NaH2AlO3 – marilia, natriumis aluminati.
aseTive reaqcia miiReba Cr2O3 – is
SemTxvevaSic:
Cr2O3 + 6 HCl = 2CrCl3 + 3H2O
Cr2O3 + 2 NaOH + H2O = 2NaH2CrO3
NaH2CrO3 – marilia, natriumis qromati
amrigad, amfoteruli oqsidebi mJavebis
oqsidebis Tvisebebs
mJavebi
yoveli mJavas molekula Seicavs wyalbads,
romelsac aqvs metalebiT Canacvlebis unari.
mJavas molekulis im nawils, romelic rCeba
wyalbad – ioniebis gamoklebisas, ewodeba
mJavas naSTi. mJavas naSTis valentoba udris
masTan bmul wyalbad-ionTa ricxvs, romelsac
aqvs unari Cainacvlos metali.
Sedgenilobis mixedviT mJavas naSTi SeiZleba
iyos martivi an rTuli. magaliTad HBr
warmoqmnis martiv naSTs –Br, gogirdmJava
H2SO4 warmoqmnis rTul naSTs =SO4.
mimocvlis reaqciaSi mJavas naSTi ucvlelad
gadadis sxva molekulis SemadgenlobaSi:
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl
am SemTxvevaSi mJavas naSTebma –Cl da
=SO4 Secvales adgilebi, magram TviTon es
jgufebi ucvleli darCnen.
mJavebi reagireben metalebTan da Sedegad
miiReba marili da gamoiyofa wyalbadi:
Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
Fe + H2SO4 = FeSO4 + H2 ↑
yvela mJava ar Seicavs wyalbads da arCeven
Jangbadian da uJangbado mJavebs.
uJangbado mJavebis magaliTebia: HF, HCl, HBr,
HI, H2S da a.S.
Jangbadian mJavebSi wyalbad-atomebi
Jangbadis saSualebiTaa bmuli metaloidis
atomTan, rac naCvenebia Semdeg slaidze
HNO3, H2SO4, H2CO3, H3PO4,
mJavebis saxelwodebebi
uJangbado mJavebis saxelwideba miiReba
metaloidisa da wyalbadis dasaxelebiT:
HClO - qveqlorovanmJava
HClO2 - qlorovanmJava
HClO3 - qveqlormJava
HClO4 - qlormJava
roca elementi ramdenime mJavas warmoqmnis,
romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba
Jangbadisa da wyalbadis atomebis ricxviT,
maSin sityva mJavas emateba prefiqsi “meta” -
wyalbadisa da Jangbadis umciresi raodenobis
SemTxvevaSi an “orTo” - wyalbadisa da
Jangbadis maqsimaluri ricxvis SemTxvevaSi:
HPO3 - metafosformJava
H3PO4 - orTofosformJava
H4P2O7 - pirofosformJava
H2SiO3 - metasiliciummJava
H4SiO4 - orTosiliciummJava
HPO3 miiReba P2O5-is gaxsniT civ wyalSi da
aris gamWvirvale minismagvari masa.
Mmisi ganzavebiT wyalSi miiReba H3PO4.
misi 200-2500C temperaturamde gaxurebiT
midis dehidratacia da miiReba H4P2O7 .
Semdgomi dehidrataciiT miiReba isev HPO3
HPO3 + H2O = H3PO4
H3PO4 H2O + H4P2O7
200–2500C
H4P2O7 H2O + HPO3
mJavebis miReba
1. mJavebi miiReba mJavuri oqsidis wyalTan
uSualo urTierTqmedebisas.
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4
P2O5 + H2O = 2HPO3
elem
enti
K Na Li Mg H S C I Br Cl N O F
χ 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,2 2,1 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,8 3,0 3,0 3,5 4,0
bmis tipi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli moreagire elementTa
eleqtrouaryofiTobebis sxvaobaze
Δχ = χА — χВ,
sadac χА da χВ –А da В atomebis eleqtrouaryofiTobebia.
qimiuri bmis
ZiriTadi tipebi
polaruli arapolaruli da
sustadpolaruli
kovalenturi bma kovalenturi bma
2 > χ > 0,5 0,5 > χ = 0
kovalenturi bma
kovalenturi bmis Teoria SeimuSava amerikelma
mecnierma g. luisma (1916 w). kovalenturi bma
miiReba iseTi elementebis SeerTebiT, romelTa
eleqtrouaryofiToba daaxloebiT tolia da saSualo
sidideze metia (aRemateba 2). e.i kovalenturi bma
araliTonTa atomebis SeerTebiT miiReba. aseTia
martivi da rTuli molekulebi : H2, N2, O2, H2O, CO2,
NH3, CH4 da sxva.
gilbert niuton luisi
- gadafarva
ukan dabruneba
- gadafarva
nax. II
+2
ეწოდება
ელექტროუარყოფითობის აბსოლიტური მნიშვნელობებით
Al0 - 3e → Al+3 2
S0 +2e → S-2 6 3
2Al + 3S = Al2S3
განვიხილოთ შემდეგი რეაქცია
Al + O2 = Al2O3 0 0 +3 –2
Al + O2 = Al2O3
naerTi D E
HF 1,91 83,6
C% = (g / gx) • 100
sadac C%- xsnaris konsentraciaa, g - gaxsnili
nivTierebis wonaa, gx- xsnaris wonaa.
Tu mocemul xsnars ganvazavebT, e.i. davumatebT
gamxsnels, gaizrdeba xsnaris masa, gaxsnili nivTierebis
raodenoba ki igive darCeba, xolo koncentracia Semcirdeba.
vinaidan xsnaris ganzavebisas gaxsnili nivTierebis
raodenoba ar Seicvala amitom zeda gantolebidan miviRebT:
g = Cgx
ganzavebis koncentracia gaxda C1 , xolo xsnaris wona gx1,
amitom
Cgx = C1 gx 1
miRebul Tanafardobas didi gamoyeneba aqvs
praqtikaSi, radgan Tu cnobilia xsnaris sawyisi
koncentracia xsnaris wona, da aseve mocemulia
xsnaris ganzavebis Sedegad miRebuli xsnaris
wona, advilad vipoviT ganzavebuli xsnaris
koncentracias
C1 = Cgx / gx 1
praqtikaSi xSirad mosaxerxebelia xsnaris
raodenoba woniTi erTeulebidan gadaiyvanon
moculobiT erteulebSi, risTvisac sargebloben
formuliT:
C% = (g / V • d) • 100
zogjer koncentracia gamosaxulia nivTierebis molebis im
raodenobiT, romelic gaxsnilia 1000 g gamxsnelSi. aseTi
xsnaris koncentracia molulia anu molalia da Cm - iT
aRiniSneba. magaliTad 0,5CmH2SO4 niSnavs, rom 1000
grami gamxcneli Seicavs naxevar mols anu 48 g
gogirdmJavas.
xSirad xsnaris 1 litri Seicavs gaxsnili nivTierebis molis
garkveul raodenobas. aseTi xsnaris koncentracia moluri
iqneba da CM -iT aRiniSneba. magaliTad Tu erT litr
xsnarSi erTi moli nivTierebaa gaxsnili, miiReba
erTmoluri xsnari, Tu 2 molia - ormoluri xsnari, xolo Tu
0,1 molia gaxsnili, maSin decimoluri xsnari miiReba.
xsnaris moluri koncentraciis
gamosaangariSeblad ixmareba toloba:
CM = (g / M•V) • 100
sadac, M - gaxsnili nivTierebis molekuluri
wonaa.
Tu erT litr wyalSi gaxsnilia nivTierebis
grameqvivalentis garkveuli raodenoba, maSin
miiReba normaluri koncentraciis xsnari,
romelic CN - iT aRiniSneba. normaluri
koncentracia SeiZleba Semdegi formuliT
gamoviTvaloT:
CN = (g / ɛ • V) • 100
sadac ɛ - nivTierebis grameqvivalentia.
xsnaris koncentrasias aseve gamosaxaven 1 ml
xsnarSi gaxsnili nivTierebis gramebis
raodenobiT, rasac xsnaris T - titri ewodeba.
xsnaris N -normalurobasa da T - titrs Soris
Semdegi damokidebulebaa:
N = ( T / ɛ ) • 1000
T = Nɛ / 1000