10.5.

xsnarebis koligatiuri Tvisebebi

koligatiuri xsnarebis iseT Tvisebebs ewodeba, romlebic xsnarSi mxolod
nawilakTa ricxvzea damokidebuli.
koligatur Tvisebebs miekuTvneba: osmosuri wneva, gamxsnelis najeri orTqlis wneva
xsnaris zedapirze, xsnaris duRilis temperatura, xsnaris gayinvis temperatura.

5.1. osmosi da osmosuri wneva

rogorc cnobilia, xsnari aris erTgvarovani sistema, sadac gaxsnili nivTiereba
siTburi moZraobis DSedegad Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli mis mTel moculobaSi.
kaliumis permanganatis xsnars frTxilad davasxaT wyali (ise, rom ar moxdes xsna-
ris da wylis Sereva), warmoiqmneba orfeniani sistema, romelic TandaTan gamxsnelisa
da gaxsnili nivTierebis nawilakebis urTierTSerevis gamo, mTel moculobaSi erTna-
ir Seferilobas iRebs.
qaosurad moZravi gaxsnili nivTierebis nawilakebi gadaadgildebian rogorc uf-
ro koncentrirebuli xsnaridan ganzavebulSi, ise piriqiT. amasTan, drois erTeulSi
koncentrirebulidan ganzavebulSi gadasuli nawilakebis ricxvi yovelTvis metia,
vidre piriqiT – ganzavebuli xsnaridan koncentrirebulSi gadasuli wylis moleku-
lebis ricxvi. ganxilul SemTxvevaSi gaxsnili da gamxsneli nivTierebis nawilakebi di-
fundirdebian urTierTsapirispiro mimarTulebiT, e.i. adgili aqvs ormxriv difuzi-
as. misi Sedegia koncentraciis gaTanabreba mTel moculobaSi, rasac Seesabameba sis-
temis entropiis maqsimumi.
difuzia ewodeba molekulebis siTburi moZraobis Sedegad xsnarSi nivTierebis
koncentraciis gaTanabrebis TavisTavad mimdinare process. difuzias ganapirobebs
sistemis swrafva entropiis maqsimumisaken. difuzia warmoadgens mTeli rigi qimiuri
procesis malimitirebel stadias. is agreTve gansazRvravs mravali biologiuri pro-
cesis mimdinareobas, ramdenadac fermentuli reaqciebi maRali siCqariT mimdinare-
obs.
magram sruliad gansxvavebul procesebs aqvs adgili, Tu or sxvadasxva koncentraci-
is xsnars an xsnarsa da gamxsnels Soris movaTavsebT tixars, romelic atarebs gamxsnels
da ar atarebs gaxsnili nivTierebis nawilakebs. aseT tixrebs naxevradSeRwevads uwode-
ben. naxevradSeRwevadi tixrebis magaliTs warmoadgens membranebi. cnobilia bunebrivi
(mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmoSobis), sinTezuri da xelovnuri membranebi. naxevrad-
SeRwevadi tixris roli agreTve SeiZleba Seasrulos nawilobriv gamomwvarma Tixam.
naxevargamtari membranis gavliT mxolod gamxsnelis molekulebi gadadian xsnar-
Si an ufro ganzavebuli xsnaridan koncentrirebulSi, ris gamo, maRali koncentraci-
is xsnaris done aiwevs. am movlenas osmosi ewoda.
naxevradSeRwevadi membranis gavliT mimdinare gamxsnelis calmxriv difuzias os-
mosi ewodeba. osmosis movlenaSi gasarkvevad CavataroT cda. gamoviyenoT xelsawyo,
romelic aRwerilia qvemoT mocemul naxazze (nax. 10.2).
cdis dasawyisSi siTxis done orive WurWelSi erTnairia, magram xelsawyos mosvene-
bul mdgomareobaSi dayovnebisas SeimCneva wylis molekulebis Saqris xsnarSi gadasvla
naxevradSeRwevadi membranis gavliT, ris gamoc viwro milSi siTxis done TandaTan aiwevs
da miaRwevs ra garkveul simaRles, Semdeg ucvleli rCeba. am dros milSi asuli siTxis
hidrostatikuri wneva utoldeba im Zalas, romelic gamxsnelis molekulebs aiZulebs
gadavides xsnarSi. wnevas, romelic warmoiqmneba hidrostatikuri wnevis saxiT da rome-
lic wyvets osmosis movlenas, osmosuri wneva ewodeba, e.i. osmosuri ewodeba wnevas, ro-
melic moqmedebs naxevradSeRwevad membranaze koncentrirebuli xsnaris mxridan da
wyvets osmosis movlenas.
 naxazi 10.2. osmosuri wnevis asaxsneli cdis sqema:
1 – WurWeli gamxsneliT; 2 – WurWeli xsnariT; 3 – dguSi; 4 – tvirTi.

rodesac hidrostatikuri wneva gautoldeba im Zalas, romelic aiZulebs gamxsne-

lis molekulebs sufTa gamxsnelidan (an ganzavebuli xsnaridan) gadavides ufro kon-
centrirebulSi – damyardeba wonasworoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom drois erTeulSi gan-
zavebuli xsnaridan koncentrirebulSi gadasuli gamxsnelis molekulebis ricxvi
toli xdeba koncentrirebuli xsnaridan ganzavebulSi gadasuli gamxsnelis moleku-
lebis ricxvis.
ra aiZulebs gamxsnelis molekulebs gaiaros naxevradSeRwevadi membrana da gadavi-
des ufro koncentrirebul xsnarSi, ra iwvevs osmosis movlenas? rogorc dadginda, amisi
mizezi aris gamxsnelis molekulebis swrafva, romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT airis mole-
kulebis Tanabar ganawilebas mis mier dakavebul mTlian moculobaSi.
sxvadasxva xsnaris osmosuri wnevis gansazRvris safuZvelze dadginda, rom osmo-
suri wnevis sidide damokidebulia xsnaris koncentraciaze (pfeferi) da temperatu-
raze (vant-hofi):
πosm = k1C ,
πosm = k2T
vant-hofma ganazogada miRebuli Sedegebi (man dainaxa analogia airebsa da
xsnarebs Soris, ris safuZvelzec xsnarebs miuyena airebis kanonebi) da
araeleqtrolitTa ganzavebuli xsnarebisaTvis osmosuri wnevis xsnaris kon-
centraciaze da temperaturaze damokidebuleba gamosaxa formuliT:
πosm = CMRT , (10.13)
sadac, C xsnaris moluri koncentraciaa, T – absoluturi temperatura, R – airebis
universaluri mudmiva.
rogorc cnobilia, moluri koncentracia: CM = n/V (V – xsnaris moculoba, V =1l,
C ricxobrivad udris n-s).
Tavis mxriv:
m ,
n=
M
sadac n aris gaxsnili nivTierebis raodenoba (molebis ricxvi, xSirad molebis ricxvs
aRniSnaven berZnuli asoTi `ν~), , m – gaxsnili nivTierebis masa, M – gaxsnili nivTier-
ebis moluri masa.
SevitanoT es mniSvnelobebi (10.13) formulaSi. maSin gveqneba:

osm = mRT
M (10.14)
am formuliT SesaZlebelia gaxsnili nivTierebis (araeleq-trolitis) moluri ma-
sis gansazRvra.
osmosis movlenas didi mniSvneloba aqvs mcenareuli da cxoveluri organizmebis
sicocxlisaTvis. ujreduli garsebi warmoadgens membranebs, romlebic SeRwevadia
wylisaTvis, magram ar atarebs ujredSiga siTxeSi gaxsnil nivTierebebs. ujredSi SeR-
weuli wylis gamo viTardeba hidrostatikuri wneva (osmosuri wneva), romelic ganapi-
robebs ujredis garsis daWimulobas da drekadobas, rac uzrunvelyofs biologiuri
qsovilis elastikurobas. amave dros, ujredSi da qsovilSi wylis Semcveloba auci-
lebelia iq mimdinare sxvadasxva fizikuri, qimiuri da biologiuri procesebis mimdi-
nareobisaTvis.
cocxal ujreds naxevarSeRwevadobis unars protoplazmis garsi aniWebs. magaliTad,
eriTrocitebis protoplazmuri garsi SeuRwevadia rigi kationebisaTvis (magaliTad,
Na+, K+), Tumca kargad atarebs anionebs da wylis molekulebs. Tu mcenareuli an cxove-
luri ujredi moxvdeba wylis garemoSi, ujredi Seiwovs wyals (endoosmosi), rac gamoiw-
vevs ujredis gajirjvebas. Tu es procesi gagrZelda, ujredis garsi gaixeva da SigTavsi
gadmoiRvreba. am movlenas hemolizi ewodeba. marilis koncentrirebul xsnarebSi ki sa-
pirispiro movlena aRiniSneba – ujredis SekumSva (plazmolizi), romelic wylis moleku-
lebis dakargviT aris gamowveuli (egzoosmosi), e.i. misi gadasvla gare koncentrirebul
xsnarSi.
xsnarebs, romelTa osmosuri wneva standartuli xsnaris osmosuri wnevis tolia,
izotonuri xsnarebi ewodeba, ufro maRali osmosuri wnevis xsnarebs hipertonuli,
ufro dabalisas ki hipotonuri.
adamianis sisxli, limfa, qsoviluri siTxeebi mravali nivTierebis molekulebisa
da ionebis xsnarebs warmoadgens. maTi jamuri osmosuri wneva 37˚C-ze 7.4 – 7.8 atm to-
lia. aseT wnevas aviTarebs 0.86 %-iani NaCl-is xsnari, romelic sisxlis izotonuria.
mas fiziologiur xsnars uwodeben.
adamians da maRalorganizebul cxovelebs gaaCniaT sisxlis mudmivi osmosuri wne-
va, rasac izoosmia ewodeba. izoosmiis darRveva organizmisaTvis momakvdinebelia.
roca samkurnalo mizniT organizmSi wyalxsnarebis Seyvana xdeba, am xsnarebs unda
gaaCndeT iseTive osmosuri wneva, rogorc sisxlis plazmas, e.i. unda iyos misi izoto-
nuri.

4. Teoriebi fuZeebisa da mJavebis Sesaxeb

rogorc cnobilia, amJamadac ar aris Camoyalibebuli fuZisa da mJavis iseTi gan-
sazRvrebebi, romlebic am Tvisebis matarebel yvela nivTierebas gaaerTianebda. aseTi
Teoriis Seqmnis pirveli mcdeloba wyalxsnarebisTvis iyo areniusis eleqtrolitu-
ri disociaciis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac mJava iseTi eleqtrolitia, romelic wyal-
xsnarebSi eleqtrolituri disociaciis Sedegad warmoqmnis H+-ionebs (H3O+) da mJavis
Tvisebebis matarebelia, xolo fuZe eleqtrolitia, romelic wyalxsnarSi disocirde-
ba fuZis Tvisebebis matarebel OH- ionebis warmoqmniT. magram es gansazRvrebebi, erTi
mxriv, mxolod wyalxsnarebisaTvis aris samarTliani, meore mxriv, am ganmartebas ar eq-
vemdebareba fuZisa da mJavis Tvisebebis matarebeli bevri naerTi. magaliTad, aminebisa
da amiakis molekulebi OHˉ-ions ar Seicaven, magram isini fuZe bunebis naerTebia da mJa-
vuri bunebis naerTebTan urTierTqmedebisas marilebs warmoqmnian. iseve, rogorc CO2
amJRavnebs mJava Tvisebebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar Seicavs H+-ionebs. amasTan, zogier-
Ti nivTiereba, romelic wyalxsnarSi mJava Tvisebebs amJRavnebs, sxva gamxsnelSi SeiZle-
ba fuZis rolSi “gamovides”, magaliTad, ZmarmJava wyalxsnarSi mJavaa, radgan disocir-
deba H+-ionebis warmoqmniT:
CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO- +H+
magram uwylo gogirdmJavaSi gaxsnili ZmarmJava fuZe bunebas avlens iseve, rogorc
azotmJava uwylo gogirdmJavaSi (HNO3 + H2SO4 → H2NO3+ + HSO4- ; H2NO3+ → H2O + NO2+)
da a.S.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs fuZeebisa da mJavebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teori-
ebis SezRuduloba da misi Semdgomi gafarToebis aucilebloba.
1923 wels danielma brenstedma da ingliselma lourim erTmaneTisagan damouki-
deblad Camoayalibes mJavebisa da fuZeebis protonuli Teoria. am Teoriis mixedviT
mJava SeiZleba iyos nebismieri molekula an ioni, romelic protonebis donoria, xolo
fuZe aseve nebismieri molekula an ioni, romelic protonebis aqceptoria. fuZeebisa da
mJavebis Sesaxeb zemoaRniSnul Teorias, romelic nivTierebis fuZe-mJavur bunebas misi
protonisadmi damokidebulebiT sazRvravs, protonuli Teoria ewodeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, amiaki wyalTan da mJavebTan damokidebulebaSi asrulebs fu-
Zis rols, radgan maTgan ierTebs protons:
NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH- ,
NH3 + HCl ↔ NH4+ + Cl- (wyalxsnari)
CH3COOH ki wyalxsnarSi mJavaa, radgan protonebis donoria:
CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO- +H+,
misi “naSTi” CH3COO - fuZea, radgan protonis aqceptoria. e.i. am midgomiT, yvela mJa-
-

vas Seesabameba misi Sesabamisi fuZe da piriqiT. mJava gascems ra protons, gadaiqceva
fuZed, romelsac am mJavis SeuRlebul fuZes eZaxian, xolo fuZe SeiZens ra protons,
gardaiqmneba mJavad, romelic misi SeuRlebuli mJavaa. amasTan, rac ufro advilad
gascems mJava protons, miT ufro Znelad ierTebs misi SeuRlebuli fuZe mas. es imas
niSnavs, rom rac ufro Zlieria mJava, miT ufro sustia misi SeuRlebuli fuZe da pi-
riqiT.
protonulma Teoriam, rogorc vxedavT, gaafarTova warmodgenebi fuZeebisa da
mJavebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, am Teoriam aCvena nivTierebis mJavebad da fuZeebad da-
yofis fardobiToba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CH3COOH wyalxsnarSi mJava bunebas av-
lens, radgan is am SemTxvevaSi H+-is donoria:
CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3COO- + H3O+,
xolo uwylo gogirdmJavaSi ZmarmJava fuZis rols asrulebs, radgan am SemTxvevaSi is
H+-is aqceptoria:
CH3COOH + H2SO4 ↔ [CH3COOH2]+ + HSO4-
magram, mJava da fuZe bunebis mqone naerTTa ricxvi imdenad didi da mravalferovania,
rom yvela maTgani am Teoriamac ver gamijna.
arsebobs nivTierebebi, romlebic mkveTrad gamoxatuli mJava an fuZe TvisebebiT
xasiaTdebian, magram am TeoriiT maT verc erTs mivakuTvnebT da verc meores, radgan
ar Seicaven protonebs. amitom ver gascemen maT da arc protonebis SeerTeba SeuZ-
liaT. aseTi nivTierebebia boris, aluminis, siliciumis, kalis halogenidebi da a.S.,
romlebic mJavuri bunebiT xasiaTdebian.
amerikelma mecnierma niuton luisma kidev ufro ganazogada Teoriebi mJavebis da
fuZeebis Sesaxeb da 1933 wels Camoayaliba mJavebis da fuZeebis ufro farTo Sinaarsis
cnebebi.
luisis Teoriis Tanaxmad, mJava aris nivTiereba, romlis Semadgenel romelime
atoms aqvs ra Tavisufali orbitali, SeiZleba iyos eleqtronuli wyvilis aqceptori,
xolo fuZe aris nivTiereba, romelic SeiZleba iyos eleqtronuli wyvilis donori.

magaliTad, reaqciaSi: H
:

H: N : + H2O [NH4]+ + OH-

:

NH3 luisis fuZea, wyali kiHam SemTxvevaSi luisis mJava.

nivTierebebs, romlebic fuZeebsa da mJavebs mxolod luisis TeoriiT miekuTvna,
luisis mJavas da luisis fuZes uwodeben. magaliTad, BF3 , AlCl3, metalTa kationebi da
a.S. luisis mJavebia.
metalTa kationebi, rogorc luisis mJavebi, umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben sa-
sicocxlo procesebSi, maTi monawileobiT xorcieldeba cocxal organizmebSi mJavu-
ri katalizis procesebi. protonuli katalizisagan gansxvavebiT, metalTa kationebs
SeuZliaT mraval ligandTan erTdrouli koordinireba da meore mxriv, katalizi, ro-
melic mimdinareobs metalTa kationebis monawileobiT, SeiZleba warimarTos pH-is
iseTi mniSvnelobebisaTvis, ra pirobebSic protonuli katalizi SeuZlebelia.