1.

hidromeqanikuri procesebi

hidromeqanikuri procesebis gamoyenebis sfero Zalze farToa, rogorc saerTod mrewvelobaSi,

ise kvebis mrewvelobaSi.
gansaxorcielebeli miznis mixedviT hidromeqanikuri procesebi sam jgufad iyofa. esenia:
1. araerTgvarovani sistemebis Camoyalibeba (qafwarmoqmna, disperhireba, fsevdogaTxadeba,
Sereva da sxv.);
2. araerTgvarovani sistemebis dayofa (daleqva, filtracia da sxv.);
3. nakadebis gadaadgileba milgayvanilobasa da aparatebSi.
hidromeqanikuri procesebis blok-sqema warmodgenilia 1-el naxazze.

nax. 1. hidromeqanikuri procesebis blok-sqema

hidromeqanikuri nakadebi maTi moZraobis kanonzomierebis mixedviT iyofa samjgufad:

 nakadebis moZraoba milebsa da aparatebSi;
 nawilakebis moZraoba airad da Txevad garemoSi (daleqva, dispergireba, myari nawilakebis
siTxeebTan Serevis procesebi);
 marcvlovan an nayar masalebSi siTxeebis an airebis moZraoba (filtracia,
fsevdogaTxevadeba).

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 1.1. araerTgvarovani sistemebis daxasiaTeba

warmoebis mraval dargSi (bioteqnologiuri, gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da sxv.) zogierTi

procesis dros miiReba araerTgvarovani sistemebi, romlebic SemdgomSi eqvemdebareba dayofas.
araerTgvarovani, anu heterogenuri sistema Sedgeba ori an ramdenime fazisagan. Nebismieri
binaluri sistema Sedgeba dispersuli (Siga) da dispersiuli (gare) fazebisagan. dispersiul fazaSi
ganawilebulia dispersuli fazis nawilakebi. Fფazიs fizikuri Sedgenilobidan gamomdinare narevi
SeiZleba iyos suspenzia, emulsia, qafi, mtveri, kvamli an nisli.
mtveri aris araerTgvarovani sistema, romelic Sedgeba airisagan da masSi Sewonili
(Setivtivebuli) myari 3_70 mkm zomis nawilakebisagan. igi warmoiqmneba upiratesad myari
masalebis transportirebisa da daqucmacebis procesSi;
kvamli aris sistema, romelic Sedgeba airisagan da masSi Sewonili myari 0,3_5 mkm zomis
nawilakebisagan. igi warmoiqmneba wvis procesSi;
nisli aris araerTgvarovani sistema, romelic Sedgeba airisagan da masSi Sewonili siTxis 0,3_3
mkm zomis mqone wveTebisagan. igi warmoiqmneba kondensaciis procesSi.
samive aRniSnul sistemas, romlebic Sedgeba airisa da masSi Sewonili myari an Txevadi
nawilakebisagan, ewodeba saerTo saxeli _ aerozoli.
suspenzia aris araerTgvarovani sistema, romelic Sedgeba siTxisagan da masSi Sewonili
myari nawilakebisagan. myari nawilakebis zomebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben: uxeS (nawilakebis
zomebi >100 mkm), wminda (nawilakebis zomebia 100_0,5 mkm) da koloidur (nawilakebis zomebi
0,1 mkm da naklebi) suspenziebs;
emulsia aris araerTgvarovani sistema, romelic Sedgeba siTxisagan da masSi ganawilebuli
sxva iseTi siTxis nawilakebisagan, romelic ar ixsneba ZiriTad siTxeSi da ar warmoqmnis masTan
naerTebs. dispersiuli fazis nawilakebis zomebi icvleba sakmaod farTo diapazonSi. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu dispersuli nawilakebis (wveTebis) zomebi mcirea (0,4-0,5 mkm-ze naklebia) an damatebulia
stabilizatori, emulsia didxans inarCunebs Tavis pirvandel mdgomareobas da ar xdeba misi fenebad
dayofa. sxva SemTxvevaSi emulsia droTa ganmavlobaSi TavisiT iyofa.
qafi aris araerTgvarovani sistema, romelic Sedgeba siTxisa da masSi ganawilebuli airis
buStulebisagan. es airsiTxovani sistema Tavisi TvisebebiT axlosaa emulsoebTan.

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 emulsiebisa da qafebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dispersuli fazis gadasvla dispersiulSi da,
piriqiT. aRniSnul gadasvlas, romelic SesaZlebelia fazebis garkveuli masuri Tanafardobebis
pirobebSi, uwodeben fazebis inversias an, ubralod, inversias.
araerTgvarovani sistemebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgens:
 woniTi Tanafardoba dispersul da dispersiul fazebs Soris;
 dispersuli fazis nawilakebis forma da zomebi, romlebic ZiriTadad damokidebulia
araerTgvarovani sistemis warmoSobisa da miRebis xerxebze;
 toqsikuroba, agresiuloba, afeTqebisa da xanZarsaSiSroeba, qimiuri mdgradoba, aqroladoba.

1.2. araerTgvarovani sistemebis dayofis xerxebi

hidromeqanikuri sistemebis dayofisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi ZiriTadi xerxebi: daleqva,

filtracia, centrifugireba, da separacia. dayofis xerxis SerCevas ganapirobebs Sewonili nawilakebis
zomebi, dispersul da dispersiul fazebs Soris simkvriveTa sxvaoba, agreTve dispersiuli fazis siblante.
dayofa SeiZleba xdebodes sxvadasxva mizniT:
 airadi an Txevadi fazis gasufTaveba maTSi Sewonili damabinZurebeli nawilakebisagan;
 Rirebuli (miznobrivi) produqtis gamoyofa.
daleqva (dawdoma) aris araerTgvarovani sistemebis fraqciebad dayofis meTodi, romlis drosac
siTxeSi an airSi Sewonili nawilakebis ZiriTadi fazidan gamoyofa xdeba simZimis, centridanuli an
eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis gavleniT.
filtracia aris araerTgvarovani sistemebis fraqciebad dayofis procesi, romlis drosac suspenziis
dayofa xdeba forovani gamfiltravi winaRobis saSualebiT, romelsac SeuZlia gaataros siTxe an airi da
Seakavos maTSi Sewonili nawilakebi (leqi).
centrifugireba aris procesi, romlis drosac xdeba suspenziidan an emulsiidan fraqciis
gamoyofa centridanuli Zalebis gavleniT. ganasxvaveben daleqviT da filtraciiT centrifugirebas.
daleqviTi centrifugireba gamoiyeneba mcire koncentracis mqone Znelad gasayofi suspenziebis
SemTxvevaSi, agreTve suspenziebis klasifikaciisaTvis maTi zomisa da xvedriTi wonis mixedviT.
gafiltvriT centrifugireba gamoiyeneba im suspenziebisaTvis, romelTa dispersuli fazebi kristaluri an
marcvlovani struqturisaa, agreTve im teniani masalebis gauwylovanebisaTvis, romelTa forebi
nawilobriv an mTlianad Sevsebulia siTxiT.
separireba aris araerTgvarovani Txevadi narevebis fraqciebad dayofis procesi centridanuli
Zalebis moqmedebiT nawilakebis simkvrivis Sesabamisad.

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 dayofis efeqturoba fasdeba dayofis xarisxis mixedviT da gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac da aris Sesabamisad koncentraciebi siTxeSi an airSi dayofa-

mde da dayofis Semdeg.

miuxedavad imisa, rom airebsa da siTxeebs dayofis saerTo principi gaaCniaT, zogierTi xerxis
ganxorcielebis dros moiTxoveba specialuri mowyobilobebi.

1.3. hidromeqanikuri procesebis materialuri balansi

araerTgvarovani (heterogenuri) sistema Sedgeba ZiriTadi nivTierebisagan (dispersiuli

faza) da masSi Sewonili nivTierebisagan (dispersuli faza).
ganvixiloT narevis gayofis procesi.
aRvniSnoT: sawyisi narevis raodenoba_ , sawyis narevSi nivTierebis Semcveloba_
, gasufTavebuli produqtis raodenoba_ , gasufTavebul produqtSi nivTierebis masuri
wili_ , naleqis raodenoba_ , naleqSi nivTierebis masuri wili - , produqtis
simkvrive_ , produqtis simkvrive_ .
Ddanakargebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi materialuri balansi SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT
warmovadginoT:
nivTierebaTa saerTo raodenobis mixedviT:

dispersuli (Sewonili) fazis Sesabamisad ( -s mixedviT):

(1) da (2) gantolebebis gamoyenebiT SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT

gasufTavebuli siTxis masa:

miRebuli naleqis masa:

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 sawyisi narevis ( ), gasufTavebuli produqtisa ( ) da naleqis ( ) moculobebi
SeiZleba ganisazRvros gamosaxulebebidan

(1) da (2) tolobebi amave dros gamosaxavs Serevis processac. (2) gantolebidan advilad
SeiZleba ganisazRvros miRebul narevSi Sewonili nivTierebis koncentracia

sadac da Sesarevi produqtebis raodenobebia,

da - am produqtebSi Sewonili nivTierebebis masuri
Semcveloba,
- miRebuli narevis raodenoba.

1.4. daleqvis kinetika

daleqva (dawdoma) aris dayofis kerZo SemTxveva, romlis drosac Txevadi an airadi
araerTgvarovani sistemidan myari an Txevadi nawilakebis gamoyofa xdeba gravitaciuli velis
zemoqmedebiT.
daleqva gamoiyeneba suspenziebis, emulsiebis da mtvris uxeSi dayofis mizniT. igi
xasiaTdeba procesis dabali siCqariT. daleqviT ver miiRweva araerTgvarovani sistemebis dispersul da
dispersiul fazebad sruli dayofa.
ganvixiloT daleqvis procesi, romlis drosac SeimCneva Sewonili nawilakebis koncentraciis
gazrda aparatSi zevidan qveviT. daleqva mimdinareobs ramdenime etapad. amavdroulad, aparatSi
warmoiqmneba oTxi zona (nax. 2): 1 – leqis fena; 2 – zona Sesqelebuli suspenziiT, 3 – Tavisufali
daleqvis zona, 4 – gasufTavebuli siTxis zona.
zonaSi 3 mimdinareobs Sesqelebuli suspenziis nawilakebis SemWidroeba, rasac Tan axlavs
am nawilakebs Soris xaxuni da urTierTdajaxebebi. amis gamo wvrili nawilakebi amuxruWeben
msxvili nawilakebis moZraobas.

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 N
nax. 2. daleqvis procesis sqema
1-leqis fena, 2-Sesqelebuli suspenziis zona,
3-Tavisufali daleqvis zona, 4-gasufTavebuli siTxis zona

daleqvis dasawyisSi jer ileqebian msxvili nawilakebi, rac ganapirobebs siTxis intensiur
moZraobas sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT (qvevidan zeviT). garkveuli drois Semdeg, rodesac
msxvili nawilakebis ZiriTadi masis daleqva dasruldeba, procesze siTxis damamuxruWebeli
moqmedeba mcirdeba da izrdeba daleqvis siCqare manam, sanam ar damyardeba dinamikuri
wonasworoba nawilakebze moqmed gravitaciul Zalasa da siTxis winaRobis Zalas Soris. amis
Semdeg nawilakebis daleqva mimdinareobs mudmivi siCqariT.
daleqvis bolo stadiaze procesi mimdinareobs SemWidroebuli nawilakebis areSi. nawilakebi
erTmaneTis mimarT axlos arian ganlagebuli da adgili aqvs maTi gadadgilebis Seferxebas, rac
ganapirobebs procesis mimdinareobas klebadi siCqariT.
ganvixiloT gravitaciuli Zalis zegavleniT daleqvis procesi (sur. 1.).
nawilakze moqmedebs vertikalurad qveviT mimarTuli simZimis Zala, romelic sferos formis
nawilakisaTvis tolia

vertikalurad zeviT mimarTuli siTxis amomgdebi Zala, romelic amave nawilakze moqmedebs,
tolia

sadac da Sesabamisad nawilakisa da siTxis simkvriveebia, kg/m3..

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 nax. 3. simZimis Zalis zegavleniT
nawilakis daleqvis sqema

mamoZravebeli Zala, romelic ganapirobebs nawilakis daleqvas,

garemo, romelSic nawilaki gadaadgildeba, winaaRmdegobas uwevs mis moZraobas, ris

Sedegad warmoiqmneba siTxis winaaRmdegobis Zala. igi mimarTulia nawilakis moZraobis
sapirispirod da Sedgeba xaxunisa da inerciis Zalebisagan. xaxunis Zalebis gavlena ufro metia im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gvaqvs daleqvis mcire siCqare, nawilakebis mcire zomebi da garemos (siTxis)
didi siblante.
nawilakis daleqvis pirobebisagan damoukideblad niutoni iZleva garemos winaaRmdegobis
Zalis Semdeg mniSvnelobas

sadac garemos winaaRmdegobis koeficientia, pa.wm;

- nawilakis kveTis proeqcia moZraobis mimarTulebisadmi
marTobul sibrtyeze, m2;
-
nawilakis daleqvis siCqare m/wm.
Tu CavsvamT da sidideebis mniSvnelobebs, miviRebT

saidanac ganisazRvreba daleqvis siCqare

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 miRebuli formula marTebulia daleqvis nebismieri reJimisaTvis, Tu
Sesabamisad CavsvamT sididis mniSvnelobas.
Tu dasaleqi nawilakebi ar aris sferuli formis, maSin saWiroa ganisazRvros
maTi ekvivalenturi diametri , romelic SeiZleba gamovTvaloT nawilakis (V)
moculobis an (G) masis mixedviT formulidan

= .

1.5. daleqva centridanuli Zalebis moqmedebis velSi

centridanuli Zalis zemoqmedebiT daleqvis process iyeneben mtvris, suspenziebis da

emulsiebis dasayofad. am procesis ganxorcielebisaTvis dasaleq narevze unda imoqmedos
centridanulma Zalebma, rac miiRweva gasayofi nakadis SetaniT centridanuli Zalebis moqmedebis
velSi.
centridanuli Zalebis velis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba ori teqnikuri xerxi: 1) uZrav aparatSi
xorcieldeba airis an siTxis nakadis brunviTi moZraoba. aRniSnuli xerxi xorcieldeba ciklonebSi; 2)
siTxis an airis nakadi Sedis mbrunav aparatSi da brunavs masTan erTad. am xerxs axorcieleben
centrifugebSi.
Tu dasaleq centrifugaSi muSavdeba dabali koncentraciis suspenzia da amocanas
warmoadgens dispersuli fzis sruli mocileba siTxidan (rac niSnavs siTxis gakrialebas), maSin
centrifugas ewodeba gasakrialebeli, xolo process – gakrialeba centrifugirebiT.
dasaleq centrifugebs miekuTvneba TefSiani separatori, romlis saSualebiT xdeba emulsiebis
separireba da wvrilnawilakebiani suspenziebis gakrialeba.
centrifugas ZiriTad muSa organos warmoadgens mbrunavi cilindruli doli. doli aRWurvili
unda iyos brtyeli filtrebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofs dispersiuli nawilakebis Sekavebas.
centrifugireba xasiaTdeba dayofis intensivobis faqtoriT, romelic pirobiTad iyofa or jgufad:
normaluri dayofis faqtori

day. <3000

zecentrifuga, romlis dayofis faqtori

day. >3000

centridanuli daleqvis dros moqmedi aCqareba aris centridanuli

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sadac aris nawilakis kuTxuri siCqare, rad/wm;
– nawilakis brunvis radiusia.
amitom centridanul velSi dayofis faqtori iqneba

sadac aris Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba, m/wm2.

daleqvis siCqare laminaruli reJimis SemTxvevaSi gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac aris nawilakis eqvivalenturi diametri da tolia

- nawilakis simkvrive, kg/m3;

- garemos simkvrive, kg/m3;
- kinematikuri siblante, pa.wm.

1.6. mowyobilobebi daleqvisa da dawdomisaTvis

daleqvisa da dawdomis mowyobilobebi moqmedebis principis mixedviT iyofa: gravitaciul

saleqebad, saleqar centrifugebad, hidrociklonebad da separatorebad.
Aparatebi SeiZleba iyos perioduli, uwyveti da naxevrad uwyveti qmedebis. uwyveti qmedebis
aparatebi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba iyos erTiarusiani, oriarusiani da mravaliarusiani.
mcire raodenobis siTxeebidan leqis mosacileblad gamoiyeneba vertikaluri cilindruli
rezervuarebi konusuri ZiriT, romlis boloSi gakeTebulia onkani an luqi leqis gamosatvirTad.
ramdenime onkanis dayeneba xdeba cilindruli WurWlis sxvadasxva doneze.
mcire koncentraciis xsnarebis SemTxvevaSi maTi Sesqelebis mizniT (koncentraciis gazrdis
mizniT) xorcieldeba myari nawilakebis daleqva anu siTxis gakrialeba. suspenziidan myari faza
SeiZleba gamoiyos nawilakebis zomebis mixedviT dayofis gareSe, an daiyos isini ramdenime
fraqciad daleqvis siCqaris Sesabamisad (klasifikacia).
saleqebis muSaobis malimitirebelia dasayofi sistemis fenaSi dasaleqi nawilakebis gavlis
siCqare. suspenziis Sesqelebis SemTxvevaSi SeimCneva ori reJimi:

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  Tavisufali daleqva;
 SezRuduli daleqva.
Tavisufali daleqvis SemTxvevaSi myari fazis koncentracia erTnairia daleqvis zonis mTel
simaRleze da mxolod aparatis ZirSi, SemWidroebuli naleqis sazRvarze SeimCneva koncentraciis
naxtomiseburi zrda.
SezRuduli, anu rigorc mas uwodeben konsolidirebuli daleqva xasiaTdeba daleqvis zonaSi
myari fazis cvladi koncentraciiT, romelic mcirdeba aparatis Ziridan zeviT. leqis simkvrive
maqsimaluria aparatis ZirSi.
suspenziis Sesasqeleblad gamoyenebul aparatebs uwodeben Semsqelebel saleqarebs, xolo
myari nawilakebis klasifikaciisaTvis gamoyenebul mowyobilobebs _ klasifikatorebs uwodeben.
perioduli qmedebis saleqari warmoadgens dabal WurWels amrevi mowyobilobis gareSe.
aseTi saleqari Seivseba suspenziiT da dayovndeba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. am dros xdeba
aparatis Zirze nawilakebis daleqva. Semdeg gakrialebuli siTxis fenas Camoasxamen aparatidan leqis
fenis zemoT ganlagebuli silfonuri milis daxmarebiT. leqi warmoadgens denadi blanti siTxis masas,
romelsac gadmotvirTaven xeliT an CamouSveben aparatis qveda onkanidan.
perioduli qmedebis saleqari aparatis forma da zomebi damokidebulia dispersuli fazis
koncentraciaze da nawilakebis zomebze. rac ufro msxvilia nawilakebi da metia maTi simkvrive, miT
ufro naklebi diametri aqvs aparats. daleqvis siCqare damokidebulia dasayofi sistemis temperaturaze,
romlis cvlileba ganapirobebs siTxis siblantis cvlilebas. daleqvis siCqare ukuproporciulia siTxis
siblantisa, ukanaskneli ki mcirdeba temperaturis momatebis SemTxvevaSi.

1.7. uwyveti qmedebis saleqari frTebiani SemreviT

rezervuarSi (nax. 4) koaqsialurad CamontaJebulia amrevi 3, romelic aRWurvilia frTebiT. isini

uwyvetad gadaaadgileben leqs gadmosatvirTi centraluri naxvretisaken da amavdroulad msubuqad
ureven mas. es xels uwyobs leqis gauwyloebas. amrevis brunvis siCqare umniSvneloa (0,00025-
0,0083 br-1), ris gamo daleqvis procesi ar irRveva.

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 nax. 4. Uwyveti qmedebis saleqari frTebiani amreviT
1-korpusi, 2-konusuri Ziri, 3-frTebiani amrevi, 4-wriuli Rari

niCbebiani amrevis mqone saleqari uzrunvelyofs leqis erTgvarovnebas, mis gauwyloebas

myari fazis 35-55% Semcvelobamde. Mis uaryofiT mxared unda CaiTvalos didi gabarituli zomebi
mwarmoeblobasTan SedarebiT.

1.8. naxevrad uwyveti qmedebis saleqari daxrili tixrebiT

naxazze mocemulia saleqaris principuli sqema. igi Seicavs suspenziis Sesayvan miltuCs 1,
korpuss 2, tixrebs 3, leqis Sesagrovebel bunkerebs 4 da gakrialebuli siTxis gamomyvan miltuCs 5.
mowyobilobaSi tixrebi axangrZliveben suspenziis gavlis dros da zrdian daleqvis zedapirs.

N
nax. 5. naxevrad uwyveti qmedebis saleqari
1-suspenziis Sesayvani miltuCi, 2-korpusi, 3-tixrebi, 4-leqis
Sesagrovebeli bunkerebi, 5-gakrialebuli siTxis gamomyvani miltuCi.

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 dasayofi siTxe (emulsia) tixrebs 3 Soris gavlis Sedegad mravaljer icvlis mimarTulebas, rac
xels uwyobs nawilakebis bunkerebSi 4 gamoleqvas. bunkerebis Sevsebis Semdeg danadgari
gaCerdeba da leqi gamoitvirTeba miltuCebis gavliT.

1.9. emulsiebis dasayofi uwyveti qmedebis saleqari

nax. 6-ze warmodgenilia uwyveti qmedebis saleqari, romelic Seicavs: emulsiis Semyvan
milyels 1, perforirebul tixars 2, aparatidan msubuqi fazis gamomyvan milyels 3, mZime fazis
gamomyvan milyels 4 da sifons 5.
perforirebuli tixari 2 xels uwyobs milyeliT 1 aparatSi Sesuli siTxis (emulsiis) Tanabar
ganawilebas da misi moZraobis laminarul reJimSi gadasvlas. saleqaris ganivkveTi im angariSiT
aiReba, rom siTxis dinebis siCqare ar aRematebodes ramdenime milimetrs wamSi da dinebis reJimi
iyos laminaruli. es gamoricxavs fazebis erTmaneTSi Serevas da xels uwyobs dawdomis process.

nax. 6. uwyveti qmedebis saleqari

1-emulsiis Sesayvani milyeli, 2-perforirebuli tixari, 3-msubuqi fazis
gamomyvani milgayvaniloba, 4-mZime fazis gamomyvani milgayvaniloba, 5-sifoni

saleqari iZleva mwarmoeblobis farTo diapazonSi regulirebis SesaZleblobas. miiRweva leqis

Tanabari simkvrive da uzrunvelyofilia leqis efeqturi gauwyloeba. aseTi saleqaris muSaobis mTeli
cikli SeiZleba avtomatizebuli iyos.
mowyobilobis uaryofiT mxares warmoadgens didi gabaritebi mwarmoeblobasTan SedarebiT.
sawarmoo farTobis ekonomiis mizniT warmoebaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba mravaliarusiani saleqarebi.

1.10. saleqaris mwarmoeblobisa da daleqvis

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 xangrZliobis gansazRvra

saleqaris mwarmoebloba gakrialebuli siTxis mixedviT ganisazRvreba formuliT:

sadac aris nawilakis daleqvis siCqare, m/wm;

- saleqaris zedapiris farTobi, m2;
- saleqaris gaswvriv nakadis siCqare, m/wm;
Bb - marTkuTxa ganivkveTis mqone saleqaris sigane, m;
h - gakrialebuli siTxis fenis simaRle, m.
suspenziisLsaleqarSi gavlis xangrZlioba iangariSeba formuliT:

sadac l – marTkuTxa formis mqone saleqaris sigrZea, m.

amocanebi hidromeqanikur procesebze

amocana 1.1.
mocemulia produqtis masa Gprod=50 kg. misi moculoba Seadgens 0,08 m3, xolo masSi
Semavali myari nivTierebis moculoba tolia Vmyari=0,05 m3. gamoTvaleT produqtis forianoba.
amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvravT produqtis simkvrives

Semdeg gamovTvliT produqtSi Semavali myari fazis simkvrives

masalis forianoba toli iqneba

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 amocana 1.2.
produqtis wona tolia 1000 kg. misi forianoba Seadgens 0,5. produqtSi Semavali myari fazis
simkvrivea 1100 kg/m3. gamoTvaleT produqtis moculoba.
amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvravT produqtis simkvrives

produqtis moculoba toli iqneba

amocana 1.3.
narevi Sedgeba sami komponentisagan, romelTa procentuli Semcvelobebia a1=20 %, a2=40
%. komponentebis moculobiTi masebi Seadgens Sesabamisad 800 kg/m3, 500 kg/m3 da 900 kg/m3.
gamoTvaleT narevis sruli moculobiTi masa (simkvrive).
amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvravT mesame komponentis procentul Semcvelobas

narevis moculobiTi masa toli iqneba

amocana 1.4.
dayofas eqvemdebareba suspenzia, romlis masa Seadgens 120 kg. masSi Semavali myari
nawilakebi Seadgens mTliani sistemis 20 %-s. myari masis danakargebi procesSi Seadgens 5 %-s.
dayofis Sedegad miRebuli gakrialebuli siTxis masaa 22 kg. gamoTvaleT procesis sruli danakargebi.
amoxsna
siTxis mTliani procentuli Semcveloba produqtSi danakargebis gareSe

siTxis masuri Semcveloba

myari masis Semcveloba sawyis narevSi

14
 myari masis danakargebi

siTxis danakargebi

sruli danakargebi

amocana 1.5.
suspenziis dayofa xdeba simZimis Zalis zemoqmedebiT. myari nawilakebis saSualo moculoba
Seadgens 0,0000001 m3, xolo masa 0,00012 kg-is tolia. dispersiuli aris moculobiTi masaa 1000
kg/m3. gamoTvaleT nawilakze moqmede damleqi Zalis sidide, Tu igi mudmivi siCqariT moZraobs.
amoxsna
nawilakis simkvrive tolia

nawilakis masa iqneba

amomgdebi Zala

maSin damleqi Zala iqneba

2. filtracia. araerTgvarovani sistemebis dayofa

15
 filtracia ewodeba suspenziis, mtvris an nislis dayofis process maT iseT forovan zedapirebSi
(winaRobaSi, toxarSi) gatarebis gziT, romelic atarebs siTxes an airs da iWers maTSi Sewonil
nawilakebs.
gafiltvris mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens wnevaTa sxvaoba gamyofi zedapiris Sesasvlelsa
da gamosasvlels Soris.
dispersiuli aris maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben airebisa da siTxeebis filtracias.
miznobrivi daniSnulebis mixedviT filtracia SeiZleba iyos gamwmendi da produqtis misaRebi.
gamwmend filtracias iyeneben suspenziebis gasayofad da xsnarebis gasawmendad
sxvadasxva minarevisagan (CanarTebisagan). am SemTxvevaSi miznobriv produqts warmoadgens
filtrati. sasursaTo warmoebaSi gamwmend filtracias iyeneben Rvinoebis, rZis, ludis da sxva msgavsi
produqtebis gasakrialeblad.
produqtiuli filtraciis mizania suspenziidan masSi dispergirebuli produqtis gamoyofa leqis
saxiT. miznobriv produqts warmoadgens leqi. aseTi filtraciis magaliTs warmoadgens safuvris
suspenziis dayofa.

2.1. gamfiltravi zedapirebi

gamfiltrav zedapirebad gamoiyeneba marcvlovani masalebi: qviSa, ceolitebi, inertuli

masalebisgan damzadebuli tixrebi, sxvadasxva qsovilebi, muyao, badeebi, forovani masalebi,
keramika. gamfiltravi masalis sworad SerCevazea damokidebuli filtris mwarmoebloba da miRebuli
filtratis xarisxi.
mfiltrav zedapirs unda hqondes minimaluri hidravlikuri winaRoba da unda uzrunvelyofdes
kargad gasufTavebuli filtratis miRebas.
mfiltravi zedapirebi CamontaJebulia specialur aparatebSi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen maTSi
dasayofi produqtis gatarebas saWiro parametrebiT (wnevaTa sxvaoba da siCqare).
gamfiltravi zedapirebis klasifikacia xdeba Sedeg jgufebad:
_ moqmedebis principis mixedviT: zedapiruli da Rrma filtrebi;
_ filtris masalis saxeobis mixedviT: bambis, qaRaldis (kartonis), Salis, sinTetikuri, minis, keramikuli,
liTonis;
_ struqturis mixedviT: drekadi da aradrekadi.

2.2. filtraciis saxeebi

16
 gamfiltravi zedapiris saxeobis da suspenziis Tvisebebis Sesabamisad filtracia SeiZleba
mimdinareobdes filtris zedapirze leqis dagrovebiT, filtris forebSi (naxvretebSi) leqis gaWedviT da
sxva Tanmxlebi movlenebiT.
filtris zedapirze leqis warmoqmnas adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dispersiuli aris
nawilakebis eqvivalenturi diametri metia filtris naxvretebis (forebis) diametrze. es xerxi gamoiyeneba
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dispersiuli fazes raodenoba sistemaSi (suspenziaSi) 1%-ze metia. am
SemTxvevaSi iqmneba mfiltravi zedapiris gaswvriv suspenziis masis mier mikroTaRebis
warmoqmnis pirobebi (nax. 7), rac uzrunvelyofs daleqvis siCqarisa da myari fazis koncentraciis
gazrdas.

nax. 7. mfiltrav zedapirze mikroTaRebis warmoqmnis sqema

filtracia forebis gabidvniT im SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs, rodesac nawilakebi SeaRweven

filtris forebSi. forebis gabidvna SeimCneva filtraciis dawyebisTanave, rac amcirebs filtris
mwarmoeblobas. mwarmoeblois saWiro doneze SenarCunebisaTvis saWiroa xdeba filtris regeneracia
gawmendili siTxis sawinaaRmdego mimaTulebiT gatarebis an meqanikuri gamwmendi
mowyobilobis gamoyenebis gziT.
Sualeduri filtracia im SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs, rodesac erTdroulad xdeba fprebis gabidvnac da
naleqis warmoqmnac.
Tu gasafiltria mcire koncentraciis mqone suspenzia an webovani nivTiereba, filtraciis siCqaris
gazrdis mizniT gamoiyeneba damxmare nivTierebebi, romlebic xels uSlian filtris forebis gabidvnas.
Damxmare nivTiereba daitaneba filtris zedapirze filtraciis dawyebamde. aseT nivTierebebs
warmoadgens wvrili dispersiuli naxSiri, perliti, askenidi da sxv.

17
 nax. 8. filtraciis saxeebi:
a-filtris zedapirze leqis warmoqmniT, b-forebis gabidvniT

2.3. filtraciis Teoria

filtraciis procesis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens wnevaTa sxvaoba filtris orive mxares
Soris an centridanuli Zala.
filtris mxareebs Soris wnevaTa sxvaobas aRweven sxvadasxva xerxiT: gasafiltri siTxis
miwodebis wnevis gazrdiT an filtratis gamosasvlel mxareze vakuumis SeqmniT. am SemTxvevaSi
procesi mimdinareobs wnevaTa mudmivi sxvaobis pirobebSi. procesis siCqare pirdapirproporciulia
wnevaTa sxvaobisa da ukuproporciulia leqis winaRobisa. es movlena SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegi
gantolebis saxiT (filtraciis ZiriTadi gantoleba):

sadac V aris filtratis moculoba, m3;

F – filtris zedapiris farTobi, m2;
- filtrciis xangrZlioba, wm;

- wnevaTa sxvaoba filtris mxareebs Soris, pa;

- leqis winaaRmdegoba, m-1;

- filtris winaaRmdegoba, m-1;

- Txevadi fazes siblante, pa.wm.

am gantolebaSi mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens, xolo saerTo winaRobas

warmoadgens leqisa da filtris winaRobaTa jami. leqis winaRoba miT metia, rac naklebia misi
forovneba da metia is xvedriTi zedapiri, romelic dakavebulia myari nawilakebiT. winaRobaze
moqmedebs agreTve nawilakebis forma da zomebi.

18
 centridanuli filtracia aris Txevadi araerTgvarovani sistemebis dayofis procesi centridanuli
Zalebis velSi centrifugis perforirebul rotorze. es procesi xorcieldeba gamfiltrav centrifugebSi.
centrifugaSi gamosayofi suspenzia centridanuli Zalis zemoqmedebiT gaityorcneba mbrunavi rotoris
kedlisaken siTxesTan erTad. aq gamosayofi suspenzis Cerdeba, xolo siTxe gaivlis filtris forebSi da
moxvdeba gaCerebuli cilindris kedlebze, romelic mbrunavi rotoris mimarT koaqsialuradaa
ganlagebuli. es siTxe grovdeba SemkrebSi da gaiyvaneba daniSnulebisamebr.
centridanuli dayofis efeqturoba xasiaTdeba frudis kriteriumiT anu dayofis faqtoriT

dayofis faqtori ar aris amomwuravi sidide centrifugisaTvis araerTgvarovani siTxeebis dayofis

SemTxvevaSi. mowyobilobis dayofis unarianobis Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba centrifugis
mwarmoeblobis indeqsi. igi ganisazRvreba daleqvis zedapiris farTobisa da dayofis faqtoris
namravliT

2.4. filtraciis mowyobilobebi

moqmedebis principis mixedviT filtrebi iyofa perioduli da uwyveti qmedebis
mowyobilobebad. Pprvelze xorcieldeba nebismieri filtraciis reJimi, uwyveti qmedebis filtrze ki
mxolod mudmivi wnevaTa sxvaobis SemTxvevaSia daculi filtraciis optimaluri parametrebi. forebis
dacobiT filtraciisaTvis gamoiyeneba perioduli qmedebis filtrebi.
wnevaTa sxvaobis Seqmnis mixedviT filtrebi iyofa vakuumze momuSave, wnevaTa sxvaobis
xarjze da kombinirebul reJimebze momuSave filtrebad.
simZimis Zalisa da filtratis moZraobis mimarTulebis mixedviT filtrebi SeiZleba iyos
urTierTsapirispiro, urTierTdamTxveuli da urTierTmarTobuli.
filtrebis dadebiT mxareebs miekuTvneba dakavebul farTobze didi safiltracio zedapiris
arseboba, moZravi nawilebis uqonloba, eqspluataciis mcire danaxarjebi, maRali xarisxis filtratis
miRebis SesaZlebloba.
uaryofiT mxareebad iTvleba xeliT momsaxurebis aucilebloba, arasruli regeneracia da
safiltracio qsovilis swrafi cveTa.
centrifugirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba centrifugebi da sirofis sepaatorebi. centrifugebis
klasifikacia SeiZlebamoxdes ramdenime niSniT:

19
 1) moqmedebis principis mixedviT centrifugebi iyofa leqdamWer da gamfiltrav
mowyobilobebad. leqdamWer centrifugebs gaaCniaT yru, xolo gamfiltravs perforirebuli
kedeli, romelic amogebulia mfiltravi qsoviliT an badiT;
2) dayofis faqtoris mixedviT sawarmoo centrifugebi pirobiTad iyofa normalur (dayofis faqtoria
3500 da naklebi) da Cqarosnul (dayofis faqtori metia 3500-ze) mowyobilobebad;
3) leqis dolidan gantvirTvis mixedviT ganasxvaveben centrifugebs xeliT, gravitaciiT, wneviT,
danebiT da xvetarebiT, dguSebiT da sxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT;
4) sayrdenebis da dolis RerZis ganlagebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben vertikalurad dakidebul,
vertikalurad mdgar, horizontalur da daxril centrifugebs;
5) procesis organizaciis TvalsazrisiT centrifugebi iyofa perioduli da uwyveti qmedebis
mowyobilobebad.
centrifugebis dadebiT mxared iTvleba leqis kargad gauwyloeba da fugatis (filtratis) maRal
doneze gakrialeba, procesis uwyvetoba, maRali mwarmoebloba, energies mcire danaxarji da mfiltravi
mowyobilobis mcire masa.

2.5. filtrebis mwarmoeblobis angariSi

filtris mwarmoebloba damokidebulia gasafiltri produqtis siblanteze da miznobrivi produqtis
saxeze. igi gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac n aris mwarmoebloba, kg/wm an m3/wm;

q – datvirTva mfiltrav zedapirze, kg/m2 an m3/m2;
F – filtris muSa zedairis farTobi, m2;
– filtraciis xangrZlivoba, wm;

- leqis gadmotvirTvis xangrZlioba, wm;

- Semdgomi ciklisaTvis filtris momzadebis xangrZlivoba, wm.

centrifugas mwarmoebloba erTi ciklisaTvis

sadac aris leqis moculobiTi wona, kg/m3;

- centrifugas muSa moculoba, m3;

- leqis damWeri cilindris diametri, m;

20
 - warmoqmnili leqis Siga diametri, m;

- centrifugas muSa zedapiris simaRle, m.

nax. 9. centrifugaSi leqis ganlagebis sqema

erT aparatSi ciklebis saerTo raodenoba dRe-RameSi

mwarmoebloba filtratis mixedviT centridanuli filtraciis dros

sadac aris centridanuli filtraciis siCqare.

2.6. araerTgvarovani airovani sistemebis gayofa

gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba ara marto sawarmoo airebis, aramed

sawarmoo miznebiT gamoyenebuli haeris dayofac. saduRar da bioqimiur warmoebaSi produqtis
masisaken mimarTuli haeri winaswar gasufTavebuli unda iyos meqanikuri CanarTebis,
mikroorganizmebisagan da, rig SemTxvevebSi, sterilizebulic unda iyos, raTa ar moxdes biomasis
dainficireba. magaliTad, xorblisagan alaos miRebis procesSi xorblis aeraciisaTvis gamoyenebuli
haeri unda iqnas datenianebuli da ucxo minarevebisagan gawmendili, raTa Seiqmnas procesis
warmarTvisaTvis da fermentebis dagrovebisaTvis saWiro optimaluri pirobebi.
araerTgvarovani sistemis ~airi-myari nawilakebi~ dayofis aparatebi iyofa mSral, svel da
eleqtrul gamwmend mowyobilobebad.
mSrali mtverdamWerebis muSaobas safuZvlad udevs gravitaciuli, inerciuli da eleqtruli
daleqvis meqanizmebi. damoukidebel jgufad SeiZleba gamoiyos mSrali gawmendis aparatebi
gafilvriT.

21
 sveli mtverdamWerebis muSaobas safuZvlad udevs kontaqti damtverianebul airsa da siTxes
Soris. am dros nawilakebis daleqva xdeba siTxis wveTebze, airis buStulebze an wylis fenaze.
eleqtrofiltrSi mtvris efeqturi daleqva xdeba nawilakebis eleqtruli damuxtvis xarjze.
airis gamwmendi aparatis muSaobis efeqturobis Sefaseba xdeba gawmendis xarisxiT

sadac V1 da V2 aris Sesabamisad damtverianebuli da gawmendili airebis

moculobiTi raodenoba (xarji), kg/m3;
X1 da X2 - Sewonili nawilakebis koncentracia damtverianebul da
Gawmendil airSi, kg/m3.

nax. 10. mtverdamWerebis klasifikaciis sqema

mtverdamWeri aparatebis muSaobis efeqturoba ganisazRvreba ramdenime xerxiT: airSi

mtvris SemcvelobiT aparatSi Sesvlamde da gamosvlis Semdeg, aparatis mier daWerili mtvris
raodenobiT da gawmendil airSi mtvris koncentraciiT. fraqciuli efeqturobiT ganisazRvreba airebis
gawmendis xarisxi nawilakebis zomebis mixedviT.

2.7. airis gawmendis xerxebi

22
 Sewonili nawilakebisagan airis nakadebis gasawmendad gamoiyeneba ramdenime xerxi:
gravitaciuli daleqva, daleqva inerciuli da centridanuli Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, airis sistemebis
filtracia forovani filtrebiT, sveli gawmenda, daleqva eleqtrul velSi.
airebis gravitaciuli daleqvis procesis gaangariSebisaTvis gamoiyeneba igive
kanonzomiereba, rac myari nawilakebis wveTovan siTxeebSi daleqvis SemTxvevaSi. mtvris
dasayofad gamoyenebuli aparatebi SeiZleba iyos perioduli an uwyveti qmedebis. maT ZiriTad nawils
warmoadgens mtvris dasaeqi kamerebi. isini gamoiyeneba airebis uxeSi gawmendisaTvis
(nawilakebis mosalodneli zomebiT 0,001-1,0 mm.). gawmendis xarisxi ar aRemateba 40-50%-s.

nax. 11. airebis gravitaciuli damyofis sqema

1-sakani, 2-horizontaluri Taroebi, 3-amrekli tixari, 4-karebi

minarevebis daleqvis xangrZliobis Semcirebis mizniT aparatebi mzaddeba mravalTaroiani,

sadac Taroebi ganlagebulia horizontalurad erTmaneTisagan 0,1-0,4 m-is daSorebiT. Taroebze
daleqili mtveri periodulad iwmindeba an irecxeba wyliT.
inerciuli da centridanuli Zalebis zemoqmedebiT daleqvis mowyobilobebs safuZvlad udevs
xvedriTi wonebis didi gansxvaveba airis molekulebsa da Sewonil nawilakebs Soris (magaliTad,
haeris 1 m3 iwonis 1,24 kg-s, mtvris 1 m3 ki 100-500 kg-s). narevis yru kedelze dajaxebis Sedegad
Sewonili nawilakebis siCqare nulamde ecema da xdeba maTi daleqva.

23
 nax. 12. airebis inerciuli damleqis sqema

ciklonebSi mtvriani airi miewodeba cilindruli saknisadmi tangencialurad da iwyebs Siga

kedlis gaswvriv spiralurad moZraobas. amis Sedegad mtvris nawilakebi TandaTan kargaven
siCqares, daeSvebian ciklonis ZirSi ganlagebuli konusuri nawilisaken da aq daileqebian. Daleqili
masis gamotvirTva xdeba konusis ZirSi ganlagebuli saketiani milidan.

nax. 13. centridanuli ciklonis principuli sqema

1-korpusi, 2-konusuri Ziri, 3-saxuravi, 4-gasawmendi airis Sesasvleli
milyeli, 5-mtvris Semgrovi, 6-gawmendili airis gamosasvleli

24
 2. amocanebi filtraciaze
amocana 2.1.
gamoTvaleT perioduli qmedebis filtris mfiltravi zedapiris farTobi, Tu mfiltravi zedapiris
datvirTva tolia q=100 kg/m2, filtraciis xangrZlioba Seadgens 1000 wm, leqis gadmotvirTvis

xangrZliobaa 500 wm, xolo filtris momzadebisaTvis saWiro dro 500 wm. filtris

mwarmoebloba tolia G=0,1 kg/wm.

amoxsna
filtris mwarmoeblobis saangariSo formulidan ganvsazRvravT mfiltravi zedapiris farTobs

amocana 2.2.
centrifugas mwarmoebloba erTi ciklisaTvis Seadgens G=100 kg. damyofi cilindris diametri
tolia D=0,5 m. warmoqmnili leqis Siga diametri procesis dasasruls D0=0,3 m. leqis moculobiTi

wonaa gamoTvaleT mfiltravi cilindris simaRle.

amoxsna
mfiltravi cilindris simaRles ganvsazRvravT centrifugas mwarmoeblobis formulidan

amocana 2.3.
gamoTvaleT centrifugebis raodenoba, romlebic saWiroa dRe-RameSi Q=2000 kg filtratis
misaRebad, Tu filtraciis siCqare centrifugas damyof milSi Seadgens v=0,5 m3/wm. filtratis

simkvrivea filtris simaRle tolia L=1,0 m. centrifugas diametria 0,5 m.

amoxsna
erTi centrifugas mwarmoebloba toli iqneba

aparatebis raodenoba 2000 kg filtratis misaRebad toli iqneba

25
 aparatebis raodenobas miviRebT

3. membranuli procesebi

ZiriTad membranul procesebs miekuTvneba ultrafiltracia da ukuosmosi.

ukuosmosi aris hidromeqanikuri sistemis dayofis xerxi, romlis drosac narevis filtracia xdeba
misi gatarebiT naxevradSeRwevad membranaSi, romelic atarebs mxolod gamxsnels, xolo gaxsnili
nivTierebis molekulebs akavebs.
ultrafiltracia ewodeba xsnarebis fraqciebad dayofas da koncentrirebas naxevradSeRwevadi
membranebis gamoyenebiT maRali wnevis (0,1 – 1,0 mpa) pirobebSi. am dros dasayofi siTxe
miewdeba membranis zemoT arsebul sivrceSi da gadaadgildeba membranis gaswvriv. am procsis
dros xsnari iyofa or axal produqtad: dabalmolekuluri filtrati da maRalmolekuluri koncentrati. filtrati
membranis gavliT moxvdeba sadrenaJe sistemaSi da gamoiyofa aparatidan, xolo maRalmolekuluri
produqti koncentrirdeba.
ultrafiltracia saSualebas iZleva rZis warmoebis meoradi produqtidan (Srati) gamoiyos rZis
cila. sxvadasxva kvebis produqtis xsnarebidan Rirebuli komponentebis gamoyofa damatebiT
rezervebs qmnis sursaTis warmoebaSi.
membranuli procesebis gamoyeneba sagrZnoblad amcirebs energodanaxarjebs xilisa da
bostneulis wvenebis, sirofebis, eqstraqtebis gauwyloebisas gamoorTqvlisa da gamoyinvis
procesebTan SedarebiT. amave dros maqsimalurad xdeba sasargeblo nivTierebebis SenarCuneba, rac
dadebiTadaisaxeba produqciis xarisxze da mis raodenobaze. magaliTad, xilis wvenebis
gamosavlianoba ultrafiltraciis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba 95-99 %-mde, gamoorTqvlisa da gamoyinvis
SemTxvevaSi ki misi maqsimumi ar aRemateba 75-80 %-s.
cximgaclili rZis ultrafiltraciiT miiReba rZis koncentrati, romelic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
saxis yvelis, agreTve iogurtebisa da xaWoebis warmoebisaTvis. es mniSvnelovnad zrdis produqciis
gamosavlianobas.
nedli Saqris wvenis ultrafiltraciiT SesaZlebelia koloiduri xsnarebisagan gasufTavebuli filtratis
miReba, romelic gamoiyeneba uSualod kristalizaciisaTvis.

26
 ultrafiltracia warmatebiT cvlis ludis pasterizacias. am procesSi luds Sordeba baqteriebi da
maRalmolekuluri nivTierebebi, romlebic amcireben mis xarisxsa da stabilurobas. ultrafiltraciiT ludis
damuSavebis Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 2,5-jer naklebia pasterizaciaze.

3.1. ultrafiltraciiT da ukuosmosiT dayofis Teoriuli safuZvlebi

ukuosmosiT xsnarebis dayofas safuZvlad udevs gamxsnelis xsnarSi Tavisufali gadasvla

naxevradSeRwevadi membranis gavliT. Tu xsnaris zedapirze wneva dabalia osmosurTan SedarebiT (
), maSin gamxsneli gadava xsnarSi manam, sanam es wneva ar gautoldeba osmosurs ( )
da ar damyardeba wonasworoba. Tu amis Semdeg xsnaris mxridan imoqmedebs wneva, romelic
sididiT aWarbebs osmosurs ( ), maSin gamxsneli daiwyebs xsnaridan sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT gadasvlas. am SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneba ukuosmosis movlenas. xsnaridan gadasul
gamxsnels filtrati ewodeba.
ukuosmosis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens wnevaTa sxvaoba

sadac p aris xsnarze moqmedi jamuri wneva;

- xsnaris osmosuri wneva, pa.
osmosuri wneva tolia im Zalis, romelic modis membranis farTobis erTeuze da romelic unda
moqmedebdes imisaTvis, raTa ar moxdes gamxsnelis molekulebis gadasvla mcire koncentraciis
xsnaridan ufro maRali koncentraciis xsnarSi.
Tu ukuosmosis procesSi SeimCneva gaxsnili nivTierebis raRac raodenobis membranaSi
gasvla, maSin mamoZravebeli Zalis gaangariSebis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos filtratis osmosuri
dawneva (filtrati, romelic gavida membranaSi). maSin

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 nax. 14. ukuosmosiT xsnaris gayofis sqema

osmosuri wnevis miaxloeiTi mniSvnelobis gamosaTvlelad SeiZleba visargebloT vant-hofis

formuliT

sadac X aris gaxsnili nivTierebis moluri wili;

R - airis mudmiva;
T - absoluturi temperatura.
ultrafiltraciiT xsnaris dayofis efeqturoba damokidebulia procesis mamoZravebel Zalaze. amis
gamo ukuosmosis aparatebSi moqmedi wneva gacilebiT meti unda iyos osmosur wnevaze. ase
magaliTad, 35 % marilebis Semcveli zRvis wylis osmosuri wneva Seadgens 2,45 mpa-s, xolo muSa
wneva zRvis wylidan mtknari wylis miRebis procesSi 7,85 mpa-s tolia.
ultrafiltracia im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac dasayod sistemaSi gaxsnili
komponentebis moluri masa didad aWarbebs gamxsnelis molekulur masas. wyalxsnarebis dayofis
SemTxvevaSi ultrafiltracia maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac gaxsnili komponentebis masa 500-s
aWarbebs.
ultrafiltraciis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens wnevaTa sxvaoba muSa wnevasa da
atmosferul wnevas Soris. ultrafiltraciis procesi tardeba SedarebiT dabali wnevebis pirobebSi da
icvleba sazRvrebSi 0,1-1,0 mpa.
ultrafiltracia mimdinareobs membranis sxvadasxva mxareebs Soris wnevaTa sxvaobis xarjze.
ultrafiltraciis procesis Casatareblad gamoiyeneba membranebi, romlebic upiratesad
gaatareben dabalmolekulur naerTebs (maRalmolekuluri da dabalmolekuluri naerTebis dayofis
SemTxvevaSi), gamxsnelsa da maRalmolekuluri naerTebis garkveul fraqciebs (maRalmolekuluri
naerTebis fraqciebad dayofis SemTxvevaSi), an mxolod gamxsnels (maRalmolekuluri naerTis
fraqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi).

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 ukuosmosiT da ultrafiltraciiT dayofis SemTxvevaSi ar mimdinareobs fazuri gardaqmnebi.
muSaoba ixarjeba siTxeSi wnevis warmoqmnasa da mis membranaSi gatarebaze
A = AsiT + Agat
sadac AsiT aris siTxis SekumSvaze daxarjuli muSaoba, j;
Agat - muSaoba, romelic ixarjeba siTxis membranaSi gatarebaze, j.
radgan siTxe ukumSvadad iTvleba, amitom AsiT SegviZlia mxedvelobaSi ar miviRoT. siTxis
membranaSi gatarebaze daxarjuli muSaoba iangariSeba formuliT
Agat =
sadac aris wnevaTa sxvaoba membranis sxvadasxva mxareebs Soris, mpa;
V – membranaSi gatarebuli siTxis raodenoba, m3.
moviyvanoT Sedareba membranaSi 1 m3 wylis gatarebaze daxarjul da imave raodenobis wylis
aorTqlebaze daxarjul muSaobas Soris. pirvel SemTxvevaSi 4,9 mpa wnevis pirobebSi gatarebis
muSaoba Seadgens 4,9 mj-s, xolo aorTqlebis SemTxvevaSi – 2270 mj-s. am sidideTa Sedarebidan
naTlad Cans, rom ukuosmosiT dayofis SemTxvevaSi energiis xarji 60-jer naklebia aorTqlebasTan
SedarebiT.
ukuosmosiT da ultrafiltraciiT dayofis meTodi principulad gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi
filtraciisagan. ultrafiltraciiTa da ukuosmosiT dayofis SemTxvevaSi miiReba ori xsnari:
koncentrirebuli da gaRaribebuli maSin, rodesac filtraciis SemTxvevaSi leqi grovdeba filtris
zedapirze. Ukuosmosisa da ultrafiltraciis dros gaxsnili nivTierebis membranis zedapirze dagroveba
(koncentraciuli polarizacia) dauSvebelia, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi mkveTrad Semcirdeba
membranis seleqciuroba (dayofis unari) da gamtarunarianoba (kuTri mwarmoebloba), Semcirdeba
agreTve misi momsaxurebis vada.
membranis seleqciuroba da gamtarunarianoba warmoadgens mis ZiriTad teqnologiur
maxasiaTeblebs.
membranis seleqciuroba gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac X1 da X2 aris gaxsnili nivTierebis koncentraciebi sawyis xsnarSi da

filtratSi;
zogjer sidides uwodeben marilebis daWeris koeficients.
SeRwevadoba mocemuli wnevis pirobebSi iangariSeba formuliT:

sadac V aris filtratis moculoba, litri;

29
 F - membranis muSa zedapiris farTobi, m2;
- procesis xangrZlioba, sT.
naxevrad SeRwevadi membranebiT xsnarebis dayofis procesis asaxsnelad arsebobs
ramdenime modeli. bolo wlebSi gavrceleba hpova kapilarul-filtraciulma modelma. am modelis
Tanaxmad organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebis xsnarebis dayofis procesze did gavlenas axdens
siTxis zedapiruli fena. siTxis membranasTan kontaqtis zonaSi moqmedebs zedapiruli Zalebi:
miwebebis (adgeziuri), zedapiruli daZabuloba da molekuluri mizidulobis. amitom siTxis da
membranis urTierTSemxebi fenis fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi gansxvavdeba siTxis moculobaSi
arsebuli fenebis Tvisebebisagan. sasazRvro fenis sisqis SemcirebiT es gansxvaveba izrdeba.
Membranebis seleqciurobasa da naxevradSeRwevadobaze did gavlenas axdens ionebis hidrataciis
unari. hidratacia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gaxsnili nivTierebis ionebi gareoculia gamxsneliT da misi
moZravi nawilakebiT da urTierTmoqmedebs maTTan. wylis molekulebi ganlagebulia uSualod
gaxsnili nivTierebis ionebTan da warmoqmnian hidrogarss. membranis kapilarebze da maT SigniT
liofilur membranebSi warmoiqmneba bmuli wylis fena sisqiT , romlis fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi
gansxvavdeba siTxis moculobis Tvisebebisagan. bmuli wylis arseboba membranis kapilarebSi imis
mizezia, rom am kapilarebSi ver gadis gaxsnili nivTiereba, romelic ar ixsneba bmul wyalSi.
sqemaze (nax. 15) naCvenebia membranaSi dayofis principi.

nax. 15. membranaSi dayofis principi

Tu membranis kapilaris diametria (sadac aris hidratirebuli ionis diametri),

maSin aseT kapilarebSi upiratesad gaivlis mxolod wyali. erTmxrivgamtari membranis kapilarebs
gaaCniaT sxvadasxva zomebi, xolo bmuli wyalxsnaris araorganul marilebs – erTnairi. amitom
membranis seleqciuroba iqneba 100%-ze naklebi.
kapilarul-safiltracio modelidan gamomdinare ukuosmosis movlena SeiZleba warmovidginoT
Semdegi saxiT: hidrofiluri membranis kapilarebis zedapirze da maT SigniT warmoiqmneba bmuli

30
wylis fena. xsnarSi arsebuli marilebis ionebi Tavisi Tburi moZraobiT waritaceben wyals membranis
zedapiridan, warmoqmnian wylis garss da am saxiT gadaadgildebian xsnaris SigniT. xsnasSi
mcirdebawylis molekulebis raodenoba da Sesabamisad mcirdeba wylis koncentracia am xsnarSi. es
movlena membranis Sexebis zedapirTan kompensirdeba sufTa wylis membranaSi gasvliT da xsnarSi
gadasvliT. wylis molekulebis aseTi gadasvla moxdeba manam, sanam wylis molekulebisa da ionebis
mizidulobis Zalebi ar iqneba gawonasworebuli hidrostatikuri wneviT xsnaris mxridan.

3.2. membranebis daxasiaTeba

membrana aris naxevradSeRwevadi tixari, romelic SerCeviT atarebs siTxeebisa da airebis

narevis zogierT komponents.
membranas unda axasiaTebdes Semdegi Tvisebebi: maRali dayofis unari (seleqciuroba),
maRali kuTri mwarmoebloba (SeRwevadoba), sakuTari maxasiaTeblebis SenarCuneba eqspluataciis
procesSi, dasayofi xsnaris mimarT qimiuri mdgradoba, meqanikuri simtkice da dabali Rirebuleba.
naxevradSeRwevadi membranebi, romelTa daxmarebiT xorcieldeba wyalxsnarebis dayofa,
warmoadgens membranuli aparatis ZiriTad nawils da gansazRvravs mis teqnologiur, teqnikur da
saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebs.
membranebi mzaddeba sxvadasxva masalisagan, rogoricaa polimerebi, forovani mina, grafiti,
liTonis Txeli furceli (folga) da sxv. membranis masalaze damokidebulia misi Tvisebebi (qimiuri
mdgradoba) da struqtura.
membranebi iyofa forovan da difuziur membranebad. Yvelaze farTo gavrceleba pova
polimerebisagan damzadebulma membranebma.
araforovan membranebSi gamxsneli da gaxsnili nivTierebebi gadis difuziiT koncentraciuli
gradientis zemoqmedebiT. amis gamo aseT membranebs difuziur membranebs uwodeben. isini
warmoadgens kvazihomogenur gelebs. difuziis siCqare aseT membranebSi damokidebulia aqtivaciis
energiaze, romelic miiReba xsnaris komponentebis zemoqmedebiT membranis masalaze. difuziis
siCqare damokidebulia aseve membranis matricis calkeuli rgolebis gadaadgilebaze da sadifuzio
nawilakebis zomebze. rac ufro didia siCqare, miT metad ijirjveba membrana.
molekulebis difuziis siCqare miT ufro metia, rac metia difuziis koeficienti
(pirdapirproporciulia), romelic Tavis mxriv damokidebulia molekulebis zomebze da formebze.

31
 difuziuri membranebi gamoiyeneba iseTi komponentebis dasayofad, romelTa Tvisebebi
axlosaa erTmaneTTan, xolo molekulebis zomebi gansxvavebulia.
radgan difuziur membranebs kapilarebi ar gaaCnia, amitom isini ar ibidneba da maTi
SeRwevadoba mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi ucvlelia.
difuziuri membranebi gamoiyeneba airadi da Txevadi narevebis dasayofad membranis gavliT
aorTqlebis meTodiT.
ukuosmosis da ultrafiltraciis procesebis Casatareblad gamoiyeneba forovani membranebi,
romlebic ZiriTadad mzaddeba polimeruli masalebisagan. polimeruli membranebi SeiZleba iyos
izotropuli da anizotropuli.
anizotropuli struqturis membranebi Sedgeba mikroforebisa da maTze gadakruli Txeli
zedapiruli fenisagan. dayofa xdeba zedapiris aqtiur fenaze.
izotropuli membranis warmoqmna xdeba Txeli polimeruli agskebis damuxtuli nawilakebiT
dasxivebis gziT, rac iwvevs forebis warmoqmnas. forebis warmoqmnis Semdeg xdeba qimiuri
damuSaveba. bolo dros awarmoben izotropul membranebs polikarbonuli afskiT.
dReisaTvis mrewvelobaSi gamoiyeneba Semdegi polimeruli membranebi: celulozis, celulozis
eTeris safuZvelze, akrilnitraluri, neilonis da polivinilqloridis, romlebic damzadebulia polikarbonatisa
da polisulfinebis bazaze.

3.3. membranuli aparatebis klasifikacia

ukuosmosis da ultrafiltraciis aparatebi arsebobs perioduli da uwyveti qmedebis. perioduli

qmedebis aparatebi, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba laboratoriul samuSaebSi. mrewvelobaSi gamoiyeneba
uwyveti qmedebis aparatebi.
membranuli aparatebis klasificireba Semdegnairad SeiZleba:
_ membranebis wyobis mixedviT: brtyeli gamyofi zedapiriT; milisebri ele,mentebiT; Rru boWkoebis
saxiT;
_ membranuli elementebis ganlagebis mixedviT: horizontaluri da vertikaluri;
_ montaJis mixedviT: asawyobi da dauSleli.
aparatebi SeiZleba iyos korpusiT an korpusis gareSe. aparatebi Sedgeba calkeuli seqciebis an
modulebisagan, rac saSualebas iZleva advilad ganxorcieldes sasurveli dayofis zedapiris farTobis
mqone aparati.

32
 membranuli aparati SeiZleba muSaobdes rogorc idealur gamodevnaze, ise idealur arevaze.
aparatebs unda hqondeT didi muSa farTobi dayofisaTvis, unda iyos martivi montaJisaTvis, saimedo
muSaobis procesSi. wnevaTa sxvaoba aparatebSi mcirea.
ukuosmosis uaryofiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos maRali muSa wneva, rac moiTxovs
specialur Semamkvrivebel rgolebs. milsadenebi da aparatura gaTvlili unda iyos maRali wnevis
pirobebSi muSaobaze.

3.4. ~filtr-wnexis~ tipis aparati

am aparatis ZiriTad elements warmoadgens gamfiltravi kvanZi, romelic Sedgeba ori

membranisagan. isini ganlagebulia damWeri furclis (sadrenaJo safuZveli) orive mxareze.

nax. 16. a-membranuli ~filtr-wnexis~ tipis aparati, b-sadrenaJe sadebi

1-fila, 2-damWeri Rero, 3-sadrenaJe sadebi, 4-membrana, 5-filtratis
Gamosasvleli naxvreti

sadrenaJo safuZveli damzadebulia forovani masalisagan (magaliTad, polimerisagan).

sadrenaJo safuZvels aqvs siTxis Sesasvleli naxvretebi, romlebic ganlagebulia erTmaneTis paralelurad
0,5 – 5,0 mm daSorebiT. isini warmoqmnian membranaTa Soris sivrces xsnaris dasayofad. mfiltravi
paketebi Tavsdeba or filas Soris da moeWireba xraxnebiT. gasafiltri xsnari mimdevrobiT gaivlis
yvela mfiltrav elements da koncentrirdeba. koncentrati da filtrati uwyvet nakadad gamodis
aparatidan. aseTi tipis aparatebi gamoiyeneba cilebis gamosayofad yvelis Sratidan, aseve
cximgamoclili rZis da xaWos Sratis ultrafiltraciisaTvis. aparatis mwarmoebloba Sratis mixedviT

33
Seadgens 5-6,8 m3/sT, xolo koncentratis mixedviT _ 0,16-0,3 m3/sT. aparatis sqema naCvenebia nax.
16-ze.

3.5. membranuli aparati cilindruli mfiltravi elementiT

aseTi aparatebis awyoba xdeba calkeuli cilindruli modulebisagan, romlebSic gamoiyeneba

rogorc erTjeradi gamoyenebis kartrijebi, ise sacvleli membranebi.

nax. 17. membranuli aparati cilindruli mfiltravi elementebiT

cilindruli mfiltravi elementebi naCvenebia nax. 18-ze

cilindruli mfiltravi elementi warmoadgens sacvlel kvanZs, romelic Sedgeba naxevrad
SeRwevadi membranisa 2 da sadrenaJe CarCosagan 3, romelic xels uSlis membranis milTan 1
kontaqts.
ultrafiltraciuli aparatebi cilindruli mfiltravi elementebiT farTod gamoiyeneba xilis wvenebis
gakrialebisaTvis. wvenidan Sordeba yvela is nivTiereba, romlebic ganapirobebs wvenis amRvrevas
(proteinebi, peqtini, mTrimlavi nivTierebebi, saxamebeli, celulozis nawilebi da sxv.). gakrialebul
wvenSi Semavali yvela komponenti naturaluria, vinaidan dayofis procesSi is xerxi gamoiyeneba,
romelic ar iwvevs wvenis maRal temperaturaze gacxelebas da ar xdeba masze qimiuri zemoqmedeba.

34
 nax. 18. cilindruli mfiltravi elementebi membranis sxvadasxva ganlagebiT:
a-sadrenaJe CarCoTi Siga mxares; b-sadrenaJe CarCoTi gare mxares;
g-kombinirebuli.
1-garsacmi mili, 2-membrana, 3-sadebi (drenaJi).

3.6. Aparatebi rulonuri mfiltravi elementebiT

aseTi aparati warmoadgens milebis sistemas, romelSic rulonuri mfiltravi elementebi

ganlagebulia mimdevrobiT. mili asrulebs rogorc mzidi konstruqciis funqcias, aseve warmoadgens
mfiltravi elementis garsacmsac, romelSic Seikribeba dayofis Sedegad miRebuli komponentebi.
TviTeuli mfiltravi elementi warmoadgens Semkreb milze daxveul pakets ori membraniT, romlebic
ganlagebulia sadebis (drenaJis) orive mxareze. gamfiltravi sivrcis warmoqmnis mizniT membranebs
Soris moTavsebulia bade-separatori. gasafiltri xsnari moZraobs membranebs Soris sivrceSi garkveuli
wneviT membranebis ganivad. filtrati spiraluri sadrenaJe arxebiT moxvdeba centraluri milis SigniT,
saidanac gamoiyvaneba aparatis gareT.

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 nax. 19. rulonuri mfiltravi elementi
1-mili, 2-membrana, 3-sadrenaJe sadebi, 4-bade-separatori

aseTi aparatebi xasiaTdeba didi muSa farTobiT. muSa farTobis gazrda SesaZlebelia daxveuli
paketis sigrZisa da siganis gazrdiT. paketis maqsimaluri sigane aRwevs 900 mm-s. paketis sigrZe
limitirebulia sadrenaJe fenis hidravlikuri winaaRmdegobiT filtratis mimarT da ar aRemateba 2,0 m-s.
membranuli procesis efeqtianobis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis nax. 20 da nax. 21-ze warmodgenilia
forToxlis wvenis koncentrirebisa da rZis gadamuSavebis procesebi.

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 nax. 20. forToxlis wvenis koncentrireba membranuli aparatiT

nax. 21. rZis gadamuSavebis teqnologiuri sqema membranuli prcesis gamoyenebiT

nax. 20-ze mocemulia forToxlis wvenis koncentrirebis orsafexuriani sqema da materialuri
balansi filtratis pirvel safexurze dabrunebiT. procesSi gamoyenebulia ~filtr-wnexebi~. meore
sqemaze (nax. 21) ki warmodgenilia rZis gadamuSavebis teqnologia membranuli procesis
gamoyenebiT.

3.7. uwyveti qmedebis membranuli aparatis gaangariSeba

angariSi iTvaliswinebs mocemuli mwarmoeblobisaTvis mfiltravi zedapiris farTobis

gansazRvras.
gaxsnili komponentis mixedviT materialuri balansi Caiwereba gantolebiT:

37
 mTeli gafiltruli masisaTvis

sadac: da aris gasafiltri da gafiltruli siTxis xarji aparatSi

Sesvlisa da aparatidan gamosvlis Semdeg, kg/sT;

da - gaxsnili nivTierebis koncentracia gasafiltr da gafilt-

rul siTxeebSi, masuri wili;

- filtratis gamosavali, kg/sT;
- gaxsnili nivTierebis koncentracia filtratSi, masuri wili.
filtris erTeuli farTobidan miRebuli filtratis raodenoba iqneba

sadac: F aris mfiltravi zedapiris farTobi, m2.

bolo formulidan miiReba filtris zedapiris farTobis mniSvneloba

3. amocanebi membranul procesebze

amocana 3.1.
gamoTvaleT membranis myari nawilis moculoba, Tu misi forianoba , xolo sruli

moculoba tolia V=0,1 m3.

amoxsna
membranis mTliani moculoba Seadgens

amitom SegviZlia davweroT

miRebuli formulidan gveqneba

38
 amocana 3.2.
iangariSeT gaxsnili nivTierebis koncentracia sawyis xsnarSi, Tu membranis seleqciuroba

Seadgens , xolo gaxsnili nivTierebis koncentracia filtratSi .

amoxsna
membranis seleqciurobis formulas aqvs saxe

aRniSnuli formulidan ganvsazRvravT saZiebel koncentracias

amocana 3.3.
membranis SeRwevadoba tolia G=100 l/m2sT. filtratis moculoba Seadgens V=100 l.
membranas muSa zedapiris wrewiris diametric d=0,2 m. gansazRvreT procesis xangrZlioba.
amoxsna
membranis SeRwevadobis saangariSo formulidan ganvsazRvravT filtraciis xangrZlivobas

4. fsevdogaTxevadebis procesebi

fsevdogaTxevadeba ewodeba orfaziani sistemis ~myari nawilakebi _ airi (siTxe)~ iseT

mdgomareobas, romelic xasiaTdeba myari nawilakebis erTmaneTis mimarT gadaadgilebiT raime
wyarodan miwodebuli energies xarjze.
sistemas, romelic warmoiqmneba gamaTxevadebeli agentis moqmedebiT ewodeba
fsevdogaTxevadebuli an mduRare fena. mas axasiaTebs wveTovani siTxis mravali Tviseba.
fsevdogaTxevadebuli fena warmoiqmneba gamaTxevadebeli agentis aRmavali moZraobiT
marcvlovani masalis fazaSi iseTi siCqariT, romelic iWers mas Sewonil mdgomareobaSi.
bolo wlebSi sxvadasxva procesebis fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi Catarebam didi adgili daikava
mrewvelobis mraval dargSi, maT Soris sursaTis, qimiur da farmakologiur warmoebaSi.

39
fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi tardeba Serevis, transportirebis, klasifikaciis, fxvieri masalebis
daxarisxebis, Tbogadacemis, Srobis, adsorbciis da mravali sxva procesi.
fsevdogaTxevadeba xasiaTdeba Semdegi upiratesobebiT:
_ xdeba myari fazis intensiuri areva, romelic iwvevs temperaturisa da koncentraciis gaTanabrebas da
amiT gamoricxavs myari nawilakebis lokalur ubnebSi gadaxurebas da muSa agentTan kontaqtis
ararsebobas. es xels uwyobs procesis optimalur pirobebSi Catarebas da maRalxarisxovani saboloo
produqciis miRebas;
_ fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis denadoba saSualebas iZleva procesis Casatareblad gamoyenebuli iyos
uwyveti qmedebis aparatebi, rodesac myari masa uwyvetad CaitvirTeba da gamoiyvaneba aparatidan;
_ maRalia Tbogadacemis koeficienti da Tbogamtareblobis efeqturoba fsevdogaTxevadebul fenasa da
muSa agents Soris. es saSualebas iZleva intensificirebuli iqnas Tbogadacemis procesebi da Semcirdes
Tbogadamcemi aparatebis muSa moculoba;
_ fsevdogaTxevadebis aparatebSi hidravlikuri wnaaRmdegoba dabalia da damokidebulia
gamaTxevadebeli agentis siCqareze fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis arsebobis farglebSi;
_ myari nawilakebis da gamaTxevadebeli muSa agentis (airi, orTqli, wveTovani siTxe) Tvisebebis
diapazoni farToa da moicavs rogorc suspenziebs, ise blant masebs (pastebs);
_ aparatebi aris martivi, advilia maTi meqanizacia da avtomatizacia.
zemoT aRniSnul dadebiT mxareebTan erTad fsevdogaTxevadebu fenaSi procesis Catarebas
gaaCnia rigi naklovanebebi, kerZod:
_ fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi myari nawilakebi intensiurad ixexeba, rac zogierT produqtSi iwvevs
mtvris warmoqmnas da danakargebis gazrdas;
_ warmoqmnili mtveri muSa agentTan erTad gadaadgildeba da aucilebeli xdeba specialuri
mtverdamWeri filtrebis gamoyeneba;
_ fsevdogaTxevadebis procesSi dieleqtrikul nawilakebSi (sursaTis damzadebisaTvis gamyenebuli
nedleulis umetesoba swored dieleqtrikulia) erTmaneTTan da aparatis kedlebTan xaxunis Sedegad
SeiZleba warmoiqmnas statikuri eleqtruli deni. es warmoqmnis feTqebad ares.

4.1. fsevdogaTxevadebis procesis fizikuri safuZvlebi

fsevdogaTxevadebis aparatSi (nax. 22), romelic aRWurvilia airis gamanawilebeli tixariT,

Tavsdeba dasamuSavebeli wvrildispersiuri masala. gamaTxevadebeli muSa agenti (airi) garkveuli
siCqariT miewodeba aparatis qveda nawilidan (gamanawilebeli tixaris qvemodan).

40
fsevdogaTxevadebisaTvis saWiro wnevaTa sxvaoba aparatSi izomeba diferencialuri manometriT.
naxazze (nax. 23) gamosaxuli grafikidan TvalnaTliv Cans orfaziani sistemis mdgomareobis mrudi,
romelic gamoxatavs damokidebulebas fenaSi wnevis cvlilebasa da gamaTxevadebeli airis siCqares
Soris

sadac aris uZravi fenis sisqe.

airis dabali siCqaris SemTxvevaSi fxvieri (marcvlovani) fena rCeba badeze (tixarze) uZravad.
am dros xdeba airis filtracia – misi svla aerodinamikuri xvrelebis gavliT masalis fenaSi (mrudi OK).
airis siCqaris gazrdiT wnevaTa sxvaoba fenaSi izrdeba. garkveul momentSi marcvlovani

masalis masa fenaSi gawonasworebulia airis hidromeqanikuri wneviT da dgeba hidromeqanikuri

wonasworobis momenti. am momentidan iwyeba fenaSi ganlagebuli nawilakebis pulsaciuri
moZraoba. mrudis gardatexis K wertili Seesabameba procesis dasawyiss. K1 wertilis abscisa
Seesabameba gaTxevadebis dawyebis V0 siCqares, ordinata ki wnevaTa im sxvaobas, romelsac
uCvenebs diferencialuri manometri.

nax. 22. fsevdogaTxevadebis aparati

1-korpusi, 2-perforirebuli tixari, 3-diferencialuri manometri

airis siCqaris Semdgomi gazrdiT fenis sisqe izrdeba. nawilakebis gadaadgilebis intensivobac
izrdeba, magram wnevaTa sxvaoba rCeba mudmivi.

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 nax. 23. fsevdogaTxevadebis mrudi

airis siCqaris garkveul Vkr.2 sididemde (rogorc mas uwodeben _ meore kritikul siCqaremde,
anu watacebis siCqaremde) gazrdis Semdeg xdeba nawilakebis wataceba fenidan. hidromeqanikuri
sistemis wonasworoba irRveva. es siCqare aris fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis zda zRvari. rodesac
V>Vkr.2, maSin xdeba nawilakebis fenidan wataceba, ris gamo mcirdeba maTi raodenoba da fenis
masa. Sesabamisad, mcirdeba is energiac, romelic saWiroa myari fazis Sewonil mdgomareobaSi
dasaWerad.
fsevdogaTxevadebis realuri mrudi ramdenadme gansxvavdeba idealurisagan. Realuri
mrudisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wnevis piki Pmax. fsevdogaTxevadebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis

momentSi nawilakebis urTierTSeWidulobis dasaZlevad saWiroa damatebiTi energia. wnevis pikis

mniSvneloba damokidebulia nawilakebis Tvisebebze da maTi zedapiris mdgomareobaze.
fsevdogaTxevadebis realur mrudze SeimCneva histerezisi _ pirdapiri da ukusvlis mrudebi
erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. es mrudebi K wertilis siaxloves erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. amasTan,
ukusvlis mrudze ar aris wnevis piki. is ganlagebulia pikuri K wertilis qvemoT (wertili K1). realur
pirobebSi wnevis vardna SeiZleba ar iyos mkacrad mudmivi.
mrudis forma asaxavs fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis mdgomareobas.
fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis arsebobis pirobebi SemosazRvrulia fsevdogaTxevadebis
dasawyisSi siCqariT da nawilakis watacebis dawyebis siCqariT. fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi uZravi
fenis swrafad gadasvla iseTi fenebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romelTa Semadgeneli nawilakebis
zomebi axlosaa erTmaneTTan.
polidispersiuli fenebisaTvis arsebobs fsevdogaTxevadebis siCqareebis garkveuli are, romelzec
iwyeba fsevdogaTxevadeba da mTavrdeba fenis fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi gadasvliT. muSa

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siCqarisa da fsevdogaTxevadebis procesis dawyebis siCqares Soris Tanafardobas ewodeba
fsevdogaTxevadebis ricxvi

fsevdogaTxevadebis maxasiaTeblebi damokidebulia fsevdogaTxevadebis ricxvze.

fsevdogaTxevadebis ricxvi axasiaTebs fsevdogaTxevadebul fenas da nawilakebis arevis intensivobas.
araerTgvarovani fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia masaSi airis buStulakebis
arseboba. fsevdogaTxevadebis W ricxvis mcire mniSvnelobebis SemTxvevaSi fenis
araerTgvarovneba ar axdens gavlenas mis Tvisebebze.

nax. 24. fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis struqtura

a-araerTgvarovani fena; b-fenaSi xvrelebis warmoqmna

moZravi haeris buStulakebi iwvevs fenis intensiur arevas.

fsevdogaTxevadebis ricxvis gazrdisas fenis araerTgvarovneba izrdeba: diddeba buStulakebis
zomebi da iwyeba nawilakebis intensiuri wataceba fenidan. buStulakebis ganivi zomebi aRwevs
aparatis zomebs.. warmoiqmneba e.w. ~dguSis reJimi~, romlis dros uaresdeba fzaTa kontaqti airsa
da produqts Soris.
airiT fsevdogaTxevadebis SemTxvevaSi (gansakuTrebiT teniani, wvrili da webvadi
produqtebisaTvis) SeiZleba SeimCneodes arxebis warmoqmna, romlebic muSa agentis nawili
gaedineba. zRvrul SemTxvevaSi arxwarmoqmna aris Sadrevniseburi fenis warmoqmna. Sadrevnis
SemTxvevaSi airis (an siTxis) nakadi gadis fenaSi im arxebis gavliT, romlebic warmoiqmneba
aparatis RerZis axlos.
ganasxvaveben fsevdogaTxevadebas mkvrivi da forovani fazebiT.

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 fsevdogaTxevadeba mkvriv fazaSi maSin iwyeba, rodesac muSa agentis siCqare aris
fsevdogaTxevadebis siCqaresa da watacebis siCqareebs Soris. rodesac , maSin

mimdinareobs nawilakebis pnevmotransportireba fenidan. am SemTxvevaSi fsevdogaTxevadebuli

fena imyofeba gajerebul fazaSi. gajerebuli faza aris arsebobis zRvari im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi
nawilaki mainc imyofeba airis nakadSi.
fenis fsevdogaTxevadebuli mdgomareobis Sesaqmnelad da mis am mdgomareobaSi
SesanarCuneblad saWiroa garkveuli energies daxarjva. es energia saWiroa nawilakebis
urTierTxaxunis, maT zedapirze airis xaxunis, fenis siCqaris gazrdis, airis da nawilakebis aparatis
kedlebTan xaxunis Zalebis dasaZlevad.
mudmivi ganivkveTis mqone aparatisaTvis, airis kumSvadobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,
fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis warmoqmnisaTvis saWiro energia iangariSeba formuliT:

sadac aris airis wnevis vardna aparatis Sesasvlelsa da gamosasvlels

Soris, pa;
- aparatis ganivkveTis farTobi, m2;

- airis nakadis siCqare, m/wm.

energia saWiroa procesis iseT optimalur pirobebSi warmarTvisaTvis, romelic uzrunvelyofs

muSa agentis (airis) miwodebas saWiro raodenobiTa da siCqariT.

Tu Sewonil mdgomareobaSi myofi fenis forovnebas aRvniSnavT -iT, maSin simaRlis

mudmivi fenis sisqisaTvis gveqneba

sadac aris nawilakebis saSualo simkvrive, kg/m3.

- fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis forianoba.

uZravi fenis forianoba Seadgens

sadac aris nayari masalis moculoba, m3;

- masalis myari nawilis moculoba, m3;

- nayari masalis simkvrive, kg/m3;

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 - masalis myari nawilis simkvrive.

4.2. fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis misaRebi aparatebis klasifikacia

sasursaTo warmoebaSi da sxva dargebSi gamoiyeneba mravali sxvadasxva moqmedebis

principze momuSave fsevdogaTxevadebis aparatebi, romlebSic gaTvaliswinebulia procesis
teqnologiuri pirobebi, misaRebi produqciis xarisxi, urTierTqmedebaSi myofi muSa agentisa da
produqtis Taviseburebani.
moqmedebis principis mixedviT arsebobs perioduli da uqyveti qmedebis aparatebi. uwyveti
qmedebis aparatebSi xdeba airis nakadisa da marcvlovani masalis urTierTqmedeba, romlebic
uwyvetad miewodeba. aparatebSi SeiZleba realizebuli iyos muSa agentisa da masalis nakadebis
pirdapiri, Semxvedri da jvaredini urTierTqmedeba. nax. 25-ze warmodgenilia sxvadasxva tipis
aparatebis principuli sqemebi. ganvixiloT TviTeuli maTgani calcalke.
cilindrul uwyveti qmedebis aparatSi Semxvedri nakadebiT (nax. 25, a) fxvieri masala
miewodeba zeda mxridan da gravitaciis xarjze gadaadgildeba qveviT. misi Semxvedi mimarTulebiT
(qvevidan zeviT) miltuCis gavliT miewodeba muSa agentis (airis) nakadi, romelic aparatis mTel
ganivkveTSi Tanabrad nawildeba. muSa agentis Tanabrad ganawilebisaTvis mowyobilobis qveda
nawilSi gaTvaliswinebulia perforirebuli tixari. damuSavebuli produqtis gamosatvirTadaparatis qveda
nawilSi CamontaJebulia mili.
vertikalur cilindrul perioduli qmedebis recirkulaciiT momuSave aparatSi (nax. 25, b)
masala CaitvirTeba da amis Semdeg xdeba muSa agentis miwodeba ormagi Ziris mxridan. centrSi
miltuCiT miewodeba ufro Zlieri nakadi, vidre torsuli nawilidan. es iwvevs masalis cirkulacias
centridan periferiebisaken, rac xels uwyobs masalis intensiur arevas da procesis dasasruls
erTgvarovani masis miRebas. amave dros, igi uzrunvelyofs teqnologiuri parametrebis farTo
diapazonSi regulirebis saSualebas.
konusur aparatebSi (nax. 25, g) airi moZraobs klebadi siCqariT qvevidan zeviT. es iZleva
saSualebas gaTxevaddes polidispersiuli masalebi. zog SemTxvevaSi airi miewodeba didi siCqariT
qveda nawilidan gamanawilebeli badis gareSe. es saSualebas iZleva damuSavdes koStebis
warmomqmneli da miwebebisaken midrekili masalebi. konusis kedlebis didi kuTxiT daxris
SemTxvevaSi nakadma SeiZleba warmoqmnas didi siCqariT moZravi airisa da masalis narebis
nakadi, romelic Sadrevnis saxes iRebs. amitom aseT nakads uwodeben ~Sadrevnisebur nakads~.
Sadrevniseburi fenis warmomqmnel aparatebSiiqmneba fxvieri masalebis intensiuri cirkulacia

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konusis RerZidan periferiebisaken, rac gamoricxavs nawilakebis mier koStebis warmoqmnas da
ganapirobebs masaSi arsebuli koStebis daSlas da erTgvarovani masis miRebas procesis dasasruls.

nax. 25. fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis aparatebi

a-cilindruli, uwyveti qmedebis, Semxvedri nakadebiT;
b-cilindruli, cirkulaciuri, perioduli qmedebis, Semxvedri nakadebiT;
g-konusuri, perioduli qmedebis;
d-cilindruli, Semxvedri nakadebiT, SemreviT;
e-mowyobloba pnevmotransportirebisaTvis:
1-Snekuri dozatori, 2-bunkeri, milgayvaniloba (pnevmoxazi), 4-cikloni.

cilindruli ganivkveTis perioduli qmedebis fsevdogaTxevadebis aparati meqanikuri

SemreviT (nax. 25, d) gamoiyeneba polidispersiuli masalebis dasamuSaveblad. meqanikuri Semrevi
intensiurad Slis Sewonil mdgomareobaSi gadasul msxvil koStovan CanarTebs. amis Sedegad

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miiReba masa, romlis yvela nawili ganicdis muSa agentis ufro intensiur zemoqmedebas, vidre
koStebis SigniT. procesis bolos miiReba kargad damuSavebuli miznobrivi produqtis masa. amrevi
xels uSlis produqtis aglomeracias. amitom aseT aparatebSi uZravad gaCerebuli zonebi ar
warmoiqmneba.
pnevmosatransporto sistemis (nax. 25, e) daniSnulebas warmoadgens fxvieri masalebis
gadatana erTi adgilidan meoreze. am dros xdeba agreTve muSa agentad gamoyenebuli haeriT
transportirebuli masalis intensiuri damuSaveba (maTi aqtiuri kontaqtis gamo) teqnologiuri procesiT
moTxovnili operaciis Sesabamisad. SesaZlebelia aseve transportirebis procesSi fxvieri masalis sxva
saxis damuSavebac: gacxeleba, datenianeba, raimekomponentiT gamdidreba da sxv.
satransporto arxis boloSi sxvadasxva ganivkveTis milebi) masalis muSa agentisagan
gamoyofa xdeba ciklonis saSualebiT.

4.3. uwyveti qmedebis seqciuri aparati

marcvoveni masalis damuSavebis dros Sadrevnebis warmoqmnis Tavidan acilebis mizniT (rac
iwvevs gaCerebuli zonebis warmoqmnas da araTanabrad damuSavebuli produqtis miRebas)
gamoiyeneba uwyveti qmedebis seqciuri aparatebi.
am aparatSi fxvieri (marcvlovani) masala nawildeba ramdenime perforirebul zedapirze.
damuSavebis procesSi SeiZleba vareguliroT gasaTxevadebeli fenis sisqe. masalis gadaadgileba xdeba
erTi seqciidan meoreSi gravitaciuli Zalis zemoqmedebiT specialuri gadasasvleeli mowyobilobebis
(milebis) saSualebiT. miwodebuli airis raodenobis da dasamuSavebeli masalis raodenobis regulirebis
gziT aparati warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxvadasxva araadgeziuri masalebis
dasamuSaveblad.

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 nax. 26. uwyveti qmedebis seqciuri aparati
1-korpusi, 2-airgamanawilebeli, 3-gadasasvleli mowyobiloba

4. amocanebi fsevdogaTxevadebis procesebze

amocana 4.1.
gamoTvaleT produqtis fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi muSa agentis (airis) siCqare, Tu
fsevdogaTxevadebis ricxvi tolia W=1,5. produqtis fenaSi muSa agentis sadinari arxebis ganivkveTis
farTobebis jami procesis dasawyisSi Seadgens F=0,1 m2. airis xarji tolia Q=2,0 m/wm2.
Aamoxsna
jer ganvsazRvravT fsevdogaTxevadebis procesis dasawyisSi muSa agentis siCqares

fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi muSa agentis siCqare iqneba

amocana 4.2.

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 ganvsazRvroT fsevdogaTxevadebis cilindruli aparatis diametri, Tu muSa agentis wnevis
vardna fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi gavlis Semdeg Seadgens mpa, airis siCqare tolia v=6,5

m/wm, xolo airis gatarebisaTvis saWiro energiis xarjia jouli.

amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvravT aparatis ganivkveTis farTobs

fsevdogaTxevadebis aparatis diametri toli iqneba

amocana 4.3.

fsevdogaTxevadebis aparatSi CatvirTuli produqtis moculoba tolia მ3. misi

myari nawilis moculoba Seadgens m3. wnevis vardna fenaSi mpa. nayari

produqtis wona tolia kg. gamoTvaleT fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis sisqe.

amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvravT produqtis myari nawilis simkvrives

produqtis forovneba iqneba

fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis sisqe

5. sasursaTo produqtebis Semadgeneli

49
 komponentebis Sereva

Sereva gamoiyeneba emulsiebis da xsnarebis miRebis procesSi, agreTve Tburi, difuziuri da

bioqimiuri procesebis dros maTi intensifikaciis mizniT.
Sereva ewodeba gare Zalebis zemoqmedebiT ori an ramdenime sxvadasxva nivTierebis
SeerTebas iseTi erTgvarovani narevis miRebis mizniT, romelis mTel moculobaSi yvela komponentis
Semadgeneli nawilebi Tanabrad iqneba ganawilebuli. mowyobilobebs, romlebSic xorcieldeba Serevis
procesi Semrevebi ewodebaT. Sesarevi komponentebis agregatuli mdgomareobis Sesabamisad
Serevis procesis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia Sesabamisi konstruqciis aparatis SerCeva.
Serevis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze martivia sistemis ~siTxe-siTxeSi~ xsnaris an emulsiebis
miReba. aseTi sistemis misaRebad saWiroa xsnaris tumbo-emulsatorSi gatareba (magaliTad, rZis
Semcvlelebis warmoebaSi SedarebiT rTuli misaRebia mdgradi suspenziebi, romlebic warmoadgens
siTxeSi Setivtivebul myar nawilakebs). sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli myari masalebis Sereva. aseT
produqtebs Soris SedarebiT martivia mcire adgeziurobis mqone fxvieri da marcvlovani produqtebi
mSral mdgomareobaSi. praqtikulad ar ereva erTmaneTSi grZelboWkovani masalebi.
narevi (Txevadis garda) warmoadgens meqanikur sistemas, romelic Sedgeba fxvieri
masalebisagan (marcvlovani an boWkovani), romlis ukidures mdgomareobas warmoadgens sruli
Sereva anu sruli ganawileba. Serevis procesi damokidebulia Semrevis moqmedebis principze da
konstruqciaze. Serevis mizans warmoadgens yvela komponentis Tanabari ganawileba Semrevis mTel
moculobaSi da erTgvarovani masis miReba.

5.1. narevis erTgvarovnebis xarisxi

sruli Serevis idealuri varianti naCvenebia nax. 27, a-ze. sruli Serevis SemTxvevaSi Semrevis
sxvadasxva adgilidan aRebuli sinjebi unda iyos erTnairi Semadgenlobis, romelTa komponentebad
dayofis SemTxvevaSi calkeuli komponentebis raodenoba erTmaneTis toli unda iyos. praqtikulad
aseTi narevis miReba meqanikuri Serevis gziT SeuZlebelia. es SeiZleba miRweuli iyos calkeuli
komonentebis xeliT dalagebis gziT.

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 a b
sur. 27. orkomponentiani narevis Serevis mdgomareoba:
a) mowesrigebuli narevi; b) mouwesrigebeli narevi

sruli Serevis mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba statistikurad da warmoadgens mowesrigebul

mdgomareobas. es iseTi mdgomareobaa, romlis dros mocemuli komponentis nawilakebis ganlagebis
albaToba nebismier wertilSi aris mudmivi sidide da romelic tolia am komponentis wilisa mTel
masaSi. aramowesrigebuli mdgomareoba (nax. 27, b) SeiZleba miRweuli iyos teqnologiuri operaciis
Catarebis Sedegad.
mSrali komponentebis tenianTan Serevisas tenianobis gazrdiT 14_15 %-mde narevis
erTgvarovneba izrdeba. tenianobis Semdgomi gazrda iwvevs Serevis xangrZliobis Sesabamis
gazrdas.
fxvieri masalebis Serevis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sesarevi komponentebis simkvriveebisa
da moculobebis erTmaneTis mimarT Tanafardobas. termini ~komponentebis Tanafardoba~
gamoxatavs didi raodenobis komponentis Sefardebas mcire raodenobis komponentTan. rac ufro
axlosaa es Tanafardobebi erTTan, miT ufro swrafad miiRweva Serevis Sedegi. rac ufro naklebia
komponentebis nawilakebis zomebi da gluvia am nawilakebis zedapirebi, miT ufro advilad miiRweva
erTgvarovani narevis miReba. Tu erTi komponentis nawilakebis saSualo zoma mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba meore komponentis nawilakebis saSualo zomisagan, maSin erTgvarovani narevis
miReba rTulia.
Serevis procesis raodenobriv maxasiaTebels warmoadgens narevis erTgvarovnebis xarisxi,
romelic aris gasaanalizebel nimuSSi sakontrolo komponentis masis Sefardeba amave komponentis
masasTan idealuri narevis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. igi gamoisaxeba wilebSi an procentebSi.
erTgvarovnebis xarisxis gansazRvra arsebuli nimuSis mixedviT xdeba sxvadasxva
formulebiT
rodesac

51
 rodesac

erTgvarovnebis xarisxis gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba agreTve formula:

Semrevi mowyobilobis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgens Semrevi mowyobilobis

efeqturoba da moqmedebis intensiuroba.
Semrevi mowyobilobis efeqturoba axasiaTebs procesis Catarebis xarisxs. magaliTad,
suspenziis miRebis procesSi Serevis efeqturobas axasiaTebs myari fazis ganawilebis Tanabroba
aparatis mTel moculobaSi (uwyveti qmedebis aparatisaTvis narevidan aRebul nimuSSi).
Serevis efeqturobaze moqmedebs: Sesarevi komponentebis moculobiTi wona (simkvrive),
granulometriuli Semadgenloba (forma, zomebi), dispersiuli ganawileba Serevis xarisxis mixedviT
araerTgvarovani komponentebisaTvis), nawilakebis zedapiris mdgomareoba, komponentebis
tenanoba, xaxunis Zalebi da nawilakebis zedapiris adgeziuroba.
Serevis intensiuroba ganisazRvreba mocemuli teqnologiuri Sedegis misaRwevad saWiro
droiT an Semrevis brunTa ricxviT procesis dros. rac metia Serevis intensivoba, miT naklebi droa
saWiro mocemuli efeqtis misaRwevad. Serevis procesis intensifikacias mivyavarT misi
realizaciisaTvis saWiro aparatebis zomebis Semcirebamde da maTi mwarmoeblobis gadidebamde.

5.2. Serevis xerxebi

sursaTis warmoebaSi sxvadasxva komponentebis Sereva xorcieldeba Semdegi ZiriTadi

xerxebiT: 1) moZravi frTebi, 2) Semrevi (rezervuaris) saknis brunviT, 3) saqSenSi (naxvretSi)
komponentebis erTad gatarebiT, 4) SekumSuli airiT, orTqliT an siTxiT, 5) vibraciiT, ultrabgerebiT,
eleqtrohidravlikuri efeqtiT da sxv.
pirveli sami xerxi warmoadgens meqanikurs, meoTxe ki – pnevmatikurs, hidravlikurs an
vibrokavitaciurs.
Serevis procesi warmoadgens elementaruli procesebis nakrebs:

52
 _ Sesarev masaSi warmoiqmneba erTmaneTze mcuravi brtyeli fenebi, romlebzec xdeba Sereva –
gadaWriT Sereva;
_ nawilakebis jgufebis gadaadgileba erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi – konveqciuri Sereva;
_ calkeuli nawilakebis adgilmdebareobis (poziciebis) cvlileba – difuziuri Sereva;
_ calkeuli nawilakebis gafantviT gaSla, maTi dajaxeba an dartyma aparatis kedlebze – dartymiTi
Sereva;
_ nawilakebis deformacia da gaxexva-daqucmaceba.
pnevmatikuri Sereva xorcieldeba SekumSuli airiT (xSir SemTxvevaSi haeriT), romelic
gaivlis Sesarev moculobaSi. airis Tanabari ganawilebis mizniT igi siTxeSi miewodeba barboteris
gavliT. barboteri warmoadgens perforirebul (naxvretebian) mils, romelic ganlagebulia aparatis Zirze
wriulad, spiralurad an aparatis centralur nawilSi (nax. 28).
nax. 29-ze warmodgenilia airis barboteri, romelic warmoadgens rezervuaris centralur nawilSi
ganlagebul perforirebul mils brunvis saSualebiT. am SemTxvevaSi SeTavsebulia meqanikuri Sereva
da barbotireba, rac uzrunvelyofs Serevis maRal xarisxs.
airis moculobiTi xarji iangariSeba formuliT:

sadac F aris siTxis zedapiris farTobi, m2;

p – airis (haeris) wneva, pa;
K – intensivobis koeficienti (susti Serevis SemTxvevaSi K=0,24_0,30;
SedarebiT mcire intensivobisas K=0,35_0,50, xolo intensiuri
Serevis dros K=0,55_0,60).

Nnax. 28. airis barboteri

1_rezervuari, 2_barboteri, 3-airis Semomyvani mili

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 pnevmatikuri Serevis SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia airis iseTi zemoqmedeba, romelic
gamoiwvevs produqtis xarisxis gauaresebas.

nax. 29. rezervuari mbrunavi barboteriT

1-barboteri, 2-airis Semomyvani mbrunavi mili

cirkulaciuri Sereva xorcieldeba tumbos saSualebiT (nax. 30), romelic axdens siTxis gadatumbvas
Caketil sistemaSi ~Semrevi _ tumbo _ Semrevi~.

nax. 30. cirkulaciuri Semrevebis sqemebi

1-rezervuari, 2-mili, 3-tumbo, 4-mili, 5-mili, 6-amrekli

cirkulaciuri Serevis intensivoba damokidebulia cirkulaciis jeradobaze anu drois erTeulSi

tumbos mier aparatidan gamowovili da masSi dabrunebuli siTxis raodenobaze.
statikuri Semrevebi (uZravi muSa organoebiT) gamoiyeneba mcire siblantis mqone
siTxeebis, agreTve siTxeebisa da airebis erTmaneTTan Sesarevad airis an siTxis kinetikuri energiis
xarjze. nax. 31-ze warmodgenilia cilindruli statikuri Semrevis sqema. Semrevi warmoadgens mils 2,
romelSic sxvadasxva saxis ganlagebiT CamontaJebulia uJangavi masalisagan damzadebuli

54
elementebi 3. maTi daniSnulebaa narevis turbulizacia da maSi arsebuli komponentebis maqsimaluri
Sereva maRali intensivobiT.
statikur Semrevebs iyeneben emulsiebis misaRebadac. magaliTad, grigaliseburi statikuri
Semrevi rZeSi cximebis Sesarevad uzrunvelyofs emulsirebis maRal efeqturobas 0,30_0,36 mpa
wnevis pirobebSi. mowyobiloba martivia dasamzadeblad da eqspluataciaSi. misi moqmedebis
principi dafuZnebulia centridanuli gafrqvevis efeqtze siTxis kaskaduri gamodinebis pirobebSi.
miRebul emulsiaSi nawilakebis zomebi ar aRemateba 3 mm. emulsia inarCunebs stabilurobas (ar
xdeba fenebad dayofa) 24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi.

nax. 31. statikuri Semrevi

1-siTxis Semomyvani mili, 2-Sesarevi meore siTxis Semomyvani mili,
3-siTxeebis turbulizaciis gamomwvevi milebi

meqanikuri Sereva gamoiyeneba homogenuri da heterogenuri sistemebis, agreTve

hidromeqanikuri sistemebis miRebis procesebis intensifikaciisaTvis. sistema SeiZleba iyos
~siTxe_siTxe~, ~airi_siTxe~ an ~airi_siTxe_myari nawilakebi~. Procesi xorcieldeba sxvadasxva
Semrevi mowyobilobebis gamoyenebiT, romlebsac Semrevebi ewodeba.
Semrevi warmoadgens sxvadasxva saxis frTovanebis kombinacias, romlebic damagrebulia
brunviTi moZraobis mqone lilvze.
nebismieri sxeulisBblant siTxeSi moZraobisas amrevi elementis zedapirTan uSualo SexebaSi
myofi siTxis fenaSi warmoiqmneba laminaruli sasazRvro fena, romlis forma da sisqe damokidebulia
moZravi amrevi sxeulis zomebze. amrevis moZraobis siCqaris gazrdisas adgili aqvs sasazRvro fenis
mowyvetas zedapiridn amrevi frTis im adgilebSi, sadac siTxis siCqare yvelaze didia. Sedegad
moZravi frTis zedapirTan warmoiqmneba turbulenturi fena. sasazRvro fenis mowyvetis momenti
xasiaTdeba garemos winaRobis mkveTri zrdiT moZravi amrevis mimarT.
wriul siCqares yvelaze didi mniSvneloba aqvs amrevis periferiul nawilSi, radgan igi
pirdapirproporciulia amrevisdiametrisa. periferiul zonaSi warmoiqmneba dabali wneva, riTic
procesSi monawile masis nawilakebi cdiloben gadaadgilebas. am gadaadgilebis mamoZravebeli Zala
(wnevaTa sxvaoba) mimarTulia periferiisaken.
centridanuli Zalis moqmedebiT warmoqmnili radialuri nakadebi iwvevs aparatSi moTavsebuli
siTxis intensiur dagaadgilebas.

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 Txevadi komponentebis Semrevi aparatebis ZiriTad elements amrevebi warmoadgens. maTi
daniSnulebaa asarev masas gadasces meqanikuri energia, romelic Semdgom gardaiqmneba
nawilakebis kinetikur energiad.Semrev aparatSi amrevis mier warmoqmnili siTxis nakadebis
mixedviT arCeven Semdegi saxis Semrevebs: tangencialuri, radialuri, RerZuli da Sereuli dinebis.
siTxis tangencialuri dinebis SemTxvevaSi misi nawilakebi aparatSi upiratesad moZraobs
aparatis Ziris paraleluri sibrtyeebis koncentrul wrewirebze amrevis brunvis mimarTulebiT.
gadaadgileba xorcieldeba Semrevis wibos boloze grigalebis warmoqmnis Sedegad. Serevis yvelaze
cudi pirobebi iqmneba maSin, rodesac siTxis nawilakebis brunvis siCqare tolia amrevis Sesbamisi
wertilis siCqarisa.
radialuri dineba aris siTxis mimarTuli moZraoba amrevidan Semrevi aparatis kedlebisaken,
amrevis brunvis RerZis marTobulad.
Semrevis didi siCqareebiT brunvis SemTxvevaSi asarevi siTxe ahyveba Semrevis brunviT
moZraobas da iwyebs Semrevis lilvis irgvliv brunvas, rac ganapirobebs Rrmulebis warmoqmnas
siTxeSi lilvis maxloblad. Rrmulebis siRrme amrevis brunTa ricxvis, siTxis siblantisa da simkvrivis
SemcirebiT izrdeba. am movlenis aRmofxvris mizniT Semrevi aparatis zeda nawilSi ayeneben siTxis
amrekls, romelic, Rrmulis warmoSobis aRmofxvris garda, xels uwyobs siTxis turbulizaciasac.
Rrmulis warmoqmna SeiZleba gamoiricxos agreTve aparatis sruli SevsebiT (es gamoricxavs haeris
zonis arsebobas aparatis saxuravsa da asarevi siTxis zedapirs Soris). SeiZleba aseve aparatis korpusis
SigniT Semrevis lilvis eqscentriulad dayeneba, aparatis korpusisaTvis mravalwaxnaga formis
micema. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela es RonisZieba ganapirobebs moTxovnili simZlavris
gadidebas.
kvebis mrewvelobaSi gamoyenebuli yvela Semrevi mowyobiloba (nax. 32) SeiZleba or jgufad
daiyos. pirvel jgufSi Sedis frTebiani, turbinuli da propeleriani mowyobilobebi. meore jgufSi
gaerTianebulia specialuri Semrevebi: xraxnuli, Snekuri, konveieruli, CarCoebian, danebiani da sxv.
isini gamoiyeneba rogorc blanti, ise fxvieri masebis Sesarevad.
muSa organos (frTovanebis) brunTa ricxvis mixedviT Semrevi mowyobilobebi iyofa nel da
sxwafsvlian mowyobilobebad. Ruziani, Snekuri da lenturi Semrevebi miekuTvneba nelmaval
amrevebs. maTi frTebis boloze siCqare ar aRemateba 20_30 wT -1-s. swrafsvlian Semrevebs
miekuTvneba propeleriani (xraxnuli da turbinuli) mowyobilobebi, romelTa brunTa ricxvi Seadgens
100_3000 br/wT, xolo maqsimaluri siCqare amrevis periferiul boloze aRwevs 3_20 m/wm.
frTebiani Semrevebis upiratesobaa mowyobilobis simartive da mcire Rirebuleba. uaryofiT
mxares warmoadgens susti RerZuli nakadis Seqmna, romelic ver uzrunvelyofs Semrevis mTel
moculobaSi Tanabari Serevis ganxorcielebas. yvelaze Zlieri RerZuli nakadis miRweva SesaZlebelia

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frTovanebis 300-iT daxris SemTxvevaSi. isini gamoiyeneba mcire siblantis (2 pa.wm) mqone
siTxeebis Sesarevad.

nax. 32. Semrevebis tipebi

a-samfrTovaniani, b-orfrTovaniani, g-propeleruli, d-Ria turbinuli,
e-Ria turbinuli daxrili frTovanebiT, v-daxuruli turbinuli

xraxnuli Semrevebi xasiaTdeba tumbos efeqtiT. isini iwvevs siTxis intensiur cirkulacias.
Amitom turbinuli Semrevebi gamoiyeneba iseTi siTxeebis Sesarevad, romelTa siblante aRwevs 500-
mde pa.wm, agreTve uxeSi suspenziebisaTvis.
Semrevis frTis periferiuli nawilis siCqare gamoiTvleba formuliT

sadac d aris Semrevi frTis gare diametric, m;

n - Semrevis brunvis sixSire, wT-1.
Serevis procesSi cirkulirebuli siTxis moculoba

sadac F aris aparatis ganivkveTis farTobi, m2;

H - siTxis simaRle aparatSi, m;
M - cirkulaciis jeradoba, wm-1.

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 blanti masebis Serevis SemTxvevaSi areva xorcieldeba uwyveti an perioduli qmedebis
SemrevebSi. Esaa specialuri mowyobilobebi, romlebic aRWurvilia CarCoebiani, Snekuri an lenturi
SemrevebiT (nax. 33). Mowyobilobebs SeiZleba hqondeT vertikaluri an horizontaluri amrevi
elementebi.

nax. 33. blanti masebis Semrevebi

1-CarCoebiani, 2-Snekuri, 3-lenturi

elastikur-drekadi masebis SerevisaTvis zogjer gamoiyeneba orelementiani Semrevebi,

romlebic brunaven urTierTSemxvedri mimarTulebiT da gansxvavebuli siCqareebiT.
fxvieri produqtebis Sesarevad sursaTis warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba sxva dargebSi arsebuli
Semrevebis msgavsi mowyobilobebi sursaTis fizikur-meqanikuri da reologiuri Tvisebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
mSrali fxvieri produqtebis Semrevebi konstruqciis mixedviT iyofa mbrunav da satransporto
mowyobilobebad. mbrunav mowyobilobebs miekuTvneba sxvadasxva tipis Semrevebi: doluri,
konusuri, mbrunavi kubiT da sxv. doluri Semrevebis ZiriTadi tipebi naCvenebia nax. 34-ze.
ufro xSirad, cilindrul dolebs amagreben horizontalur lilvebze vertikalurad (nax. 34, a, d) an
horizontalurad (nax. 34, b, ,g).
fxvieri produqtebis intensiuri SerevisaTvis, rodesac dasaSvebia nawilakebis daqucmaceba,
iyeneben eqvswaxnaga tipis Semrevebs (nax. 34, g).
mTeli rigi fxvieri kvebis produqtebi (Cai, yava) moiTxovs Serevis rbil reJims, romelic
uzrunvelyofs nawilakebis struqturis mTlianobas da ar iwvevs maT gadaxexvas. am mizniT iyeneben
konusur Zirian dolebs (nax. 34, d). produqtebis moZraobis Taviseburebebis gamo Serevis maRal
efeqts iZleva nax. 34, e, v. sqemebi.

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 N nax. 34. doluri Semrevebis ZiriTadi tipebi

gavrcelebulia agreTve cilindrul-bikonusuri dolebi (nax. 35). aseTi Semrevebi, rogorc wesi, aris
perioduli moqmedebis. maTSi komponentebis CatvirTva-gamotvirTva, wina sqemebisagan
gansxvavebiT, ufro xSirad xdeba erTi lukidan. doli 1 bandaJebiT 2 dayrdnobilia gorgolaWebze 3 da
asrulebs brunviT moZraobas.

Nnax. 35. cilindrul-bikonusuri Semrevi doli

perioduli moqmedebis Semrevebs miekuTvneba agreTve nax. 36-ze naCvenebi sqemebi.

Aa b
Nnax. 36. perioduli qmedebis Semrevebi :
a-“barbaca kasri”; b-konusuri Semrevi

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 rogorc gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, fxvieri produqtebis Serevis xarisxi maTi mravaljeradi,
dasaSvebze zedmetad gadaCeCviT uaresdeba da narevSi mimdinareobs sawinaaRmdego procesi –
daxarisxeba da separacia. amis gamo, yoveli calkeuli produqtisa da SemrevisaTvis eqsperimentulad
ganisazRvreba produqtis gadaCeCvis optimaluri raodenoba, romelic uzrunvelyofs Serevis maRal
xarisxs.

5. amocanebi sasursaTo produqtebis Serevis procesebze

amocana 5.1.
idealur narevSi komponentis wili Seadgens B0=0,4. Serevis Sedegad miRebuli produqtidan
aRebuliiqna sami sinji (n=3). sinjebis analizis Semdeg aRniSnuli komponentis wili Seadgenda:
a_variantSi: B1=0,25; B2=0,30; B3=0,35.
b_variantSi: B1=0,45; B2=0,48; B3=0,50.
gansazRvreT miRebuli narevis erTgvarovnebis xarisxi.
amoxsna
a_variantSi Bi<B0, amitom

b_variantSi Bi>B0, amitom

amocana 5.2.
Serevis procesi tardeba marTkuTxa formis mqone aparatSi gverdebis sigrZeebiT a=0,5 m da
b=0,8 m. siTxis simaRle Seadgens H=0,5 m. cirkulirebuli siTxis moculoba tolia V=20 m3.
gamoTvaleT siTxis cirkulaciis jeradoba.
amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvroT aparatis ganivkveTis farTobi

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 siTxis cirkulaciis jeradobas ganvsazRvravT formuliT

amocana 5.3.
sasursaTi produqtis komponentebis Serevis procesi tardeba aparatSi, romlis muSa sakani
warmoadgens cilindrul WurWels diametriT D=0,5 m. Serevis procesi aris intensiuri K(=0,5). muSa
agentis (airis) saerTo danaxarji mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi Seadgens Vsruli=500 m3. procesis
xangrZlioba tolia 5 sT-is. gamoiangariSeT airis wneva.
amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvravT aparatis ganivkveTis farTobs

aparatSi muSa agentis saaTuri xarji

maSin airis wneva toli iqneba

6. Tbogadacemis procesebi sursaTis warmoebaSi

Tbogadacema aris TavisTavad mimdinare Seuqcevadi procesi siTbos gadasvlisa ufro maRali
temperaturis mqone garemodan ufro dabali temperaturis garemoze.
siTbo Tbogacvlis procesis energetikuli maxasiaTebelia, romelic ganisazRvreba
ganisazRvreba energies im eaodenobiT, romelsac gascems an Rebulobis sxeuli Tbogacvlis procesSi.

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 Tbogacvlis procesebs miekuTvneba iseTi homologiuri (msgavsi) procesebi, romelTa
msvlelobis siCqare ganisazRvreba siTbos miRebis an gacemis siCqariT: gacxeleba, aorTqleba,
gaciveba, kondensacia.
6.1. Tbogadacemis ZiriTadi gantoleba

Tbogadacemis procesis ZiriTad kinetikur maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgens temperaturaTa

saSualo sxvaoba, Tbogadacemis koeficienti, gacemuli an miRebuli siTbos raodenoba. am sidideebzea
damokidebuli Tbogadamcemi aparatebis ZiriTadi parametrebi (zedapiris farTobi, kedlis sisqe).
Tbogadamcemi aparatis mier gacemuli siTbos raodenobas da Tbogacvlis zedapiris farTobs
Soris funqcionaluri damokidebuleba ganisazRvreba Tbogadacemis ZiriTadi gantolebiT

romelic damyarebuli procesisaTvis Rebulobis saxes:

sadac dQ aris gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba;

K – Tbogadacemis koeficienti sxeulebs Soris;
F – Tbogacvlis zedapiris farTobi;
- Tbogacvlis procesis xangrZlioba;

– temperaturaTa sxvaoba Tbogacvlis sxeulebs Soris.

Tbogadacemis koeficienti gviCvenebs, Tu ra raodenobis siTbo gadaecema 1 wm-is

ganmavlobaSi erTo sxeulidan meore sxeulze maTi gamyofi 1 m2 farTobis mqone zedapiris gavliT,
Tu maT Soris temperaturaTa sxvaoba Seadgens 1 0C.

6.2. Tbogadacemis saxeebi

siTbos gadacema SeiZleba moxdes TbogamtarobiT (konduqciurad), radiaciiT (gamosxivebiT)

an konveqciurad.
1) Tbogamtaroba ewodeba Tburi energiis gadacemis process sxeulis ufro maRali
temperaturis ubnidan ufro dabali temperaturis ubnisaken mikronawilakebis Tburi moZraobis
Sedegad. Tbogamtarobis Sedegad sxeulis temperatura mTel sxeulSi TandaTan Tanabrdeba.
sxeulis zedapirs, romlis yvela wertilsac gaaCnia Tanabari temperatura, ewodeba izoTermuli
zedapiri. sxeulis (garemos) SigniT temperatura icvleba erTi izoTermuli zedapiridan meoris
mimarTulebiT.

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 temperaturis cvlilebis fardobas izoTermul zedapirebs Soris manZilTan, rodesac es manZili
miiswrafvis nulisaken, temperaturuli gradienti ewodeba

Tbogamtareblobis ZiriTadi kanoni dadgenilia furies mier da cnobilia misi kanonis saxeliT. es
kanoni SemdegSi mdgomareobs: TbogamtareblobiT gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba proporciulia
temperaturuli gradientis, drois da im ganivkveTis farTobisa, romelic perpendikularuladaa mimarTuli
Tburi nakadis mimarT

sadac aris Tbogamtarobis koeficienti, vt/m2grad.

Tbogamtarobis koeficientis sidide damokidebulia nivTierebis bunebaze, mis agregatul

mdgomareobaze, temperaturaze da wnevaze. airebis Tbogamtarobis koeficienti temperaturis zrdasTan
erTad izrdeba da ar aris damokidebui wnevaze. siTxeebisaTvis (wylisa da glicerinis garda) piriqiT,
temperaturis gazrdiT Tbogamtarobis koeficienti mcirdeba. myari sxeulebis umravlesobisaTvis
temperaturis gazrdiT Tbogamtarobis koeficienti izrdeba.
2) Tburi gamosxiveba. sxeulze dacemuli gamosxivebis mTeli energiidan nawili
STainTqmeba sxeulis mier, nawili airekleba misi zedapiridan, nawili ki sxeulis gaivlis Semdeg gadis
garemoSi. Sesabamisad, adgili aqvs Tanafardobas:

=1
sadac QSTanTq aris STanTqmuli siTbos raodenoba;
Qarekl – areklili siTbos raodenoba;
Qgavlil – sxeulSi gavlili siTbos raodenoba;
Q – mTlianad sxeulze dacemuli siTbos raodenoba.
Sesabamisad SeiZleba daiweros

sxeulis gamosxivebis unars (E), sxeulis mier gamosxivebul energiasa (Q) da sxeulis (F)
zedapiris farTobs Soris damokidebulebas adgens stefan-bolcmanis kanoni

gamosxivebis energia damokidebulia gamosxivebuli talRebis sigrZeze da temperaturaze.

gamosxivebis unarsa da absoluturad Savi sxeulis temperaturas Soris damokidebuleba gamoisaxeba
formuliT

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an praqtikuli angariSisaTvis

sadac C0 aris absoluturad Savi sxeulis gamosxivebis koeficienti

stefan-bolcmanis kanons realuri sxeulebis SemTxvevaSi aqvs Semdegi saxe:

sadac C aris nacrisferi sxeulis gamosxivebis koeficienti.

saerTod C-s mniSvneloba yovelTvis naklebia C0-is mniSvnelobaze da SeiZleba icvlebodes
0_5,67 vt/m2K4 farglebSi.
fardobas

ewodeba fardobiTi gamosxivebis unari an Savi sxeulis xarisxi da icvleba sazRvrebSi 0-dan 1-mde.
3) konveqciuri Tbogacvla. Tbogacema ewodeba Tbogacvlis process sxeulis zedapirsa da
garemos Soris.
Tbogacemis intensivoba xasiaTdeba Tbogacemis koeficientiT, romelic tolia gamyof zedapirze
Tburi nakadis simkvrivis fardobisa (temperaturuli dawnevisa) Tbocvlis zedapirTan.
konveqciuri Tbogacvlisas siTbo vrceldeba myari sxeulis zedapiridan siTxeSi an airSi
konveqciiT da TbogamtarobiT. myari sxeulis zedapiridan siTxis nakadSi igi vrceldeba sasazRvro
fenis galiT TbogamtarobiT, sasazRvro fenidan siTxis an airis nakadis centrSi ki _ ZiriTadad
konveqviiT.
Tbogacemis procesis intensivobaze did gavlenas axdens siTxis an airis moZraobis xasiaTi.
ganasxvaveben Tbogacemas Tavisufali da iZulebiTi konveqciis pirobebSi.
Tavisufali anu bunebrivi konveqciis qveS igulisxmeba siTxis an airis nawilakebis
gadaadgileba Tbogadamcemi aparatis moculobis SigniT civi da gacxelebuli nawilakebis simkvriveTa
sxvaobis xarjze. bunebrivi konveqciis siCqare ganisazRvreba siTxis fizikuri TvisebebiT, civ da cxel
nawilakebs Soris temperaturaTa sxvaobiT da im moculobis sididiT, romelSic mimdinareobs procesi.
iZulebiTi konveqcia warmoiqmneba siTxeze an airze tumbos an ventilatoris zemoqmedebiT
da ganisazRvreba garemos fizikuri TvisebebiT, misi moZraobis siCqariT, im arxebis zomebiT da
formiT, romelSic moZraobs nakadi. am SemTxvevaSi Tbogacvlis procesi mimdinareobs gacilebiT
swrafad, vidre Tavisufali konveqciis dros.

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 Tbogadacemis procesis niutonis kanonis Tanaxmad Tbogadamcemi zedapiridan siTxis an
airis nakadisaTvis an piriqiT gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba pirdapirproporciulia Tbogacvlis zedapiris
farTobis, temperaturaTa sxvaobisa zedapirsa da nakads Soris da procesis xangrZliobisa

sadac dQ konveqciiT aris gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba;

- Tbogadamcemi zedapiris temperature;

- siTxis an airis nakadis temperature;

– Tbogadamcemi zedapiris farTobi;

– Tbogadacemis procesis xangrZlioba;

– Tbogacemis koeficienti.

Tbogacemis koeficienti gviCvenebs, Tu siTbos ra raodenoba gadaecema Tbogacvlis zedapiris

1 m2 farTobidan masTan SexebaSi myof nakads 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, Tu zedapirsa da nakads Soris
temperaturaTa sxvaoba 1 0C Seadgens.

6.3. Tburi procesebis saxeebi

1) gacxeleba (gaxureba).
gacxeleba ewodeba masalis temperaturis gadidebas masze siTbos miwodebis gziT. kvebis
mrewvelobaSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli gacxelebis meTodebia cxeli wyliT an raime sxva Txevadi
TbogadamtaniT, gajerebuli wylis orTqliT, namwvi airebiT an eleqtrodeniT gacxeleba.
am mizniT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saxiT Tbogadamcemebi.
wyliT gacxeleba gamoiyeneba produqtebis gacxelebisa da pasterizaciisaTvis temperaturiT
1000C-mde. 1000C-ze maRali temperaturis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba gadaxurebuli wyali, romelic
imyofeba maRali wnevis qveS.
wylis an sxva Tbogadamtanis xarji iangariSeba Tburi balansis gantolebidan

sadac da - aris Sesabamisad wylisa da produqtis raodenobebi, kg/sT;

da - wylisa da produqtis siTbotevadobebi, kj/kg.grad;

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 da - wylisa da produqtis sawyisi temperaturebi, 0C;

fa - wylisa da produqtis saboloo temperaturebi, 0C;

- Tburi danakargebi garemoSi, kj/sT.

najeri wylis orTqliT gacxeleba farTodaa gavrcelebuli rogorc kvebis mrewvelobaSi, ise
warmoebis sxva dargebSic. mis dadebiT Taviseburebebs miekuTvneba: didi raodenobiT siTbos
gamoyofa orTqlis kondensaciisas (2264_2024 k.jouli 1 kg orTqlis kondensaciis SemTxvevaSi
Sesabamisad absoluturi wnevisas 0,1_1,0 mpa), maRali Tbogadacemis koeficienti kondensirebuli
orTqlidan kedelze (20000_40000 kj/m2sTgrad), Tanabari gacxeleba.
wylis najeri orTqliT gacxelebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba ori ZiriTadi xerxi: gacxeleba
~yru~ orTqliT da gacxeleba “mwvave” (maxvili) orTqliT.
~yru~ orTqliT gacxelebis SemTxvevaSi siTbo orTqlidan gasaxurebel sxeuls an garemos
gadaecema gamyofi kedlis gavliT. orTqli ~yru~ kedelTan Sexebis dros gadascems mas siTbos,
kondensirdeba da gamoiyofa siTxis saxiT. angariSis dros kondensaciis temperatura aiReba najeri

orTqlis temperaturis tolad ( ).

eleqtrodeniT gacxeleba xorcieldeba eleqtruli winaRobis RumelebSi pirdapiri da iribi

moqmedebiT. pirdapiri moqmedebis RumelebSi sxeuli cxeldeba uSualod masSi denis gatarebis
Sedegad.
maRali sixSiris deniT gacxeleba dafuZnebulia dieleqtrikebSi (kvebis produqtebis
umravlesoba denis cudi gamtaria da dieleqtrikebs miekuTvneba) cvladi denis gavlis Sedegad misi
molekulebis rxevis sixSiris gazrdis movlenaze. am dros energiis nawili ixarjeba aRniSnuli
molekulebis erTmaneTis mimarT xaxunis daZlevaze. es energia gardaiqmneba siTbur energiad,
romelic acxelebs sxeuls (nivTierebas). joul-lencis kanonis Tanaxmad gamoyofili siTburi energia
pirdapirproporciulia denis Zalisa da Zabvisa. sawarmoo procesebSi iyeneben

hercis sixSiris dens. maRali sixSiris denis misaRebad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saxis
eleqtrogeneratorebi.
dieleqtrikuli gaxurebis upiratesobebs warmoadgens: energiis (siTbos) gamoyofa uSualod
gasacxelebeli sxeulis SigniT, swrafi gacxeleba saWiro temperaturamde da procesis martivi
regulireba.

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 arapirdapiri gacxelebis RumelebSi siTbo gamoiyofa gamacxelebel elementebSi denis gavlis
Sedegad, gamoyofili siTbo ki gadaecema gasacxelebel masalas TbogamtarobiT, gamosxivebiT an
koveqciis gziT.
eleqtrodeniT gaxurebisaTvis saWiro siTbos raodenoba gamoiTvleba Tburi balansis
gantolebidan

sadac aris eleqtromowyobilobis mier gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba,

kj/sT;
G – aparatSi gadasamuSavebeli produqtis raodenoba, kg/sT;
C – gadasamuSavebeli produqtis Tbotevadoba, kj/kg.grad;

da - gadasamuSavebeli produqtis sawyisi da saboloo

temperaturebi, 0C;

- garemoSi siTbos danakargebi, kj/sT.

warmodgenili formulidan ganisazRvreba saZiebeli siTbos raodenoba

gamaxurebeli elementis simZlavre iangariSeba formuliT:

2) aorTqleba da gaciveba
aorTqleba aris siTxis orTqlad gadaqcevis procesi masze siTbos gadacemis gziT. siTxeebis
efeqturi aorTqleba xdeba maTi duRilis dros.
kvebis teqnologiaSi aorTqleba gamoiyeneba wylis gasaciveblad, gamoxdisaTvis, xsnarebis
koncentrirebisaTvis, Txevadi areebis dasayofad.
aorTqlebis procesi tardeba amaorTqlebel aparatebSi. aparatebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba wylis
darbilebisaTvis ewodeba gamosaxdeli, xolo aparatebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba siTxeebis
koncentraciis asamaRleblad – amaorTqleblebi ewodeba.
aorTqlebis dros daxarjuli siTbo gamoiTvleba formuliT

sadac W – aris aorTqlebuli siTxis raodenoba;

r – orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo.

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 magaliTad, 1 kg wylis srulad aorTqlebisaTvis unda daixarjos 2264 kj siTbo.
gaciveba ewodeba masalebis temperaturis Semcirebas maTgan siTbos arinebis gziT.
kvebis teqnologiaSi airebis da siTxeebis 25_300C-mde gasaciveblad iyeneben wyals an airs.
ufro dabal temperaturamde gasaciveblad gamoiyeneba dabaltemperaturuli gamacivebeli agentebi:
samacivro marilxsnarebi, freoni, amiaki, gogirdis orJangi, Txevadi azoti da sxv.
wyliT gaciveba xorcieldeba TbogadamcemebSi, sadac sicivis gadamtani gasacivebeli
produqtisagan gamoyofilia kedliT an gaciveba xdeba SereviT (magaliTad, airebis gaciveba xdeba
maTSi wylis gafrqveviT). gasaciveblad gamoiyeneba Cveulebrivi sasmeli (onkanis) wyali
temperaturiT 15_200C an arteziuli Wis wyali temperaturiT 8_120C. wylis ekonomiis mizniT
gasaciveblad nawilobriv gamoiyeneba wylis recirkulacia, rodesac gamoyenebuli wyali gacivdeba
sxvadasxva tipis saSxapeebSi da Semdeg kvlav ubrundeba ZiriTad process. aseTi wylis temperature
zafxulSi SeiZleba iyos 300C-mde.
gasaciveblad saWiro wylis raodenoba (xarji) iangariSeba Tburi balansis gantolebidan

saidanac

sadac W aris produqtis gasaciveblad saWiro wylis xarji, kg/sT;

G – gasacivebeli produqtis raodenoba, kg/sT;
C- gasacivebeli produqtis TboSemcveloba, kj/kg.grad;

- gamacivebeli wylis TboSemcveloba, kj/kg.grad;

da - produqtis sawyisi da saboloo temperaturebi, 0C;

da - gamacivebeli wylis sawyisi da saboloo temperaturebi, 0C;

- siTbos danakargebi garemoSi, kj/sT.

yinuliT gaciveba gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva produqtebisaTvis (magaliTad nayinisaTvis 00C-

Tan axlo temperaturisaTvis). Yyinuli arTmevs siTbos gasacivebel produqts da Tbeba, xolo 0C
temperaturaze dneba. gacivebis drois gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba eqsperimentuli monacemebi.
haeriT gaciveba xdeba bunebrivi an xelovnuri meTodebiT. bunebrivi gacivebis
SemTxvevaSi cxeli produqti civdeba garemomcvel areSi siTbos dakargvis gziT. yvelaze efeqturia
zamTris periodSi dabali temperaturis pirobebSi gaciveba. haeriT xelovnuri gaciveba xorcieldeba

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saSxape mowyobilobebSi, sadac wyali Camoedineba Txeli fenis saxiT an gaifrqveva frqvevanebis
mier zevidan qveviT, xolo haeri moZraobs wylis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT. am dros wylis gaciveba
xdeba ara marto Tbogacvlis Sedegad, aramed (ufro metad) wylis aorTqlebis xarjze.

3) kondensacia.
kondensacia aris nivTierebis gadasvla orTqlis an airis mdgomareobidan Txevad
mdgomareobaSi misgan siTbos arinebis xarjze. procesi tardeba kondensatorebSi.
kvebis teqnologiaSi kondensacia farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva nivTierebebis
gaTxevadebisaTvis.
kondensacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes nivTierebidan siTbos arTmevis gziT (rodesac
gamacivebeli agenti da nivTiereba erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia kedliT) an am sakondensacio
nivTierebaSi gamacivebeli agentis Serevis gziT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs zedapirul
kondensacias, meore SemTxvevaSi - kondensacias SereviT.
kondensaciis dros gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba gamoiTvleba formuliT

sadac D aris kondensirebuli orTqlis raodenoba, kg;

r – kondensaciis siTbo, kj/kg.
magaliTad, 1 kg wylis orTqlis kondensaciisas gamoiyofa 2264 kj siTbo.
zedapiruli kondensacia xorcieldeba TbogadamcemSi, romelsac zedapiruli kondensatori
ewodeba.
ganvixiloT gadaxurebuli orTqlis zedapiruli kondensacia wyliT.

სadac D aris kondensatorSi Sesuli sakondensacio orTqlis raodenoba,

kg/sT;
i – orTqlis enTalpia, kj/kg;
W – kondensatorSi Semavali gamacivebeli wylis raodenoba, kg/sT;

- wylis Tbotevadoba, kj/kg.grad;

- kondensatis Tbotevadoba, kj/kg.grad;

da - gamacivebeli wylis sawyisi da saboloo temperaturebi, 0C;

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 - kondensatis temperatura aparatidan gamosvlismomentSi, 0C;

- Tbodanakargebi garemoSi, kj/sT.

warmodgenili formulidan ganisazRvreba wylis xarji.

6.4. Tbogadamcemi aparatebis klasifikacia

kvebis mrewvelobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba Tbogadamcemi aparatebi, romlebsac

Tbomcvlelebs uwodeben. moqmedebis proncipis mixedviT Tbomcvlelebi iyofa rekuperaciul,
recirkulaciur da Semrev (saSxape, skruberi, Semrevi kondensatori da sxv.) mowyobilobebad.
rekuperaciul TbomcvlelebSi siTbos gadamtanebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia kedliT. erTi
siTbos gadamtanidan meoreze siTbo gadaecema gamyofi kedlis gavliT.
regeneraciul TbomcvlelebSi Tbogadacemis zedapiri monacvleobiT eqvemdebareba cxeli da
civi Tbogadamtanebis zemoqmedebas. Amitom es zedapiri erT SemTxvevaSi cxeldeba da
akumulirebas ukeTebs miRebul Tbur energies, meore SemTxvevaSi ki igive zedapiri civdeba da
gacxelebisas akumulirebul energias gadascems meore Tbogadamtans.
Semrev TbomcvlelebSi siTbos gadacema xdeba Tbogadamtanebis erTmaneTTan uSualo
Serevis pirobebSi.
rekuperaciuli Tbomcvlelebi konstruqciis mixedviT iyofa garsacmmilebian, ~mili_milSi~ tipis,
spiralur, brtyel elementebian (firfitebian), mosarwyav da perangian mowybilobebad.
kvebis mrewvelobaSi ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba garsacmmilebiani Tbomcvlelebi.
garsacmmilebiani, vertikaluri,, erTsvliani, uZravmilebiani Tbomcvleli (nax. 37) Sedgeba cilindruli
korpusisagan 1, romelic orive mxru=idan SemosazRvrulia masze miduRebuli tixrebiT 2. Tixrebze
mimagrebulia gamacxelebeli milebi 3. Milebis kona 3 korpusis mTel Siga moculobas yofs milebs
Siga da milebs Soris areebad. korpusi aRWurvilia orTqlis Semyvani da gamomyvani miltuCebiT 4,
aseve civi da cxeli wylis Semyvani da gamomyvani miltuCebiT 4. Tbomataris erTi nakadi Sedis
milebis Siga sivrceSi, gaivlis milebSi 3 da gamodis Tbomcvlelidan milyeliT 4. Tbomataris meore
nakadi Sedis korpusis 1 zeda nawilSi miltuCiT 4, gaivlis milebs Soris sivrceSi da am milebis kedlebis
gavliT gadascems siTbos milebis signiT gamaval pirvel nakads. bolos es Tbomatari korpusis 1 qveda
nawilSi ganlagebuli milyelis 4 gavliT gamodis Tbomcvlelidan.

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 nax. 37. garsacmmilebiani Tbomcvleli
1-korpusi, 2-cxaura, 3-milebis kona,
4-miltuCi, 5-saxuravi, 6-sayrdeni TaTi

~mili_milSi~ tipis Tbomcvleli (nax. 38) Sedgeba erTmaneTisadmi koaqsialurad ganlagebuli

milebisagan. erTi mili warmoadgens garsacms (gare mili 1), romlis SigniT ganlagebulia ufro mcire
diametric meore mili 2. milebs Soris warmoqmnil sivrceSi gadis erT-erTi Tbomatari. Meore
Tbomatari moZraobs Siga milSi. aparati Sedgeba ramdenime seqciisagan, romlebic Seadgenen
batareas. aseT mowyobilobebs axasiaTebs maRali m.q. koeficienti. maT uaryofiT mxares
warmoadgens didi gabaritebi da liTonSemcveloba.

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 nax. 38. ~mili_milSi~ tipis Tbomcvleli
1-gare mili, 2-Siga mili, 3-muxli, 4-milyeli

aseTi Tbomcvlelebi gamoiyeneba siTxeebs Soris siTbos gadacemis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

siTxeebis xarji mcirea. isini gamoiyeneba aseve siTxesa da dasakondensirebel orTqls Soris siTbos
gadasacemad.
Caziruli tipis Tbomcvlelebi warmoadgens cilindrul WurWels 1, romlis SigniT moTavsebulia
spiralurad daxveuli Tbomcvleli mili 2. erTi Tbomatari moZraobs daxveuli milis SigniT, meore ki
korpusSi milis garedan.

nax. 39. CaZiruli tipis Tbomcvleli klaknila miliT

1-korpusi, 2-klaknila mili

sarwyavi (saSxape) Tbomcvlelebi (nax. 40) gamoiyeneba siTxeebis, airebisa da orTqlis

kondensacisaTvis. Tbomcvleli Sedgeba kaskadurad ganlagebuli milebisagan 2, romlebic
erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia muxlebiT 3. milebSi 1 miedineba gasacivebeli siTxe. gamacivebeli wyali
zevidan Camoedineba dakbilul kideebiani Raridan 1. Raris dakbiluli kideebi uzrunvelyofs

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gamacivebeli siTxis Tanabar ganawilebasmilebis 2 mTel sigrZeze. aseTi mowyobilobebi martivia
dasamzadeblad, saimedoa muSaobaSi, Tumca xasiaTdeba dabali m.q. koeficientiT. rogorc wesi, es
Tbomcvlelebi montaJdeba Ria cis qveS.

nax. 40. sarwyavi (saSxape) Tbomcvleli

1-gamanawilebeli Rari, 2-mili,
3-muxli, 4-sayrdeni, 5-Semgrovi mili

6. amocanebi Tbogadacemis procesebze

amocana 6.1.
or sxeuls Soris Tbogadacemis farTobi Seadgens F=1 m2. Tbogadacemis koeficienti tolia
K=0,8 kj/m2wm0C. sxeulebis temperaturebia t1=200 da t2=1200. wonasworuli temperaturis
miRwevisaTvis daixarja Q=1000 kj siTbos raodenoba. ganvsazRvroT Tbogadacemis procesisaTvis
saWiro dro.
amoxsna
Tbogadacemis ZiriTadi gantolebidan ganisazRvreba TbogadacemisaTvis saWiro dro

amocana 6.2.

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 gamoTvaleT dasxivebis Sedegad produqtis mier STanTqmuli siTbos raodenoba, Tu
gamosxivebis wyaros mier gacemuli siTbos raodenoba Seadgens Qgac=500 kj, areklili siTbos
raodenobaa Qarekl=50 kj, xolo sxeulSi gavlili siTbos raodenoba Qgavl=100 kj.
amoxsna
jer davweroT Tburi balansis gantoleba
Qgac=QSTanTq + Qarekl + Qgavl
am gantolebidan ganisazRvreba produqtis mier STanTqmuli saZiebeli siTbos raodenoba

amocana 6.3.
eleqtrosaxurebel aparatSi gacxelebas eqvemdebareba G=100 kg produqti.
gamaxureblis mier gacemuli energia Seadgens Qel=300 kj. gadasamuSavebeli
produqtis kuTri siTbotevadoba tolia C=0,004 kj. produqtis sawyisi temperatura
tolia tsaw=200C. Tbodanakargebi garemoSi Seadgens Qdan=30 kj. gamoTvaleT produqtis saboloo
temperatura.
amoxsna
jer davweroT Tburi balansis gantoleba

aRniSnuli gantolebidan gamoiTvleba produqtis saboloo teperatura (0C).

7. gamoorTqvla (aorTqleba)

gamoorTqvla aris xsnaris koncentrirebis procesi gamxsnelis aorTqlebis xarjze. procesis

mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens temperaturuli depresia, romelic Tavis mxriv aris duRilis
temperaturaTa sxvaoba gaxsnil nivTierebasa da gamxsnels Soris. cnobilia, rom erTi da igive
temperaturis pirobebSi orTqlis moZraoba sufTa gamxsnelSi ufro swrafia, vidre xsnarSi.
temperaturuli depresiis sididis gansazRvra xdeba eqsperimentuli gziT.
Tu cnobilia temperaturuli depresia atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi, maSin sxva wnevebisaTvis
temperaturuli depresiebi ganisazRvreba formuliT:

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sadac T aris duRilis absoluturi temperatura, K;
r – mocemul temperaturaze wylis aorTqlebis kuTri siTbo.
xsnaris Tbotevadoba warmoadgens temperaturisa da xsnarSi gaxsnili nivTierebis raodenobis
funqcias. xsnarebis umetesi nawilis Tbitevadobas ar gaaCnia aditiurobis Tviseba. amitom maTi
Tbotevadoba ar SeiZleba gamoiTvalos gaxsnili da gamxsneli nivTierebebis saSualebiT. es gadaxra
miT ufro metia, rac ufro maRalia xsnaris koncentracia.
gamoTvlebis Casatareblad saWiroa visargebloT cdebis monacemebiT, romlebic grafikebis an
cxrilebis saxiTaa mocemuli fizikur-qimiur cnobarebSi.
gaxsnis siTbo damokidebulia gamxsnelisa da gaxsnili nivTierebebis bunebaze da xsnaris
koncentraciaze. myari nivTierebebis gaxsnisas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, xdeba maTi kristaluri meseris
rRveva, rac moiTxovs energiis xarjvas. am dros SeimCneva xsnaris temperaturis Semcireba. Tu
gamxsneli da gaxsnili nivTierebebi erTmaneTTan qimiur reaqciaSi Sedian, maSin warmoiqmneba
hidratebi da gamoiyofa siTbo. gaxsnis siTbo aris galRobisa da qimiuri reaqciis dros gamoyofil
siTboTa jami.
nivTierebebs, romlebic advilad warmoqmnian hidratebs, aqvT gaxsnis siTbos dadebiTi
mniSvnelobebi, xolo im nivTierebebs, romlebic wyalSi gaxsnis dros ar warmoqmnian hidratebs,
gaaCniaT gaxsnis siTbos uaryofiTi maCvenebeli.
gaxsnis integraluri siTbo ewodeba siTbos raodenobas, romelic gamoiyofa an STainTqmeba
1 kg myari nivTierebis gaxsnis procesSi.

7.1. gamoorTqvlis meTodebi

vakuumis pirobebSi gamoorTqvlis SemTxvevaSi amaorTqlebel aparatSi iqmneba

atmosferulze ufro dabali wneva vakuum-tumbos saSualebiT, romelic kondensatoris gavliT gaiwovs
aparatSi aorTqlebul siTxis orTqls. kondensatorSi xdeba orTqlis nawilobrivi kondensacia. miRebuli
kondensati orTqlTan erTad gaiwoveba vakuum-tumbos mier.
gamoorTqvla vakuumis qveS saSualebas iZleva procesi Catardes xsnaris duRilis pirobebSi.
aseTi piroba aucilebelia zogierTi produqtis optimaluri gadamuSavebis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.
atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi gamoorTqvlis SemTxvevaSi meoradi orTqli gaidevneba
atmosferoSi.

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 maRali wnevis pirobebSi gamoorTqvlis dros warmoqmnili orTqli maRali temperaturisaa.
amitom is SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas sxvadasxva siTbos momxmareblebSi (magaliTad,
saTburebSi). maRali wnevis pirobebSi gamoorTqvla xasiaTdeba xsnaris temperaturis aweviT, rac
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos teqnqologiur procesebSi.
kvebis mrewvelobaSi gamoiyeneba erTjeradi da mravaljeradi gamoorTqvla. isini tardeba
rogorc perioduli, ise uwyveti qmedebis aparatebSi.
siTburi energiis wyarod, umetes SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba wylis najeri orTqli, iSviaTad,
eleqtruli gaxureba. Gamoiyeneba agreTve gaxureba Sualeduri TbogadamtaniT (gaxurebuli wyali,
zeTi da sxv.). asaorTqlebeli xsnaris gacxeleba ZiriTadad xdeba siTbos gadacemiT kedlis gavliT,
romelic gamacxelebels gamoyofs xsnaridan.
erTjeradi aorTqleba gamoiyeneba mcire mwarmoeblobis SemTxvevaSi. am SemTxvevaSi
warmoqmnili meoradi orTqli ar gamoiyeneba da eqvemdebareba utilizacias.
gamoorTqvis ZiriTad aparaturas warmoadgens amaorTqlebeli aparati, gamaxurebeli,
barometruli kondensatori da tumboebi.
amaorTqlebeli aparati Sedgeba zeda nawilisagan (separatorisagan) da qveda gamaxurebeli
saknisagan, romelic warmoadgens garsacmmilebian Tbogadamcems. milibis SigniT moZraobs
mduRare xsnari, xolo milebs Soris sivrceSi _ gamaxurebeli orTqli. separatorSi xdeba siTxis
wveTebis gamoyofa meoradi orTqlidan. orTqli Semdeg kondensirdeba da gamacivebel wyalTan
erTad barometruli milis gavliT gamodis aparatidan. koncentrirebuli xsnari uwyvetad gadaitumbeba
amaorTqlebeli aparatis qveda nawilidan mza produqciis sacavSi.

nax. 41. uwyveti qmedebis erTjeradi amaorTqlebeli aparatis sqema

1-tumbi, 2-xarjmzomi, 3-Tbogadamcemi, 4-amaorTqlebeli, 5-manometruli

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 kondensatori, 6-wveTdamWeri, 7-manometruli mili

erTsafexurian amaorTqlebeli aparatis materialuri balansi SegviZlia Semdegnairad

warmovadginoT
mTeli produqtis mimarT

gaxsnili nivTierebisaTvis

sadac Gsaw aris amaorTqlebelSi Sesuli xsnaris raodenoba, kg/sT;

Gsab - amaorTqleblidan gamosuli xsnaris raodenova, kg/sT;
W - aorTqlebuli gamxsnelis (wylis) raodenoba, kg/sT;
Xsaw da Xsab - xsnaris sawyisi da saboloo koncentraciebi, %.
zemoT moyvanili gantolebebidan SesaZlebelia gamoiTvalos nebismieri ucnobi wevri, Tu
cnobilia danarCeni sidideebi, an teqnologiuri reglamentis mixedviT mocemulia gamosaorTqli wylis
raodenoba

erTjeradi gamoorTqvlis Tburi balansi gamoisaxeba Tburi nakadebis sqemis mixedviT:

Tu CavsvamT mniSvnelobas, maSin miviRebT

sadac D aris gamaxurebeli orTqlis xarji, kg/sT;

i, ii da i,, - Sesabamisad meoradi orTqlis, kondensatis da gamaxurebeli
orTqlis enTalpiebi.
bolo gantolebidan SeiZleba gamovTvaloT gamaxurebeli orTqlis raodenoba

miRebuli gantolebis maqjvena mxareze warmodgenilia sami Sesakrebi, romelTagan pirveli

aris orTqlis xarji gamosaorTqli xsnaris enTalpiisSecvlaze, meore _ gamoorTqlili gamxsnelis
enTalpiis Secvlaze, xolo mesame _ garemoSi siTbos danakargebis kompensaciaze daxarjuli orTqlis

77
raodenoba. am gamosaxulebaSi pirveli da mesame Sesakrebebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba meore
SesakrebTan SedarebiT mcire sidideebia. amitom gamoTvlebis dros xSirad gamoiyeneba gantoleba:

eqsperimentulad dadgenilia, rom 1 kg wylis asaorTqleblad saWiroa 1,1_1,2 kg najeri wylis

orTqli.
amaorTqlebeli aparatis Tbogadamcemi zedapiris farTobi iangariSeba Tbogadacemis ZiriTadi
gantolebidan

sadac – aris sasargeblo temperaturaTa sxvaoba gamaxurebeli najeri

orTqlis temperaturasa da mduRare xsnaris temperaturas Soris

temperaturis sruli sxvaoba gamoiTvleba temperaturaTa saerTo sxvaobis da temperaturuli

depresiis gaTvaliswinebiT.
temperaturaTa saerTo sxvaoba ewodeba sxvaobas aparatissakanSi miwodebuli
gamacxelebeli orTqlis temperaturasa da meoradi orTqlis temperaturas Soris (romelic gamodis orTqlis
gamosasvlelidan an Sedis kondensatoris SesasvlelSi):

sadac tgamacx aris gamacxelebeli orTqlis temperatura, 0C;

tkond - aparatidan gamosuli meoradi orTqlis an kondensatorSi
Semavali orTqlis temperatura, 0C.
temperaturaTa sasargeblo sxvaoba tolia

sadac aris temperaturaTa danakargebis (anu depresiebis) jami, 0C.

sadac aris depresia gamxsnelsa da xsnars Soris, 0C;

- hidrodinamikuri danakargebi aparatidan gamosuli orTqlis

temperaturasa da kondensatoris SesasvlelSi temperaturas

Soris. es danakargebi aiReba 1,0_1,5 0C farglebSi.

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 - hidrostatikuri danakargebi, romlebic gamoiTvleba formuliT

sadac t1 aris xsnaris duRilis temperatura gamaxurebeli milis Sua

nawilSi, 0C;
t2 - xsnaris duRilis temperatura asaorTqlebeli siTxis zedapirze, 0C.
mravaljeradi aorTqleba xorcieldeba mimdevrobiT SeerTebul ramdenime amaorTqlebel
aparatSi. aseT mowyobilobebs mravalkorpusians uwodeben. gamaxurebeli orTqlis ekonomiis
mizniT aparatebSi, garda pirvelisa, gamacxelebel agentad miewodeba wina korpusSi gamoyenebuli
orTqli.
aorTqleba Tburi tumbos gamoyenebiT. Tburi tumbo saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebuli iyos
wina aparatidan gamosuli meoreuli orTqli momdevno aparatis gasacxeleblad. amisaTvis meoradi
orTqlis temperatura unda gaizardos gamacxelebeli orTqlis temperaturamde. meoradi orTqlis
temperaturis amaRleba xdeba misi SekumSviT kompresorSi an orTqlis eJeqtorSi. kompresorad
gamoiyeneba turbokompresorebi.
wina amaorTqlebeli aparatidan gamosuli meoradi orTqli pmeor wneviT da imeor enTalpiiT
Seiwoveba turbokompresorSi. aq igi ikumSeba pSek wnevamde, ra drosac misi enTalpia izrdeba iSek
sididemde. SekumSvis Sedegad orTqli iZens siTbos raodenobas

SekumSuli orTqli turbokompresoridan miewodeba momdevno aparatis gamaxurebel

perangSi.
procesis Tburi balansis gantolebas aqvs saxe

aqedan gaxurebuli orTqlis xarji

adre miRebul gantolebasTan SedarebiT naTlad Cans, rom Tburi tumbos gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi gamacxelebeli orTqlis raodenoba mcirdeba meoradi orTqlis enTalpiis momatebis
xarjze iSek sididiT

gamacxelebeli orTqlis ekonomiasTan erTad warmoiqmneba turbokompresoris muSaobisaTvis

saWiro eleqtroenergiis damatebiTi siTbo, romelic zrdis meoradi orTqlis enTalpias sididiT:

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sadac aris turbokompresoris m.q. koeficienti.

7.2. amaorTqlebeli aparatis gaangariSebis meTodika

aorTqlebuli wylis raodenoba iangariSeba formuliT:

sadac Gxsn aris miwodebuli xsnaris raodenoba, kg/sT;

Xsaw da Xsab - xsnaris sawyisi da saboloo koncentraciebi, %.
gamaxurebeli da meoradi orTqlis temperaturebi aiReba cxrilebidan najeri wylis orTqlis
mixedviT.
gamaxurebeli orTqlis xarji iangariSeba mowyobilobis Tburi balansis gantolebidan.
Tbogadacemis farTobi

sadac Q aris gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba, kj;

K - Tbogadacemis koeficienti, vt/m2grad;
- procesis mamoZravebeli Zala, 0C;

- procesis xangrZlivoba, sT.

aparatSi gamaxurebeli milebis raodenoba

sadac d aris milis diametri, m;

h - milis simaRle, m.

7. amocanebi aorTqlebis procesebze

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 amocana 7.1.

gamoTvaleT sawyisi xanaris raodenoba, Tu sawyisi xsnaris koncentracia tolia ,

saboloo koncentracia . aorTqlebuli siTxis raodenoba Seadgens

amoxsna
aorTqlebuli wylis raodenobis saangariSo formulidan ganvsazRvravT saZiebel sawyisi xsnaris
raodenobas

amocana 7.2.
aorTqlebis procesSi daixarja D=100 kg orTqli, romlis enTalpia Seadgenda i,,=2500 kj/kg.
miRebuli kondensatis enTalpia tolia i=400 kj/kg. meoradi orTqlis enTalpia i,=2200kj/kg. iangariSeT
xsnaris sawyisi temperatura, Tu misi Tbotevadoba Seadgens Csaw=0,8 kj/kg0C, xolo aorTqlebuli wylis
raodenoba tolia W=50 kg.
amoxsna
aorTqlebis procesSi orTqlis xarjis saangariSo formulidan ganvsazRvravT xsnaris sawyis
temperaturas

amocana 7.3.
Tbomcvlel aparatSi Tbogadacemis koeficientia K=0,5 vt/m2grad. procesis mamoZravebeli
0
Zala C. gacemuli siTbos raodenoba Q=500 j. aparatis Tbogadamcemi milebis diametria

d=0,05 m, xolo maTi sigrZe h=1,0 m. aparatSi gaxurebis xangrZlioba sT. gamoTvaleT aparatSi

gamaxurebeli milebis raodenoba.

amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvravT Tbogadamcemi zedapiris farTobs

81
 milebis raodenoba toli iqneba

8. masagadacemis safuZvlebi. absorbcia

masagadacema ewodeba procesebs, romelTa mimdinareobis siCqare

ganisazRvreba nivTierebis gadatanis siCqariT erTi fazidan meoreSi konveqciuri
an difuziuri gziT. es procesebia absorbcia, gamoxda, eqstraqcia, Sroba,
kristalizacia da sxv.
absorbcia aris airebis seleqciuri STanTqma Txevadi mSTanTqmelis mier, romelsac absorbent
ewodeba.
gamoxda Txevadi narevis Semadgenel komponentebad dayofis procesia.
eqstraqcia aris nivTierebis gamoReba Txevadi an myari fazidan gamxsnelis gamoyenebiT.
Sroba aris tenis mocileba produqtidan aorTqlebis gziT.

8.1. masacvlis procesis mamoZravebeli Zala

masacvla ewodeba nivTierebis (an nivTierebebis) gadasvlas erTi fazidan meoreSi

wonasworobis damyarebis mimarTulebiT.
masacvlaSi monawileobs minimum sami komponenti: pirveli gamanawilebeli nivTiereba (an
nivTierebebi) anu pirveli faza; meore gamanawilebeli nivTiereba (an nivTierebebi) anu meore faza;
gasanawilebeli nivTiereba (an nivTierebebi), romelic gadadis erTi fazidan meoreSi.
pirveli faza aRvniSnoT G asoTi, meore faza - L-iT, xolo gasanawilebeli nivTiereba M -iT.
yvela masacvlis procesi Seqcevadia. amitom gasanawilebeli nivTiereba SeiZleba gadavides G fazidan
- L-Si an piriqiT imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria misi koncentracia TviTeul fazaSi.

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 davuSvaT gasanawilebeli nivTiereba procesis dasawyisSi aris mxolod G fazaSi da aqvs
koncentracia X. sawyis momentSi L fazaSi gasanawilebeli nivTierebis koncentracia nulis tolia (X=0).
Tu gamanawilebel fazebs moviyvanT erTmaneTTan kontaqtSi, maSin gasanawilebeli nivTiereba
daiwyebs gadasvlas G fazidan L fazaSi. L fazaSi M gasanawilebeli nivTierebis gamoCenisTanave
iwyeba misi ukumimarTulebiT gadasvla. drois raRac momentSi M gasanawilebeli nivTierebis
gadasvla G fazidan L fazaSi metia ukuprocesze. raRac drois gasvlis Semdeg pirdapiri da ukuprocesis
sidideebi Tanabrdeba anu orive fazaSi gasanawilebeli nivTiereba Tanabari raodenobiTaa. am
moments ewodeba wonasworuli mdgomareoba. aseTi wonasworoba myardeba M gasanawilebeli
nivTierebis G da L fazebSi koncentraciaTa Tanafardobis mkacrad garkveuli mniSvnelobisaTvis. am
koncentracias ewodeba wonasworuli koncentracia.
wonasworobis dros G fazaSi yovel X koncentracias Seesabameba L fazaSi wonasworuli Ywon
koncentracia da piriqiT, L fazaSi yovel Y koncentracias Seesabameba G fazaSi wonasworuli Xwon
koncentracia. am or sidides Soris arsebobs garkveuli funqcionaluri damokidebuleba

es wonasworuli damokidebuleba ganisazRvreba eqsperimentulad da ewodeba wonasworuli

damokidebuleba.
wonasworuli damokidebuleba gamoisaxeba mrudiT an, kerZo SemTxvevaSi, wrfiT (nax. 42).

nax. 42. wonasworuli damokidebulebis diagrama

mudmivi wnevisa da temperaturis pirobebSi

konkretuli wonasworobis kanonebi sxvadasxva procesisaTvis ganixileba am procesis

Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare.
fazebSi koncentraciaTa Tanafardobas

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ewodeba ganawilebis koeficienti. igi tolia mrudis mocemul wertilSi gavlebuli mxebis mier
abscisaTa RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebasTan Sedgenili kuTxis tangensisa.
wonasworuli damokidebuleba gviCvenebs, ara marto procesis mimarTulebas, aramed agreTve
gasanawilebeli nivTierebis gadasvlis siCqares erTi fazidan meoreSi.
sxvaoba faqtobriv da wonasworul koncentraciebs Soris axasiaTebs wonasworuli
mdgomareobis miuRwevlobis xarisxs da warmoadgens masacvlis procesebis SemzRudvel sidides.
masacvlis siCqaris koeficientebis da mamoZravebeli Zalis angariSi Seadgens masacvlis procesis
kinetikas.
zogadi kinetikuri gantolebis Tanaxmad, masacvlis procesebis siCqare pirdapirproporciulia
procesis mamoZravebeli Zalisa da ukuproporciulia difuziuri (masacvlis) winaRobisa.
aRvniSnoT difuziuri winaRobis sawinaarmdego sidide

sadac R aris difuziuri anu masacvlis winaRoba.

SefviZlia davweroT

sadac M aris erTi fazidan meoreSi gadasuli nivTierebis raodenoba, kg;

FM- masagadacemis zedapiris farTobi, m2;
- procesis xangrZlioba, sT;

K - masagadacemis koeficienti
- procesis mamoZravebeli Zala.

Zneli SesamCnevi araa, rom sidide aris masagadacemis siCqare kontaqtSi myof fazis

erTeulebs Soris.
drois erTeulSi gadatanili masa

Tu K=const, maSin masacvlis mTeli zedapirisaTvis gveqneba

bolo or gantolebas masacvlis ZiriTadi gantoleba ewodeba.

8.2. masacvlis procesis muSa xazi

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 gantolebas, romelic gamosaxavs damokidebulebas nivTierebis faqtobriv (muSa)
koncentraciebs Soris masagadacemis procesSi ewodeba masacvlis procesis muSa wrfe.

nax. 43. materialri balansis sqema

a-aparatSi nakadebis sqema; b-muSa xazis gamosaxuleba

ganvixiloT elementaruli masacvlis aparatis sqema, romelSic xorcieldeba masacvla or, erTi da
imave mimarTulebiT moZrav fazas Soris. gamanawilebeli fazebia G da L. gasanawilebeli nivTierebis
koncentraciebi aRniSnul fazebSi (kilogrami kilogram nivTierebaze) Sesabamisad iyos Y da X.
CavTvaloT rom Y>Ywon. maSin gasanawilebeli nivTiereba gadava G fazidan L fazaSi.
Sesabamisad, G fazaSi koncentracia Semcirdeba Ysaw_dan Ysab mniSvnelobamde da amis Sedegad L
fazaSi gaizrdeba Xsaw. aparatSi usasrulod mcire zomis farTobisaTvis

აnu

aqedan ganisazRvreba masuri raodenoba

anu

saidanac

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Tu aRvniSnavT

da

maSin miviRebT sworxazovan damokidebulebas (nax. 43, b).

8.3. absorbciis safuZvlebi

absorbciis procesi teqnikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba naxSirwyalbadovani airebis dasayofad,

agreTve marilmJavasa da gogirdmJavas misaRebad.
absorbciis procesi aris seleqciuri (SerCeviTi). es procsi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos xsnaridan
masSi gaxsnili airebis mosacileblad, agreTve airebis an orTqlis dasayofad.
erTi an ramdenime komponentis absorbirebis Semdeg, rogorc wesi, xdeba desorbcia, anu
STanTqmuli komponentebis gamoyofa siTxidan.
arsebobs fizikuri absorbcia da desorbcia. am SemTxvevaSi adgili ar aqvs qimiur
gardaqmnebs. qimiuri absorbciis SemTxvevaSi absorbirebuli airi an orTqli qimiur reaqciaSi Sedis
absorberTan (siTxesTan).
airis da siTxis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba sistema, romelic Sedgeba ori
fazisagan ( ) da sami komponentisagan (gasanawilebeli nivTiereba da ori gamanawilebeli

nivTiereba). Sesabamisad (K=3).

fazaTa kanonis Tanaxmad aseT sistemas gaaCnia sami Tavisuflebis xarisxi

fazuri wonasworobis ganmsazRvrel sam ZiriTad parameters warmoadgens wneva,

temperatura da koncentracia. es samive parametri SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad
Seicvalos.
erT-erT fazaSi (airi an siTxe) mudmivi temperaturisa da wnevis pirobebSi (rasac adgili aqvs
absorbciul procesebSi) erT fazaSi gasanawilebeli nivTierebis yovel koncentracias Seesabameba
meore fazaSi sruliad gansazRvruli koncentracia.

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 rodesac temperatura mudmivia, wonasworul pirobebSi wonasworul fazebs Soris
damokidebuleba ganisazRvreba henris kanoniT, romlis Tanaxmad mocemul temperaturaze
xsnarSi airis moluri wili pirdapirproporciulia xsnarze airis parcialuri wnevisa

anu

sadac P aris xsnarTan wonasworobaSi myofi airis parcialuri wneva;

X - koncentracia (moluri wili);
E - henris koeficienti.
henris koeficienti damokidebulia gaxsnil nivTierebaze (absorbtivze) absorbentze da
temperaturaze

sadac q aris airis gaxsnis siTbo, kj/kmoli;

R - airis universaluri mudmiva (R=8,325 kj/kmoli);
T - gaxsnis absoluturi temperatura, K;
C - mudmiva, romelic damokidebulia airisa da siTxis bunebaze da
ganisazRvreba cdebis safuZvelze.
formulidan Cans, rom temperaturis gazrdiT airebis siTxeSi xsnadoba mcirdeba. siTxesTan
wonasworobaSi myofi airis parcialuri wneva SeiZleba Seicvalos wonasworuli koncentraciiT.
daltonis kanonis Tanaxmad komponentis parcialuri wneva airebis narevSi tolia saerTo
wnevis namravlisa am narevSi komponentis molur wilze

anu

sadac P0 aris airTa narevis saerTo wneva;

Y - gasanawilebeli nivTierebis koncentracia narevSi (moluri wili).
aRniSnuli sidideebis gamoyenebiT miviRebT

Tu fazuri wonasworobis komponents aRvniSnavT

maSin gveqneba

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 gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom siTxeSi gasanawilebeli airis komponentis wonasworuli
koncentraciebi grafikulad gamoisaxeba swori xazebiT, romlebic gadis koordinatTa saTaveze da
romelTa daxris kuTxis tangensi tolia m sididisa da damokidebulia temperaturasa da wnevaze

nax. 44. damokidebuleba siTxeSi airebis xsnadobasa da

xsnarze maT parcialur wnevas Soris ( )

wnevis gazrdiT da temperaturis SemcirebiT siTxeSi airis xsnadoba izrdeba. rodesac siTxe
wonasworobaSia masSi gaxsnil airTan, maSin henris kanons emorCileba narevSi yvela airis
komponenti.

8.4. absorbciis sqemebi da absorbentebis tipebi

teqnikaSi gamoiyeneba absorbciuli procesebis Semdegi sqemebi: pirdapirnakadiani,

Semxvedrnakadiani, erTsafexuriani recirkulaciiT da mravalsafexuriani recirkulaciiT.
pirdapirnakadian absorberebSi (nax. 45, a) airi da absorbenti erTi mimarTulebiT
moZraoben. am dros airi absorbitikis maRali koncentraciiT kontaqtSi Sedis siTxesTan
(absorbentTan), romelSic absorbitikis dabali koncentraciaa. kontaqtis Sedegad xdeba wonasworuli
mdgomareobis damyareba, rac niSnavs airidan absorbitikis garkveuli nawilis gadasvlas absorbentSi.
Semxvedrnakadian absorberSi aparatis erT mxareze airi absorbitikis maRali koncentraciiT
kontaqtSi Sedis siTxesTan absorbitikis dabali koncentraciiT. am reJimis dros miiRweva absorbitikis
ufro maRali koncentracia absorbentSi, vidre pirdapirnakadianSi. naklebia absorbentis xarjic. meore

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mxriv aRsaniSnavia, rom radgan procesis saSualo mamoZravebeli Zala naklebia, amitom absorberis
gabaritebi da masa SedarebiT didi gamodis.

nax. 45. absorbciis sqemebi procesis gamosaxviT Y – X koordinatebSi

a-pirdapirnakadiani, b-Semxvedrnakadiani, g-siTxis recirkulaciiT,
d-airis recirkulaciiT

absorbentis an airis fazis recirkulaciis SemTxvevaSi (nax. 45 g da d) absorberSi

xorcieldeba Sesabamisad absorberis an airis mravaljeradi recirkulacia. magaliTad, absorberis
recirkulaciis SemTxvevaSi (nax. 45, g) Txevadi faza (absorbenti) mravaljer brundeba absorberSi,
xolo airadi faza gaivlis absorberSi qvevidan zeviT erTxel zevidan qveviT moZravi absorbentis
saWinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. amis Sedegad absorbenti sawyisi koncentraciiT X1 absorberidan
gamodis momatebuli saboloo X2 koncentraciiT. Y-X diagramaze muSa xazi warmoadgens swor xazs
AB.

8.5. absorberebis konstruqciebi

absorbcia mimdinareobs fazaTa gayofis zedapirze. amitom absorberi unda uzrunvelyofdes

airsa da siTxes Soris kontaqtis maqsimaluri zedapiris warmoqmnas. aRniSnuli zedapiris warmoqmnis
xerxis mixedviT absorberebi iyofa zedapirul da afskur, specialuri siTxis gamSleli detalebis mqone

89
(romlebze Camodinebis Sedegad siTxe iSleba da warmoiqmneba didi sakontaqto zedapiri),
barbotaJiT momuSave absorberebad, romlebSic sakontaqto zedapirebi warmoiqmneba airis gavliT
uSualod siTxeSi, gamfrqvevian absorberebad, romlebSic sakontaqto zedapiri warmoiqmneba airSi
siTxis gafrqveviT.
zedapirul absorberSi (nax. 46) airs atareben moZravi siTxis zedapirze. aseT absorberSi
sakontaqto zedapiri didi araa. amitom ramdenime aparats ayeneben mimdevrobiT, sadac airi da siTxe
moZraoben urTierTSemxvedri mimarTulebiT. absorber Sedgeba horizontaluri milebisagan 2,
romlebSic gadis siTxe. misi sawinaaRmdego mimarTukebiT moZraobs airi. siTxis donis
SenarCuneba xdeba zRudis 3 meSveobiT. absorberis gagrileba xdeba milebze siTxis dasxurebiT,
romlis Tanabari ganawilebisaTvis milebis zemodan dayenebulia gamacivebeli siTxis gamanawilebeli
1.

nax. 46. zedapiruli absorber

1-gamacivebeli siTxis gamanawilebeli, 2-mili, 3-zRude

afskuri absorberebi ufro kompaqturi da efeqturia, vidre zedapiruli. am absorberebSi fazaTa

Soris kontaqti xorcieldeba afskis saxiT Camodinebul siTxesa da airs Soris. afskur absorberebs
miekuTvneba milebiani aparatebi, romlebSic siTxe milis gareTa zedapiris gaswvriv Camoedineba
zemodan qvemoT, xolo airi moZraobs qvevidan zeviT Semxvedrad. siTxis afskis miReba
SesaZlebelia brtyel zedapirebzec (nax. 47).

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 nax. 47. afskuri absorberi
1-mili, 2-iTxis gamanawilebeli, 3-afskis brtyeli mimmarTveli

nacmebiani absorberebi farTod gamoiyeneba teqnikaSi. nacmebi efeqturad muSaoben, aqvT

SedarebiT mcire Rirebuleba. nacmebi unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: unda hqondeT
maRali kuTri zedapiris farTobi, mcire hidravlikuri winaRoba, muSa siTxiT kargi dasvelebis unary,
Jangvamedegi, unda SeeZloT siTxis kargi ganawileba absorberis mTel muSa zedapirze.
gamfrqvevi absorberebi muSaoben gafrqveuli siTxisa da mis sapirispirod moZravi airis
nakadis maqsimaluri sakontaqto zedapiris arsebobis pirobebSi.
yvelaze martiv gamfrqvev absorbers warmoadgens daxuruli cilindruli WurWeli meqanikuri
gamfrqveviT (nax. 48).

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 nax. 48. gamfrqvevi absorberi

es absorberi xasiaTdeba yvelaze maRali masagadacemis koeficientiT, radgan am

SemTxvevaSi maqsimaluria airsa da siTxes Soris sakontaqto zedapiri.
gafrqveuli SedarebiT msxvili nawilakebis mier aparatis qveda nawilSi wvimis efeqtis
Seqmnis gamo (koalestencia) mcirdeba fazaTa Soris kontaqti. amis gamo xSirad gamfrqvevebs
ayeneben aparatis sxvadasxva doneze. gamfrqvevi absorberebi gamoiyeneba kargad xsnadi
airebisaTvis.

8. amocanebi masagadacemis procesebze

amocana 8.1.
masagadacemis procesSi gasanawilebeli nivTierebis sawyisi koncentracia pirvel fazaSi
Seadgens Ysaw=0,2 kg/kg, xolo saboloo koncentracia tolia Ysab=0,05 kg/kg. pirveli fazidan meoreSi
gadasuli nivTierebis raodenobaa M=10 kg. gansazRvreT pirveli fazis saboloo masa.
amoxsna
masabsa da koncentraciebs Soris damokidebulebas aqvs saxe:

92
 amitom SegviZlia davweroT

amocana 8.2.
absorbciis procesSi pirveli fazis koncentraciebia Ysaw=0,1 kg/kg da
Ysab=0,05 kg/kg. meore fazis sawyisi masaa L=20 kg. erTi fazidan meoreSi
gasasuli gasanawilebeli nivTierebis raodenoba tolia M=5 kg. meore fazis sawyisi
koncentracia Xsaw=0 kg/kg. gamoTvaleT meore fazis saboloo koncentracia.
amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvroT pirveli fazis masa

gaviTvaliswinoT formula

saidanac gveqneba

9. adsorbciis procesis safuZvlebi

93
 adsorbcia ewodeba airis an orTqlis narevidan an xsnaridan gaxsnili nivTierebis SerCeviT
STanTqmas myari mSTanTqmelis mier, romelsac adsorbenti ewodeba.
STanTqmul nivTierebas ewodeba adsorbtivi.
adsorbciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia SerCeviTi STanTqma da ukuprocesis arseboba.
ukuprocesis (Seqcevadobis) ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis gamo STanTqmuli nivTiereba garkveul
pirobebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos mSTanTqmelisgan (adsorbentidan). ukuprocess ewodeba desorbcia.
adsorbcia Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargSi airebis gasaSrobad da
xsnarebis gasawmendad da gasakrialeblad, orTqlisa da airis narevis dasayofad, gamxsnelidan
Rirebuli aqroladi nivTierebis gamosayofad.
kvebis mrewvelobaSi adsorbcia gamoiyeneba difuziuri wvenebis gasawmendad, Saqris sirofis
gasawmendad, ludis gasakrialeblad, spirits, koniakis, aryisa da Rvinis organuli da sxva
SenaerTebisagan gasawmendad, saxameblis sirofebis gasawmendad.
ganasxvaveben qimiur da fizikur adsorbcias. fizikur adsorbcias adgili aqvs adsorbentis da
adsorbitivis molekulebis erTmaneTTan vander-vaalsis ZalebiT mizidvis SemTxvevaSi. am
SemTxvevaSi ar warmoiqmneba qimiuri naerTi.
orTqlis STanTqmis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes mis kondensacias. am
SemTxvevaSi adsorbentis forebi ivseba siTxiT. xdeba kapilaruli kondensacia, romelic warmoiSveba
adsorbentis kapilarebSi orTqlis wnevis Semcirebis Sedegad siTxis Cazneqil meniskze metad.
qimiuri adsorbciis anu qemosorbciis dros adgili aqvs qimiuri kavSiris warmoqmnas
adsorbentsa da adsorbtivs Soris.

9.1. adsorbentebis maxasiaTeblebi

kvebis mrewvelobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba Semdegi adsorbentebi: aqtiuri naxSiri, silikogeli

(siliciumis mJavas geli), alumogeli (aluminis hidroJangi), ceolitebi, Tixebi 94sset94.
sasursaTo produqtTan uSualo kontaqtis mqone adsorbentebi aucileblad unda iyos biologiurad
uvnebeli, raTa ar moxdes produqtis dabinZureba.
adsorbentebi xasiaTdeba didi kuTri StanTqmis zedapiriT masis erTeulze. maT gaaCniaT
sxvadasxva 94sset94s94c forebi, romlebic SeiZleba daiyos makroforebad (romelTa zoma naklebia

94
2*10-4 mm), gardamavali zomis forebad (zomiT 6*10-6 _ 2*10-4 mm) da mikroforebad (zomiT 2*10-6
_ 6*10-6). Forebis zomebiT ganisazRvreba adsorbentis StanTqmis unarianoba.
adsorbciis dros SeiZleba warmoiqmnas erTi molekulis sisqis mqone adsorbtivis molekulebis
fena (monomolekuluri adsorbcia) an ramdenime molekulis sisqis fena (polimolekuluri adsorbcia).
adsorbentebi xasiaTdeba garkveuli nivTierebebis StanTqmis unarianobiT (aqtiurobiT),
romelic ganisazRvreba adsorbentis masis an moculobis erTeulis mier StanTqmuli absorbtivis
raodenobiT.
aqtiuri naxSirebi miiReba naxSirbadSemcveli nivTierebebis (xis, torfis, Zvlebis 95sset95.)
gamowviT. gaaqtiureba xdeba maTi damuSavebiT 9000C temperaturaze. 95sset95s da liqior-aryis
warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba aryis xis da bambukisagan miRebuli gaaqtiurebuli naxSiri. gaaqtiurebuli
naxSirisaTvis kuTri muSa farTobi Seadgens 600_1750 m 2/gr, nayaris simkvrivea 250_450 kg/m3,
mikroforebis moculobaa 0,23_0,60 sm3/gr. Isini xasiaTdeba nacris mcire SemcvelobiT (8 %-ze
naklebi).
adsorbciuli gawmendis efeqturoba damokidebulia adsorbentis struqturaze da mikroforebis
moculobaze. Rekomendebulia im naxSirebis gamoyeneba, romelTa mikroforebis moculoba 0,3
sm3/gr-is farglebSia. Am forebis zomebi gansazRvravs StanTqmis siCqares. optimalurad iTvleba
naxSirebi, romelTa mikroforebis zoma aris sazRvrebSi 0,8_10 nanometri.
aqtiuri naxSirebi gamoiyeneba gamonabolqvi da warmoebaSi gamoyofili airebis
gasawmendad.
spirtisa da liqior-aryis warmoebaSi gaaqtiurebuli naxSiri gamoiyeneba spirtisagan da wylis
gamosayofad, spirtuli rqtifikatebis (aldehidebis, ketonebis, rTuli eTeruli naerTebis, maRalmolekuluri
nivTierebebis) mosacileblad. naxSiri StanTqavs glukozasa da fruqtozas, romlebsac Seicavs zogierTi
xarisxis arayi.
aqtiuri naxSirebi gamoiyeneba ludis da xilis wvenebis gasakrialeblad. Zvlebisagan miRebuli
aqtiuri naxSiri gamoiyeneba Saqris sirofis gaRiavebisaTvis. wvrilmarcvlovani dekolaris naxSiri
gamoiyeneba Saqris sirofebis, koniakis, Rvinis, xilis wvenebis, eTerzeTebis da Jelatinis
gasawmendad.
silikogeli warmoadgens siliciumis mJavas gelisagan miRebul gauwyloebul nivTierebas. mas
Rebuloben natriumis silikatis mineraluri mJavebiT an maTi marilxsnarebiT damuSavebis gziT.
silikogelebis xvedriTi forovneba Seadgens 400_780 m2/gr, nayari simkvrive tolia 100_800 kg/m3,
xolo granulebis diametric aris 7 m-mde.
silikogeli gamoiyeneba haeris gamosaSrobad, ludis da xilis wvenebis gasakrialeblad.

95
 ceolitebi warmoadgens bunebrivi an sinTetikuri warmoSobis wylian alumosilikatebs. maTi
forebis zomebi sorbtivis molekulebis zomebis Tanazomieria. 96sset ceolitebs uwodeben molekulur
bades.
ceolitebi xasiaTdeba maRali StanTqmisunarianobiT. isini gamoiyeneba wvenebis
gasakrialeblad, agreTve haeris gamosaSrobad. maT mrewveloba uSvebs 2_5 mm zomis granulebis
saxiT.
Tixa da sxva Tixismagvari sorbentebi_bentonituri Tixebi montmorilonitis safuZvelze da
maTeTrebeli Tixebi: gumbrini, askaniti da sxva warmoadgens maRaldispersiul sistemebs rTuli
qimiuri SedgenilobiT. maTSi Sedis SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO da sxva liTonebis oqsidebi.
bunebrivi Tixebis gaaqtiurebis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes wamoadgens maTi damuSaveba
mineraluri mJavebiT. damuSavebis procesSi maT Sordeba kalciumis, magniumis, rkinis da sxva
liTonebis oqsidebi, xdeba damatebiTi forebis warmoqmna. Tixebis kuTri zedapiri Seadgens 20_100
m2/gr. forebis saSualo radiusia 3_10 nanometri.

9.2. adsorbciis kinetika

adsorbciuli Zalebisagan damoukideblad nivTierebis raodenoba, romelic adsorbirdeba

adsorbentis erTeuli masis an moculobis mier damokidebulia adsorbtivis bunebaze, temperaturaze,
wnevaze da minarevebis raodenobaze fazaSi, saidanac xdeba adsorbireba.
wonasworuli mdgomareobis damokidebuleba adsorbentsa da adsorbtivs Soris gamoisaxeba
gantolebiT
an

sadac aris wonasworuli koncentracia STanTqmul da mSTanTqmel nivTi-

erebebs Soris wonasworuli koncentraciis dros airad an Txevad

fazaSi, kg adsorbtivi kg adsorbentze;
Y - fardobiTi koncentracia adsorbtivis orTqlis an Txevad fazaSi,
kg adsorbtivi kg inertul fazaze;
P - wonasworuli adsorbtivis wonasworuli wneva ortQlisa da airis
narevSi, pa.
damokidebulebas, romelic gamoisaxeba warmodgenili gantolebebiT, izoTermebi ewodeba.
qimiuri Termodinamikis safuZvelze miRebulia adsorbciis izoTermebis konkretuli
gamosaxulebebi, romlebsac lengmiuris izoTermebi ewodeba

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 an

sadac X aris adsorbentis mier STanTqmuli nivTierebis koncentracia,

kg 1 kg adsorbentze;
P - orTql-airis narevSi wonasworuli mdgomareobis dros wneva, n/m2; K, n, a, b - konstantebi,
romlebic ganisazRvreba cdebis safuZvelze.
adsorbentis mier STanTqmuli nivTierebis difuziis procesis siCqare damokidebulia forebis
jamur raodenobaze, temperaturaze da absorbtivis orTqlis wnevaze, agreTve adsorbciis procesSi
koncentraciaTa cvlilebaze.
adsorbciis procesis ukeT gasagebad moxerxebulia airwinaRis muSaobis principis
gamoyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi adsorbentis uZrav fenaSi miewodeba garkveuli sawyisi koncentraciis
absorbtivis Semcveli Y nivTiereba. davuSvaT, rom adsorbentis fenaSi absorbtivis Semcveli airis
nakadi moZraobs arevis gareSe idealuri gamodevnis pirobebSi. garkveuli drois Semdeg absorbentis
frontaluri (gare pirveli fena) xdeba gajerebuli absorbtiviT, ris Sedegad am fenaSi absorbtivis
STanTqma praqtikulad Sewydeba. amitom airis Semdgom fenaSi gavlis dros xdeba absorbtivis
STanTqma ukve absorbentis am Semdgomi fenis mier. Absorbtivis ganawileba absorbentis mTel
sisqeSi xdeba frontaluri fenis mdovred TandaTan gadaadgilebiT absorbentis sisqeSi, sqemaze (nax.
49) naCvenebia adsorbciis frontis gadaadgilebis mrudebi. isini gviCvenebs adsorbtivis koncentraciis
fardobiT ganawilebas h simaRleze drois mocemul momentebSi , ,... , sadac < < . . .<

da aris procesis dasawyisidan gasuli drois xangrZlioba.

nax. 49. adsorbciis frontis cvlilebis sqema

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 garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi adsorbciis frontis profili ar icvleba. adsorbentis frontis
muSaobis dros, romlis ganmavlobaSi is xdeba adsorbtiviT najeri, ewodeba adsorbentis frontis
formirebis dro.
adsorbciis zona droSi gadaadgildeba adsorbentis mTeli fenis gaswvriv. amave dros mdovred
icvleba adsorbentis koncentracia fenaSi. adgili aqvs adsorbciis frontis raRac mudmivi siCqariT
gadaadgilebas. moments, romelic Seesabameba adsorbtivis Seucvlelad gavlas adsorbentSi
Seesabameba procesis dasasruli. am dros adsorbtivis saSualo koncentracias fenaSi ewodeba
adsorbentis fenis dinamikuri wonasworoba.
adsorbentis sisqis im monakveTs, romelSic mimdinareobs STanTqmuli nivTierebis
koncentraciis cvlileba sawyisi mniSvnelobidan saboloo mniSvnelobamde (STanTqmis Sewyvetamde)
ewodeba muSa fena, xolo Sesabamis dros _ ewodeba dacvis moqmedebis dro. adsorbciis frontis
mudmivi siCqariT gadaadgilebasa da dacvis moqmedebis dros Soris damokidebuleba gamoisaxeba
i.a.Silovis Semdegi gantolebiT

sadac aris fenis dacvis drois koeficienti;

- dacvis drois danakargebi.

adsorbciis frontis gadaadgilebis siCqaris gamosaTvlelad SemoTavazebulia Semdegi

gantoleba:

sadac V0 aris nakadis siCqare adsorbentis nawilakebs Soris arsebul

arxebSi;

- absorbtivis sawyisi koncentracia absorbentSi;

- adsorbentis forovneba;

X - adsorbtivis koncentracia adsorbentSi wonasworul nakadSi

adsorbtivis moculobiTi koncentraciisaTvis.

9.3. adsorberebis klasifikacia

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 Pprocesis organizaciis mixedviT adsorberebi iyofa perioduli da uwyveti qmedebis aparatebad.
perioduli qmedebis aparatebi arsebobs uZrav da fsevdogaTxevadebul Sriani. xsnarebis gasawmendad
spirtisa da Rvinis warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba moculobiTi Semreviani adsorberebi.
sasursaTo warmoebaSi SedarebiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli vertikaluri cilindruli perioduli
qmedebis adsorberi. granulirebuli adsorbentis garkveuli raodenoba adsorberis korpusSi 1
CaitvirTeba sarqvelidan. korpusSi aris perforirebuli tixari 2, romelzec moTavsdeba adsorbenti 4.
aseTi adsorberebi gamoiyeneba airisa da orTqlis narevebis, aseve Txevadi xsnarebis adsorbciuli
gawmendisaTvis.

nax. 50. adsorberi adsorbentis uZravi feniT

1-korpusi, 2-perforirebuli tixari, 3-mili, 4-adsorbenti

sawyisi narevebis da maxvili orTqlis misawodeblad adsorberi aRWurvilia Sesabamisi

milyelebiT. sawyisi Txevadi narevi, rogorc wesi, miewodeba qvevidan zeviT wriuli miliT. air-orTqlis
narevi SeiZleba miewodos zevidan qveviT. warmodgenil adsorberSi procesi mimdinareobs oTx
stadiad: adsorbcia, desorbcia, Sroba, adsorbentis gagrileba.
adsorbciis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg, rodesac adsorbenti kargavs STanTqmis unars, saWiroa
misi regeneracia. amitom adsorbirebuli nivTierebis desorbcia adsorbentidan warmoadgens
teqnologiuri procesis aucilebel stadias. am SemTxvevaSi gadawydeba ori amocana: miznobrivi
produqtis gancalkeveba da adsorbentis regeneracia.

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 desorbciis ZiriTad meTods warmoadgens STanTqmuli nivTierebis gamodevna adsorbentidan
raime sxva nivTierebiT, magaliTad, gajerebuli wylis orTqliT, romelic xasiaTdeba adsorbciis
saukeTeso unariT. procesis daCqarebis mizniT mas axorcieleben maRal temperaturaze.
vertikaluri adsorberi koaqsialurad ganlagebul perforirebul cilindrebs Soris
moTavsebuli adsorbentis uZravi feniT. am aparatis daniSnulebaa komponentebis STanTqma air-
orTql narevebidan. adsorberi Sedgeba vertikaluri korpusisagan 1, romlis SigniT koaqsialurad
ganlagebulia ori perforirebuli cilindri 2, 3. maT Soris xdeba adsorbentis 4 moTavseba. adsorbciis
procesSi air-orTqlis narevi Sedis adsorberis centralur milSi 5 da perforirebuli cilindris 2 gavlis
Semdeg kontaqtSi moxvdeba adsorbentTan 4. Ukanaskneli STanTqavs miznobriv components.
namuSevari air-orTqlis narevi gaivlis perforirebul cilindrSi 3 da Semdgom gadis atmosferoSi.

nax. 51. adsorberi adsorbentis rgoluri feniT

1-korpusi, 2, 3-Siga da gare cilindruli badeebi, 4-adsorbenti

adsorbciis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg adsorbenti kargavs STanTqmis unars da saWiro xdeba
misi regeneracia anu desorbciis procesi.
adsorbirebuli nivTierebis adsorbentidan desorbciis procesi warmoadgens teqnologiuri procesis
aucilebel stadias, romelic aseve wyvets or amocanas: miznobrivi produqtis Tavisufali saxiT
gamoyofas da absorbentis regeneracias.
adsorberi fsevdogaTxevadebuli feniT. es adsorberi Sevsebulia wvrilmarcvlovani
adsorbentiT. sawyisi narevi miewodeba qveda milyelidan gamanawilebeli badis 2 gavliT. igi
kontaqtSi Sedis adsorbentTan. narevisaTvis garkveuli siCqaris miniWebis Semdeg adsorbentis

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nawilakebi gadadis Sewonil mdgomareobaSi. aseT pirobebSi adsorbciis procesis intensivoba
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba da Sesabamisad mcirdeba procesis xangrZlivoba.

nax. 52. adsorberi adsorbentis gaTxevadebuli feniT

1-korpusi, 2-gamanawilebeli bade, 3-separatori

9.4. adsorberis gaangariSeba

perioduli qmedebis adsorberis SerCevisaTvis saWiroa ganisazRvros adsorbentis fenis sisqe.

adsorbentis is raodenoba, romelic saWiroa sawyisi narevidan adsorbtivis STanTqmisaTvis sawyisi
Ysaw koncentraciidan saboloo Ysab koncentraciamde SeiZleba ganisazRvros materialuri balansis
gantolebidan

sadac G aris adsorbentis raodenoba; kg

Vair - adsorbtivis (airi an siTxe) raodenoba, kg;
Ysaw da Ysab - adsorbentis sawyisi da saboloo koncentraciebi g/kg;
Xsaw da Xsab – adsorbtivis sawyisi da saboloo koncentraciebi, g/kg.
Tu miviRebT, rom adsorbentis sawyisi koncentracia nulis tolia, maSin gveqneba

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 9. amocanebi adsorbciis procesebze

amocana 9.1.
gamoTvaleT airis narevis raodenoba adsorbciis procesSi, Tu adsorbentis raodenoba tolia
Vads=100 m3, adsorbtivis koncentracia adsorbentSi Seadgens Xsaw=0,01 kg/kg da Xsab=0,05 kg/kg. airis
narevSi adsorbtivis koncentraciebi Sesabamisad tolia Ysaw=0,01 kg/kg da Ysab=0,05 kg/kg.
amoxsna
adsorbciis procesSi wonasworobis gantolebas aqvs saxe

aqedan SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT

amocana 9.2.
gansazRvreT airis narevSi adsorbtivis saboloo raodenoba yovel kilogramze,
Tu narevis sawyisi raodenoba tolia G=50 kg. adsorbtivis sawyisi Semcveloba
Ysaw=0,1 kg/kg. adsorbentis raodenoba Seadgens Vads=50 kg da masSi
adsorbtivis sawyisi da saboloo Semcveloba Sesabamisad Seadgens Xsaw=0,0
kg/kg da Xsab=0,05 kg/kg.
amoxsna
adsorbciis procesSi wonasworobis gantolebas aqvs saxe

aqedan SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT

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 10. eqstraqciis procesebi

eqstraqcia sistemaSi ~siTxe_siTxe~ ewodeba gaxsnili nivTierebis gadatanas siTxidan sxva

(meore) siTxeSi, romelic ar ixsneba pirvelSi, magram xsnis gaxsnili nivTierebis komponentebs.

nax. 53. eqstraqciis principuli sqema

eqstaqtorSi CaitvirTeba sawyisi F nivTiereba (xsnari), romelic Seicavs gasanawilebel

(saeqstraqcio) M nivTierebas da L gamxsnels. siTxes, romelic gamoiyeneba pirveli gamxsnelidan
komponentebis gamosadenad, ewodeba eqstragenti E.
masaTa cvla fazebs Soris xdeba maTi erTmaneTTan uSualo kontaqtis pirobebSi. eqstraqciis
Sedegad miRebuli Txevadi narevi gadaedineba gamyofSi, romelSic is iyofa Э eqstraqtad da
eqstraqtgamoclil xsnarad _ rafinatad R, anu narCen siTxed, romlidanac moxda meore fazaSi
(gamxsnelSi) eqstraqtuli nivTierebis gadasvla. narevis dayofa eqstraqtad da rafinadad xdeba
dawdomis (daleqvis) an separaciis gziT.
eqstraqciis procesi xorcieldeba sxvadasxva konstruqciis aparatebSi, romlebsac eqstraqtorebi
ewodeba.
eqstraqciis ZiriTad upiratesobas warmoadgens misi dabal temperaturaze warmarTvis
SesaZlebloba, rac saSualebas iZleva gamovyoT narevidan Termolabiluri nivTierebebi, romlebic
maRal temperaturaze iSleba.
eqstraqcia farTod gamoiyeneba najeri xsnarebidan saWiro nivTierebebis gamosayofad,
agreTve koncentrirebuli xsnarebis misaRebad.
xSir SemTxvevaSi eqstraqcia gamoiyeneba reqtifikaciasTan erTad. radgan eqstraqciis
procesSi siTbos xarji mcirdeba sawyisi xsnaris koncentraciis gazrdiT, amitom eqstraqciis gziT
xsnaris winaswari koncentrireba saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes siTbos danaxarjebi sawyisi xsnaris
dayofaze.

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 gasanawilebeli nivTierebis gadasvlas erTi Txevadi fazidan (sawyisi xsnaridan) meoreSi
(eqstragentSi) wonasworobis damyarebamde (anu fazaTa qimiuri potencialis gaTanabrebamde)
procesSi monawileobs sami komponenti (K=3) da ori faza ( =2). fazaTa kanonis Tanaxmad sistemis

mdgomareobis variantebis raodenoba 3-is tolia. temperatura da wneva, rogorc wesi, eqstraqciis
procesis dros mudmivi sidideebia. amitom eqstraqciuli sistemis variaciuloba 1-is toli iqneba.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, wonasworul mdgomareobaSi gasanawilebeli nivTierebis
mocemul koncentracias Seesabameba meore fazis garkveuli koncentracia.
eqstraqciis procesis wonasworuli mdgomareoba xasiaTdeba ganawilebis koeficientiT, romelic
tolia eqstragirebuli nivTierebis wonasworuli koncentraciebis Tanafardobisa orive fazaSi _ eqstraqtSi
da rafinatSi.
najeri xsnarebis umartives sistemebSi, ganawilebis koeficientis mudmivi mniSvnelobis dros,

romelic araa damokidebuli gasanawilebeli nivTierebis koncentraciaze da , (sadac YP da X aris

gasanawilebeli nivTierebis wonasworuli koncentracia eqstraqtsa da rafinatSi) wonasworobis wrfe

swor xazs warmoadgens da aqvs saxe

10.1. gamotutva

gamotutva aris myari sxeulidan erTi an ramdenime nivTierebis gamoReba gamxsnelis

saSualebiT, romelsac aqvs SerCeviTi unari.
kvebis mrewvelobaSi gamotutviT amuSaveben kapilarul-forovan sxeulebs, romlebic arian
mcenareuli an cxoveluri warmoSobis.
gamxsnelis saxiT Warxlidan Saqris, aseve yavis da Cais eqstrahirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba
wyali; aryis, liqioris da ludis warmoebaSi, agreTve ualkoholo sasmelebis warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba
spiriti da spirtisa da wylis narevi; zeTis eqstraqciisaTvis da eTerzeTebis warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba
benzini, diqloreTileni da sxv. gamotutva warmoadgens ZiriTad teqnologiur process Saqris
warmoebaSi. benzinis saSualebiT xdeba mzesumziridan zeTis eqstrahireba.
gamotutvas teqnologiur procesSi xSirad moyveba gafiltvra, aorTqleba an kristalizacia.
gamotutvis procesis mimdinareobis dros adgili aqvs gamxsnelis SeRwevas myari sxeulis
forebSi da gamosatuti nivTierebis gaxsnas.

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 gamotutvis procesSi wonasworoba maSin myardeba, rodesac erTmaneTs utoldeba gaxsnili
nivTierebis qimiuri potenciali da misive qimiuri potenciali myar nivTierebaSi. xsnaris miRweul
koncentracias, romelic Seesabameba mis najerobas, ewodeba xsnadoba.
gamotutva warmoadgens rTul mravalstadiur process, romlis drosac xdeba gamxsnelis difuzia
myari nivTierebis forebSi, gamosatuti nivTierebis gaxsna da misi difuzia myari sxeulis kapilarebis
siRrmidan mis zedapirze fazaTa gamyof zedapiramde da masagadacema saeqstraqcio nivTierebis
Txevad gamxsnelSi eqstraqciis centramde.
procesis CamoTvlili oTxi stadiidan masagadacemis siCqaris malimitirebels, rogorc wesi,
warmoadgens bolo ori stadia, vinaidan masagadacema pirvel or stadiaze gacilebiT ufro swrafad
mimdinareobs, vidre danarCen orze.
gamotutvis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens sxvaoba myari sxeulis zedapirze saeqstraqcio
nivTierebis Ysaz=Ywon koncentraciasa da eqstragentis masaSi mis saSualo YsaS koncentracias Soris.
am SemTxvevaSi procesis siCqare

sadac aris masagadacemis koeficienti Txevad fazaSi.

molekuluri difuziis siCqare sisqis mqone sasazRvro fenaSi ganisazRvreba fikis gantolebiT

sadac D aris molekuluri difuziis koeficienti.

10.2. eqstraqtorebis klasifikacia

procesis organizaciis mixedviT eqstraqtorebi iyofa perioduli da uwyveri qmedebs

mowyobilobebad.
fazaTa kontaqtis Sesabamisad eqstraqtorebi SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad: safexurebiani, anu
seqciuri da diferencialur-kontaqturi.
safexurebiani (seqciuri) eqstraqtorebi Sedgeba calkeuli seqciebisagan, sadac
koncentraciaTa sxvaobis cvlileba xdeba naxtomiseburad. rig SemTxvevaSi yoveli seqca uaxlovdeba
koncentraciaTa vels, romlebic Serevis aparatebSi idealuria. eqstraqtori, romelic Sedgeba ramdenime
aseTi seqciisagan, koncentraciaTa velis Seqmnis mixedviT uaxlovdeba idealuri gamotutvis aparats.

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 Znelad dasayofi emulsiebis SemTxvevaSi yoveli seqciis Semdeg dayofis aseTma
organizebam SeiZleba migviyvanos aparatis gabarituli zomebis sagrZnob gazrdamde.
diferencialur-kontaqturi eqstraqtorebi uzrunvelyofs fazaTa Soris mudmiv kontaqts da
koncentratis mdovre cvlilebas fazebSi. fazaTa ganivi gadaadgilebis gamo SeiZleba adgili hqondes
saSualo mamoZravebeli Zalis Semcirebas idealuri gamotutvis aparatebTan SedarebiT.
Txevadi fazis dispergirebisaTvis moiTxoveba energies daxarjva. daxarjuli energiis saxis
mixedviT eqstraqtorebi SeiZleba iyos garedan energiis miwodebiT da miwodebis gareSe. garegani
energia urTierTmoqmed fazebs SeiZleba miewodos Semrevi mowyobilobiT, vibratorebiT,
pulsatorebiT. magaliTad, vibratorebiT _ vibropulsaciur eqstraqtorebSi, centridanuli Zalis saxiT _
centridanul eqstraqtorebSi, kinetikuri energiis nakadiT _ eJeqtorul da inJeqtorul eqstraqtorebSi.
Semrev-dasawdomi eqstraqtori Sedgeba ramdenime safexurisgan. yoveli maTgani Seicavs
Semrevs da damyofs. SemrevSi gare energiis miwodebis xarjze xdeba erTi Txevadi fazis dispergireba
dispersiuli fazis warmoqmniT, romelic nawildeba meore fazaSi. dispersiuli faza SeiZleba iyos rogorc
msubuqi, ise mZime.
damyofSi, romelic Tavis mxriv warmoadgens saleqars (ufro Tanamedrove mowyobilobebSi _
separators) xdeba emulsiis dayofa rafinadad da eqstraqtad.
ramodenime Semrev-saleqari mowyobilobis (seqciebis) SeerTebiT (kombinaciiT) miiReba
sxvadasxva sqemis mqone saeqstraqcio mowyobilobebi.
warmodgenili sqema xasiaTdeba rigi naklovanebebiT. kerZod, maRali liTonSemcvelobiT,
mniSvnelovani energodanaxarjebiT da didi sawarmoo farTobiT.

nax. 54. Semrev-dasawdomi saeqstraqcio mowyobiloba

1-eqstraqtori, 2-saleqari

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 TefSebiani eqstraqtori warmoadgens sxvadasxva konstruqciis perforirebuli TefSebis
anakrebs. TefSebi aRWurvilia gadasadeni mowyobilobebiT. fazaTa Soris urTierTqmedeba
mimdinareobs maTi urTierTgadamkveTi moZraobiT yovel TefSze. Dispergirebuli faza (mZime an
msubuqi) gaivlis TefSebis naxvretebSi da daiyofa wvril wveTebad. dispersuli (brtyeli) faza
gadaadgildeba TfSebis gaswvriv da misi gadasvla Semdgom TefSze xdeba gadasxmiT gravitaciuli
Zalis zemoqmedebiT. TefSebze wvrili wveTebi warmoqmnis brtyel fenas TefSis zemoT (mZime
siTxe) an TefSis qvemoT (msubuqi siTxe). aseTi moZraobis Sedegad xdeba siTxeebis sakontaqto
zedapiris gazrda da eqstraqciis procesis intensifikacia. eqstraqtoris seqcionireba amcirebs fazaTa
ukuSerevas da uzrunvelyofs procesis mamoZravebeli Zalis gazrdas.
dispersuli fazis siCqare TefSebis naxvretebSi ganisazRvreba Wavluri reJimis SeqmniT (siTxis
uwyveti wvrili swrafi nakadi). siTxis gravitaciuli siCqare, romelzec xdeba wveTovani reJimis
WavlurSi gadasvla, ganisazRvreba TefSebis naxvretebis diametric mixedviT Semdegi formuliT:

sadac d0 aris TefSebis naxvretebis diametri.

eqstraqtoris mdgrad Wavlur reJimSi muSaobisaTvis siCqares zrdian 20 %-iT

nax. 55. TefSebiani eqstraqtori

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 1-cilindruli korpusi, 2-gadasasxmeli mowyobiloba, 3-perforirebuli TefSebi

rotorul-badroebiani eqstraqtori miekuTvneba fazaTa meqanikurad Semrev

mowyobilobebs. is warmoadgens vertikalur mravalseqciur aparats, romlis cilindrul korpusSi
vertikalur RerZze damagrebulia rotori brunvis saSualebiT, romelzec damagrebulia horizontaluri
wriuli badroebi. badroebi brunavs seqciis Sua nawilSi. amiT isini xals uSlis nakadis gadaadgilebas,
iwvevs mis turbulizacias da xels uwyobs procesis mamoZravebeli Zalis gazrdas. rotoris brunvis
Sedegad warmoqmnili badroebis moZraoba uzrunvelyofs ZiriTadi fazis gadaadgilebas RerZidan
eqstraqtoris kedlebisaken. kedlebTan Sejaxebis Semdeg siTxis nawili zeviT gadaadgildeba, nawili ki
qvemoT. am dros isini ejaxeba korpusze damagrebul wriul tixrebs, icvlis mimarTulebas da iwyebs
moZraobas RerZisaken. ase warmoiqmneba siTxis toroidaluri nakadebi.

nax. 56. rotorul-diskuri eqstraqtori

1, 5-saleqari zonebi, 2-korpusi, 3-rgoluri tixrebi, 4-rotori

eqstraqtoris zeda da qveda nawilebSi ganlagebulia daleqvis zonebi. eqstraqtis msubuqi fazis
wveTebi moZraobs zemoT da ganlagdeba zeda saleqar zonaSi. Qveda saleqar zonaSi ki moxvdeba
mZime siTxis nawili da daileqeba rafinatis saxiT.
eqstraqciis procesis intensifikaciisaTvis eqstraqtori aRWurvilia vibratorebiT an pulsatorebiT,
romlebic xels uwyobs siTxis moZraobis intensivobis amaRlebas. am eqstraqtorebSi urTierTmoqmedi

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siTxeebi modis rxeviT moZraobaSi, rac zrdis gasanawilebeli nivTierebis eqstragentSi gadasvlis
siCqares da, Sesabamisad, amcirebs procesis xangrZlivobas.
eqstraqtorebi xasiaTdeba konstruqciis simartiviT, eqspluataciaze mcire danaxarjebiT da dabali
RirebulebiT.
siTxes rxeviTi moZraoba SeiZeba mianiWos korpusis gareT dayenebulma pulsatorma an
winsvliT-ukuqceviTi moZraobis mqone TefSebis sistemam, romlebic ganlagebulia uSualod korpusis
SigniT da damagrebulia erT RerZze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi eqstraqtori aris pulsaciuri, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi _ vibraciuli. pulsaciur eqstraqtorebSi siTxeze pulsaciis gadacema xdeba daWirxnili
airiT. rxevis amplituda ganisazRvreba SekumSuli airis wneviT. pulsaciis sixSire icvleba sazRvrebSi
30_250 rxeva/wT-Si, xolo amplitude Seadgens 2_25 mm-s.
perkoliatori warmoadgens vertikalur cilindrul aparats konusuri ZiriTa da saxuraviT. Zirze
ganlagebulia bade, romelzec zeda saxuravis gavliT CaitvirTeba daqucmacebuli myari produqti.
gamotutvis Semdeg produqtis narCeni gamoitvirTeba qveda saxravis gaxsnis Semdeg.

nax. 57. perkoliatori

1-saxuravi, 2, 5-milyelebi eqstragentisaTvis, 3-korpusi,
4-bade, 6-gasaxsneli luqi, 7-myari saeqstraqcio produqti

perkoliatorebi erTmaneTTan SeerTdeba mimdevrobiT da ase iqmneba eqstraqciis batarea.

maTi ricxvi SeiZleba iyos 4-dan 15-mde. gamxsneli (eqstraqgenti) miewodeba qvevidan zeviT
tumbos saSualebiT.

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 perkoliatorebis batarea muSaobs ukunavis principiT. nebismier aparatSi, romelSic miiRweva
saeqstraqcio nivTierebis saWiro doneze gamoReba, xdeba procesis Sewyveta, eqstrahirebuli masalis
gamotvirTva, axali saeqstraqcio nedleuliT Sevseba da eqstraqciis procesis ganaxleba. eqstrahirebuli
produqtis gamotvirTva xorcieldeba TviTdinebiT, hidrostatikuri dawnevis xarjze. mTlianad batarea
uwyvetad muSaobs.
fsevdogaTxevadebuli feniT momuSave eqstraqtorebi saSualebas iZleva gaizardos procesis
ganmavlobaSi gamotutvisa da gaxsnis efeqturoba.
aparati warmoadgens kolonas, romlis Zirze ganlagebulia muSa agentis gamanawilebeli bade.
am badeze itvirTeba daqucmacebuli fxvieri produqti. gamxsneli miewodeba badis qveda mxridan.
misi siCqare ise SeirCeva, rom wnevaTa sxvaoba badeSi Sesvlamde da fenidan gamosvlis momentSi
uzrunvelyofdes masalis fsevdogaTxevadebuli fenis warmoSobas da adgili hqondes nawilakebis
watacebas. aseTi aparatebi SeiZleba muSaobdes naxevraduwyvet an uwyvet reJimSi.
uwyveti qmedebis difuziurma aparatebma farTo gamoyeneba poves Saqris warmoebaSi
Warxlis burbuSelidan Saqris gamosayofad.
daxrili orSnekiani difuziuri aparatis daxris kuTxe horizontis mimarT Seadgens 8_100. aparati
aRWurvilia Sewyvilebuli ori SnekiT da CamtvirTi bunkeriT. Snekebi warmoadgens paralelur
lilvebze xraxnulad dasmul frTovanebs, romlebic erTimeoreSi Sedian. Snekebis aseTi konstruqcia
uzrunvelyofs Warxlis burbuSelasa da Txevadi muSa agentis erTmaneTTan intensiur kontaqts da,
Sesabamisad, procesis intensifikacias. SnekebiT xdeba Warxlis burbuSelas gadaadgileba da misi
danadgaridan Srotis (rafintis) saxiT uwyvetad gadmotvirTva. Warxlis burbuSela SnekebiT
gadaadgildeba qemodan zemoT.
korpusis SigniT Snekebis qveS dayenebulia kontr-frTebi da winaRobebi, romlebic xels
uwyoben Warxlis burbuSelas da eqstragentis (wylis) erTmaneTTan intensiur kontaqts, rac aseve xels
uwyobs eqstraqciis procesis maRalefeqtur doneze Catarebas.
aparati aseve aRWurvilia gamaxurebeli mowyobilobiT procesis optimizaciis mizniT.

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 nax. 58. daxrili orSnekiani difuziuri saeqstraqcio aparati
1, 8-eleqtroZravebi. 2-mimRebi bunkeri, 3-saxuravi, 4-frTovanebi, 5-winaRobebi, 6, 9-frTovanebi, 10-
Sneki, 11-gamaxurebeli sakani, 12-bade, 13-difuzirebuli wvenis gamomyvani Stuceri, 14-wibo, 15-
izolacia, 16-sawinaaRmdego frTovana

10. amocanebi eqstraqciis procesebze

amocana 10.1.

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 saeqstraqcio nivTierebaSi L=200 kg. eqstraqtuli nivTierebis raodenoba Seadgens XL=20 %.
eqstragentis masa tolia G=400 kg. eqstragentis sawyisi koncentraciaa Xsaw=0 %. miRebul eqstraqtSi
miznobrivi komponentis koncentraciaa Ysab=4 %. gamoTvaleT rafinatis raodenoba.
amoxsna
materialuri balansis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia davweroT

saidanac gveqneba

11. sasursaTo nedleulis Srobis procesebi

Sroba ewodeba tenis mocilebas myari teniani, pastiseburi an Txevadi suspenziebidan

aorTqlebis da warmoqmnili orTqlis moSorebis gziT. Sroba warmoadgens rTul masagacvlis process.
myar sxeulebSi Srobis siCqare umetes SemTxvevebSi ganisazRvreba Siga difuziuri tenis gadataniT.
Srobas eqvemdebareba sxvadasxva agregatul mdgomareobaSi myofi sxeulebi. saxeldobr:
granulirebuli, formirebuli da marcvlovani, xsnarebi da suspenziebi.
Srobis meTodis da saSrobis tipis SerCeva xdeba gasaSrobi produqtis, rogorc Srobis obieqtis,
Tvisebebis kompleqsuri analizis safuZvelze.
sasursaTo produqtebis Srobis dros gasaTveliswinebel yvelaze ZiriTad maxasiaTebels
warmoadgens maTi Tbomedegoba daJangvis, destruqciis da deformirebis mimarT, romlebic produqts
akargvinebs sasaqonlo saxes, bioqimiurad da qimiurad aqtiuri Tvisebebis arseboba da sxv.
Srobis pr0cesis intensifikaciisa da saSrobi danadgarebis ekonomiurad muSaobis ZiriTadi
gzebs warmoadgens:
_ procesis Catareba efeqtur hidrodinamikur garemoSi, rac saSualebas iZleva mniSvnelovnad
gaizardos Tbomasagadacemis koeficienti;

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 _ siTbos gadacemis kombinirebuli xerxebis gamoyeneba, rac iZleva Srobis obieqtis saWiro
temperaturamde SedarebiT racionalurad gacxelebis saSualebas;
_ kombinirebuli saSrobi agregatebis Seqmna, romlebic uzrunvelyofen Srobis optimalur pirobebSi
Catarebas;
_ Caketili cikliT momuSave saSrobi agregatebis Seqmna.
gasaSrob masalaze siTbos gadacemis gzebis mixedviT gamoiyeneba Srobis Semdegi xerxebi:
_ konveqciuri anu airiT Sroba _ siTbos gadacema xorcieldeba gasaSrobi masalisa da gamSrobi
agentis uSualo kontaqtis gziT;
_ kontaqturi Sroba _ siTbos gadacema Tbomataridan (magaliTad wylis orTqlidan) masalaze
xorcieldeba gamyofi kedlis gavliT (yru orTqliT gacxeleba;
_ radiaciuli Sroba _ siTbos gadacema xdeba infrawiTeli sxivebis gamomsxiveblidan;
_ dieleqtrikuli Sroba (maRalsixSiruli da zemaRali sixSiris deniT) _ siTbos gadacema xdeba maRali
sixSiris denis velSi;
_ sublimaciuri Sroba _ gayinul mdgomareobaSi myofi produqtis Sroba Rrma vakuumSi.

11.1. masalasTan tenis kavSiris saxeebi

arsebobs masalasTan tenis kavSiris Semdegi saxeebi:

_ qimiurad dakavSirebuli teni, romelic warmoiqmneba qimiuri reaqciebis Sedegad;
_ fiziko-qimiurad dakavSirebuli teni, romelic warmoiqmneba airis molekulebis adsorbciiT
naxevradgamtar membranaSi gavlisas;
_ fiziko-meqanikurad dakavSirebuli teni, romelic warmoiqmneba produqtis mikrokapilarebis
(r<10-4) da makrokapilarebis (r>10-7) mier orTqlis STanTqmis dros, agreTve gelebis warmoqmnis
procesSi.
SedarebiT martivad xdeba zedapiruli tenis mocileba, ufr Znelad mosaSorebelia qimiurad
dakavSirebuli teni.
qimiurad dakavSirebuli anu hidroqsiluri wyali warmoadgens hidrataciis reaqciis Sedegs da
miiReba SenaerTebis kristalohidratebis saxiT.
wylis fiziko-qimiuri kavSiris formebi mravalgvaria.
adsorbciulad nivTierebasTan dakavSirebuli tenis Sekaveba xdeba garemosagan koloiduri
nawilakebis gamyofi zedapiriT. gaaCniaT ra didi zedapiris farTobi, koloidur struqturebs aqvT maRali

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adsorbciis unari. adsorbciuli tenis Sekaveba xdeba molekuluri Zalebis gavleniT. tenis adsorbcia
xasiaTdeba siTbos gamoyofiT, romelsac ewodeba hidrataciis siTbo.
osmosurad dakavSirebuli teni, anu gajijvis teni ganTavsebulia ujredebis SigniT da misi
Sekaveba xdeba osmosuri ZalebiT.
kapilarulad dakavSirebuli teni ganTavsebulia mikro da makro kapilarebis SigniT. es teni
meqanikuradaa dakavSirebuli nivTierebasTan da SedarebiT iolad scildeba mas. nivTierebis zedapirze
orTqlis wneva miT ufro naklebia, rac ufro mtkicea kavSiri nivTierebasa da wyals Soris. SedarebiT
mtkicea es kavSiri higroskopiul nivTierebebSi.

11.2. Srobis kinetika

nebismier myar tenian nivTierebas SeuZlia STanTqos teni garemomcveli garemodan an

gasces igi garemoSi.
garemo, romliTac garemoculia teniani nivTiereba, Seicavs an mxolod wylis orTqls, an am
orTqlisa da airis narevs. aRvniSnoT haerisa da wylis orTqlis narevis parcialuri wneva Ppar–iT. tenian
masalaSi tenis Semcvelobas Seesabameba wylis orTqlis garkveuli wneva Pmas, romelsac ewodeba
wylis orTqlis wneva tenian masalaSi.
tenian haerTan masalis kontaqtis dros SesaZlebelia sistemis sami mdgomareoba:
1) wylis orTqlis wneva tenian gasaSrob masalaSi metia, vidre garemomcvel haerSi an airSi, anu
Pmas> Ppar. am SemTxvevaSi xdeba tenis desorbcia teniani masalidan garemoSi. wylis orTqlis wneva
(Pmas) teniani masalis SigniT damokidebulia mis tenianobaze, temperaturaze da tenis kavSiris
xasiaTze masalasTan;
2) masalis garemomcvel garemoSi wylis orTqlis parcialuri wneva metia, vidre tenianmasalaSi
(Ppar>Pmas). am SemTxvevaSi xdeba tenis STanTqma masalis mier, anu masalis mier tenis sorbcia, rac
iwvevs masalis datenianebas (tenis raodenobis gazrdas);
3) wylis orTqlis wneva masalaSi da mis garemomcvel garemoSi erTmaneTis tolia (Pmas>Ppar). aseT
SemTxvevaSi myardeba dinamikuri wonasworoba. tenianobas, romelzec myardeba dinamikuri
wonasworoba, wonasworuli tenianoba ewodeba. wonasworuli Wwon tenianoba damokidebulia wylis
orTqlis parcialur wnevaze an haeris fardobiT tenianobaze. wonasworuli tenianobis damokidebulebas

haeris fardobiT tenianobaze ( mudmivi temperaturis pirobebSi ewodeba sorbciis

izoTerma. misi dadgena xdeba eqsperimentuli gziT.

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 11.3. Srobis siCqare

Srobis procesi warmoadgens rTul masagacvlis process. teniani masalidan gamyofi

zedapirisaken teni gadaadgildeba masagamtareblobis xarjze, xolo fazaTa gayofis zedapiridan airis
nakadis gulisaken _ konveqciuri difuziis xarjze.
masalaSi tenis difuzia xdeba ara marto tenSemcvelobis gradientis arsebobis gamo, aramed
aseve temperaturuli gradientis zemoqmedebiTac. am procesis analizuri aRwera sakmaod rTul
amocanas warmoadgens.
Srobis procesi warimarTeba siCqariT, romelic damokidebulia tenis masalasTan kavSiris
formaze da tenis difuziis meqanizmze masalaSi. Srobis kinetika xasiaTdeba masalaSi saSualo
tenianobis droSi cvlilebiT an tenSemcvelobis cvlilebiT.
Srobis siCqaris eqsperimentulad gansazRvrisaTvis ageben Srobis mrudebs (nax. 59). Semdeg
maTi diferencirebiT Rebuloben Srobis siCqaris mruds. masalis saSualo tenianobasa da Srobis dros
Soris damokidebuleba gamoisaxeba Srobis mrudiT. amave naxazze gamoisaxeba masalis
temperaturis damokidebuleba mis tenianobaze. tipiuri Srobis mrudi Sedgeba ramodenime ubnisagan,
romlebic Seesabameba Srobis sxvadasxva periodebs. masalis Srobis temperaturamde gacxelebis
Semdeg (ubani A-B) iwyeba Srobis mudmivi siCqariT mimdinareobis periodi (I periodi). am periodSi
masalis temperatura utoldeba sveli Termometris tsvel temperaturas (monakveTi B-C). Srobis mudmivi
siCqaris periodSi masalaze gadacemuli siTbo ixarjeba Tavisufali tenis (kapilaruli tenis)
asaorTqleblad. Srobis mudmivi siCqaris es periodi gamoisaxeba mudmivi daxris kuTxis mqone swori

xaziT, romlis tangensi gamosaxavs am monakveTze Srobis siCqaris mniSvnelobas

(monakveTi B-C). es periodi grZeldeba masalis tenianobis pirveli kritikuli siCqaris Wkr
miRwevamde, ris Semdeg iwyeba Srobis siCqaris klebis periodi. am periodSi masalis tenianobis
klebis suCqare gamoisaxeba mrudiT C-E.

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 nax. 59. Srobis da siCqaris mrudebi
a-Srobis mrudi, b-Srobis siCqaris mrudi
Srobis siCqaris Semcirebis periodSi masalas scildeba bmuli teni da misi temperatura iwevs

C1-E1 mrudis Sesabamisad . Srobis bolos masalis tenianoba asimptoturad uaxlovdeba

wonasworul Wwon tenianobas (wertili E). wonasworuli tenianobis miRwevis Semdeg wydeba
masalidan tenis mocileba. am momentSi masalis temperatra aRwevs garemomcveli (siTbos
gadamtani) airis temperaturas (wertili E1). wonasworuli temperaturis misaRwevad saWiroa garkveuli
dro.

Srobis siCqare aris tenianobis (tenSemcvelobis) cvlileba drois erTeulSi (%/sT an wm-1).

mocemuli tenianobisaTvis masalis Srobis siCqare aris mrudis mocemul wertilSi gatarebuli
mxebis abscisaTa RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebasTan Sedgenili kuTxis tangensi.
Srobis siCqaris monacemebis mixedviT aigeba Srobis siCqaris grafiki. horizontaluri ubani B-
C gansazRvravs Srobis I periods, xolo monakveTi C-E _ meore periods. Srobis pirvel periodSi
produqts Sordeba Tavisufali teni da Srobis siCqare ganisazRvreba masacvlis winaRobis gare
difuziuri zoniT anu masagadacemis konveqciuri keficientiT. C wertilSi, romelic Seesabameba pirvel
kritikul Wkr tenianobas, masalis zedapirze tenianoba higroskopiulis toli xdeba. Wkr tenianobis
miRwevis Semdeg masalidan iwyeba bmuli tenis mocileba da Srobis siCqaris mniSvneloba
mcirdeba.

11.4. Srobis procesis materialuri da Tburi balansi

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 nax. 60-ze mocemulia konveqciuri saSrobis principuli sqema. saSobi Sedgeba produqtis
satransporto mowyobilobisagan (lenturi konveieri, vagonetebi, urikebi, da sxv.), ventilatorisa da
kaloriferisagan.
saSrobze miwodebuli teniani masalis raodenoba aRvniSnoT Gsaw kg/sT, mSrali masalis
raodenoba Gsab kg/sT, masalis sawyisi da saboloo tenianoba Sesabamisad W1% da W2%, xolo
masalidan Srobis Sedegad moSorebuli tenis raodenoba W kg/sT.

nax. 60. konveqciuri Srobis sqema

1-saSrobis korpusi, 2-gasaSrobi masala, 3-transportiori,
4-damatebiTi kaloriferi, 5-ZiriTadi kaloriferi, 6-ventilatori

Srobis procesis materialuri balansi Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:

mSrali nivTierebisaTvis gantolebas eqneba saxe

tenis materialuri balansi miwodebuli saSrobi agentis (mSrali airi) mixedviT SeiZleba
Caiweros Semdegi saxiT

sadac X1 da X2 aris Sesabamisad sawyisi da saboloo tenianoba.

aqedan SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT mSrali haeris xarji

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 konveqciuri saSrobis Tburi balansis Sedgena xdeba imave sqemis mixedviT: saSrobSi Sedis
teniani masala raodenobiT GmSr+W, romelic ganlagebulia Gkonv kg/sT masis mqone konveierze.
saSrobSi miewodeba absoluturad mSrali airi. kaloriferSi mas gadaecema Qkal kj/sT raodenobis siTbo.
saSrob sakanSi SesaZloa damatebiT Seyvanili iqnas Qdam kj/sT raodenobis siTbo.
Tburi balansi gamoisaxeba formuliT

sadac GmSr aris gamSrali masalis radenoba, kg/sT;

CmSr - gamSrali masalis kuTri siTbotevadoba, kj/kg0C;
Gtr - satransporto mowyobilobis masa, kg/sT;
Ctr - satransporto mowyobilobis kuTri siTbotevadoba, kj/kg0C;
tsaw - masalis temperatura Srobamde, 0C;
tsab - masalis temperatura Srobis Semdeg, 0C;
Cwyl - wylis kuTri siTbotevadoba, kj/kg0C;
ttr.saw da ttr.sab - satransporto saSualebis temperatura saSrob sakanSi
Sesvlamde da iqidan gamosvlisas, 0C;
i0 - haeris kuTri enTalpia saSrob sakanSi Sesvlisas, kj/kg mSral
haerze;
i1 - haeris kuTri enTalpia kaloriferSi gaxurebis Semdeg, kj/kg
mSral haerze;
i2 - haeris kuTri enTalpia saSrobi saknidan gamosvlisas, kj/kg
mSral haerze;
Qdan - danakargebi garemomcvel sivrceSi, kj/sT.

11.5. saSrobi mowyobilobebis klasifikacia

saSrobi mowyobilobebis klasifikacia (nax. 61) Sesrulebulia saSrobi

mowyobilobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvelaze mTavari kriteriumebis mixedviT,
rogoricaa: dasamuSavebeli nedleulis fenis mdgomareoba, Tbomataris saxeoba,
siTbos miwodebis meTodi da muSa agentis wneva.
sursaTis warmoebSi gamoiyeneba Srobis sxvadasxva variantebi: haeris
mravaljeradi Sualeduri gaTbobiT, namuSevari airis nawilobrivi recirkulaciiT,

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haeris mravaljeradi Sualeduri gacxelebiT da misi recirkulaciiT Srobis calkeul
zonebSi, haeris gamoSrobis Caketili cikliT da sxv.

nax. 61. saSrobi mowyobilobebis klasifikacia

haeris mravaljeradi Sualeduri gacxelebiT Srobas farTod iyeneben

orcxobilebis da macaronis warmoebaSi. am produqtebis Srobis procesSi
iyeneben haeris zeda da qveda zRvrul temperaturebs. haeri winaswar cxeldeba
zeda temperaturamde da Semdgom xdeba misi zemoqmedeba tenian masalaze.
amis Sedegad haeri civdeba qveda zRvrul temperaturamde, ris Semdegac xdeba
haeris xelaxali gacxeleba kaloriferSi zeda temperaturamde. amis Semdeg cikli
meordeba. haeris saboloo parametrebi am SemTxvevaSi ganisazRvreba B
wertiliT (nax. 62, b).
Srobis es varianti imiT xasiaTdeba, rom gasaSrob masalas siTbos saWiro raodenoba
miewodeba dabali temperaturis haeriT. Sualeduri gacxelebis gareSe Srobis SemTxvevaSi saWiro
iqneboda misi winaswar gacxeleba zeda zRvrul temperaturamde (wertili C). Srobis es meTodi
gamoiyeneba im produqtebis SrobisaTvis, romlebic ver uZleben maRal temperaturebs. ar SeiZleba
maTi Sroba maRal temperaturaze, vinaidan es gamoiwvevs xarisxis gauaresebas.

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 nax. 62. Sroba mSrobi agentis mravaljeradi gacxelebiT
a-saSrobi mowyobiloba, b-Srobis proceesi i-d diagramaze
1-saSrobi sakani, 2-kaloriferebi

namuSevari airis nawilobrivi cirkulaciiT Srobis SemTxvevaSi sawyisi airi A wertilis

Sesabamisi parametrebiT (nax. 63) Seereva namuSevari haeris raRac nawils (xazi AC da BC),
Semdeg narevi cxeldeba Srobis tSr temperaturamde da miewodeba gasaSrob masalas. haeris saboloo
temperatura ganisazRvreba B wertiliT. Srobis es varianti haeris erTjeradi miwodebiT SrobasTan
SedarebiT xasiaTdeba Srobis SedarebiT dabali temperaturis nacvlad haeris ufro maRali temperaturiT.
sawyisi tenSemcvelobis ufro maRali mniSvnelobiT da mowyobilobaSi muSa agentis ufro maRali
xazovani siCqariT. saSrobSi haeris siCqare da parametrebi damokidebulia Serevis jeradobaze.
Tbodanaxarjebi mocemul saSrobsa da recirkulaciis gareSe momuSave saSrobSi erTnairi iqneba
haeris mdgomareobis imave sazRvrebSi cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.

nax. 63. Sroba haeris nawilobrivi recirkulaciiT

a-saSrobi mowyobiloba, b- Srobis proceesi i-d diagramaze
1-kaloriferi, 2-saSrobi sakani, 3-ventilatorebi, 4-Camketi
namuSevari haeris nawilobrivi recirkulaciiT da kaloriferebSi Sualeduri gaxurebiT
momuSave saSrobi warmoadgens zemoT ganxiluli variantebis erTobliobas. Srobis am
variantisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dabali temperatura, maRali sawyisi tenSemcveloba da haeris

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fardobiTi tenianoba, agreTve muSa agentis maRali siCqare saSrobSi recirkulirebuli haeris damatebis
gamo.
Srobis organizaciis ganxiluli variantebi uzrunvelyofs Srobis rbil reJims da saWiro raodenobis
siTbos gadacemas muSa agentidan produqtze, rac aucilebelia sasursaTo produqtebis Srobis dros.
Srobis rbili reJimi miiRweva mSrobi haeris sawyisi temperaturis daweviT (nawilobrivi
recirkulaciis xarjze) da misi nakadis siCqaris gazrdiT saSrobSi. ukanasknel garemoebas mivyavarT
masagadacemis koeficientis da Srobis siCqaris gazrdamde Srobis pirvel periodSi.

11.6. saSrobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

konveqciur saSrobebs Soris umartivesia saSrobi kamerebi. igi warmoadgens korpuss, romlis
SigniT ganlagebulia Taroebiani urikebi (vagonetebi). maT Taroebze Tavsdeba gasaSrobi teniani
masala. siTbos gadamtani muSa agenti cxeldeba kaloriferSi da saSrobSi miewodeba ventilatoriT.
cxeli haeri gaivlis gasaSrobi masalis zedapiris gawvriv an mis mTel masaSi qvevidan zeviT.
namuSevari airis nawili eqvemdebareba recirkulacias.
aseTi saSrobebi aris perioduli qmedebis da muSaobs atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi.
gamoiyeneba mcire sawarmoebSi, produqciis gasaSrobad SedarebiT dabal temperaturaze muSaobis
rbili reJimis pirobebSi. saknisebur saSrobebs aqvT SedarebiT dabali mwarmoebloba da xasiaTdeba
produqtis araerTgvarovani SrobiT saknis sxvadasxva lokalur adgilebSi muSa agentis gansxvavebuli
siCqareebis gamo.

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 nax. 64. saSrobi sakani
1-korpusi, 2-urika (vagoneti), 3-kaloriferi, 4-ventilatori, 5-Siberi (Camketi)

gvirabuli saSrobebi gamoiyeneba orcxobilebis, bostneulis, xilis makaronis da sxva

produqtebis gasaSrobad.

nax. 65. gvirabuli saSrobi

1-karebi, 2-airsadeni, 3-ventilatori, 4-kaloriferi,
5-korpusi, 6-urika gasaSrobi masaliT

mravaliarusiani konveieruli saSrobebi gamoiyeneba makaronis nawarmis, orcxobilas, xilis,

bostneulis, saxameblis da sxva produqtebis gasaSrobad.
gasaSrobi teniani masala CaitvirTeba CamtvirTi xvimiras 6 gavliT zemodan pirvel
konveierze, romelic am masalas gadaaadgilebs saSrobi saknis gaswvriv da gadmoyris mis qvemoT
ganlagebul meore konveierze. bolo konveieridan ukve gamSrali masala gamoitvirTeba kameris gareT
bunkerSi an gamomtan konveierze. erTi konveieridan meoreze gadasvlis procesSi xdeba produqtis

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areva, rac xels uwyobs mis Tanabar Srobas da procesis intensifikacias. es Tavis mxriv, aCqarebs
Srobis process.

nax. 66. konveieruli saSrobi

1-korpusi, 2-konveieri, 3-wamyvani dolebi, 4-amyoli dolebi,
5-kaloriferebi, 6-xvimiraCamtvirTi mowyobilobiT

imisaTvis, rom gasaSrobi masala mimarTulad iyrebodes zeda konveieridan qvedaze,

dayenebulia mimmarTvelebi.
haeri garkveuli wneviT saknis qvemodan miewodeba ventilatoriT. igi kaloriferis gavliT Sedis
saSrob sakanSi, sadac gamsWvalavs konveierze garkveuli sisqis feniT ganlagebul gasaSrob produqts,
gadascems siTbos da aarTmevs tens. haeris Sualeduri gacxelebisaTvis yoveli konveieris Stoebs Soris
gaTvaliswinebulia kaloriferi, romelic warmoadgens siTbos gadacemis farTobis gazrdis mizniT
siTbos gadamcemi wiboebiT aRWurvili milebis sistemas.
konveieruli saSrobebi aris pirdapiri an ukunakadiT momuSave. aseTi saSrobebi SeiZleba iyos
haeris nawilobrivi recirkulaciiT an muSa agentis Sualeduri gacxelebiT. muSa agentis recirkulaciis
xarjze miiRwevaSrobis rbili reJimi.
Saxturi saSrobebi masalis moZravi feniT gamoiyeneba marcvlovani fxvieri produqtebis
gasaSrobad. saSrobis RerZis gaswvriv ganlagebulia milebi muSa agentis misawodeblad. milebi
aRWurvilia JaluzebiT Saxtis mTel simaRleze cxeli haeris Tanabari ganawilebis mizniT. Tbomataris
miwodebis da recirkulaciis sistema saSrobis moculobas or zonad yofs. pirvel zonaSi gamoiyeneba
Tbomataris siTbo, romelic am zonaSi miewodeba. pirvel zonaSi gasaSrob masas scildeba ZiriTadad
zedapiruli teni, xolo meoreSi _ xdeba Siga tenis mocileba.
meore zonaSi misawodebeli Tbomatari SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros winaswar gamoSrobas
meore zonis kondensatorSi. saSrobis zeda nawilSi orive mSrobi agenti erTiandeba da airis Semberis

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saSualebiT, kaloriferSi gacxelebis Semdeg, miewodeba Srobis pirvel zonaSi. gamSrali masalis
gamotvirTva xdeba uwyvetad Taroebiani dozatoriT.

nax. 67. Saxturi saSrbi marcvlovani masalebis gasaSrobad

1-bunkeri, 2-Sualeduri bunkeri, 3-airis mimwodebi, 4-kaloriferebi, 5-bunkeri, 6-Saxta, 7-Tbomataris
mimyvani milebi, 8-macivar-kondensatori, 9-Sluzebi, 10-dozatori, 11-macivari

fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi saSrobi warmoadgens uwyveti qmedebis aparats. igi

gamoiyeneba rogorc zedapiruli, ise sustad dakavSirebuli tenis, aseve dakaSirebuli tenis mosacileblad
wvrilmarcvlovani da marcvlovani masalebidan. fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi saSrobebi mzaddeba
rogorc horizontaluri, ise vertikaluri. isini SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime seqciisagan Semdgari.
teniani masala uwyvetad miewodeba saSrobSi milyelidan. Tbomatari miewodeba ventilatoriT. igi
gaivlis kaloriferSi, cxeldeba garkveul temperaturamde, Sedis saSrob sakanSi da gamanawilebeli
badis gavliT moxvdeba am gamanawilebeli badis zedapirze garkveuli sisqis feniT ganlagebul
gasaSrob masalaSi. gamanawilebeli badis mier mTel zedapirze Tanabrad ganawilebuli mSrobi airi
zemoqmedebs gasaSrob masalaze da gadahyavs igi Sewonil mdgomareobaSi. garkveuli drois
Semdeg, romelic damokidebulia mSrobi agentis da gasaSrobi produqtis parametrebze (mSrobi
agentis siCqare, temperatura, xarji, masalis tenianoba da saxeoba) gamSrali produqti namuSevar

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airTan erTad miliT moxvdeba separatorSi (ciklonSi), romelSic xdeba airis da produqtis
erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa. produqti gravitaciuli Zalis zemoqmedebiT moxvdeba ciklonis qveda
mxares arsebul Semkreb bunkerSi, xolo gasufTavebuli mSrobi agenti gadis atmosferoSi.

nax. 68. fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi saSrobi aparati

1-sakani, 2-muSa agentis gamanawilebeli bade, 3-ventilatori, 4-kaloriferi, 5-CamtvirTi xvimira, 6-airis
da mSrali masis sadinari, 7-cikloni, 8-mSrali produqtis Semkrebi

vibraciuli saSrobi gamoiyeneba teniani koStebis warmomqmneli da wvrildispersiuli

masalebis gasaSrobad, rogorebic sursaTis warmoebaSi mravladaa (magaliTad, Cai da sxva
mcenareuli nedleuli). aseT SemTxvevaSi saSrobis zedapirze garkveuli sisqis feniT ganlagebul
gasaSrobi produqtis fenaze moqmedebs vibraciuli rxevebi, romlebic mas mieniWeba amZravis
saSualebiT. saSrobi zedapiri warmoadgens perforirebul brtyel bades. mas qveda nawilidan
miewodeba mSrobi agenti, romelic rxeviT moZraobasTan erTad xels uwyobs gasaSrobi masalis
vibromduRare fenaSi gadasvlas. es uzrunvelyofs muSa agentsa da gasaSrob masalas Soris fazebis
intensiur kontaqts da, Sesabamisad, Tbomasagadacemis procesis intensifikacias.
vibrofsevdogaTxevadebuli (vibromduRare) fena SeiZleba miRebuli iyos sxvadasxva konstruqciis
aparatebze: vertikaluri, horizontaluri, Rarebian da sxv. yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba Rarebiani
saSrobebi, romelTa muSa zedapiri daxrilia horizontis mimarT garkveuli kuTxiT.

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 nax. 69. vibraciuli saSrobi
1-Rari, 2-muSa agentis mimmarTveli, 3-mkvebavi dozatori, 4-kaloriferi, 5-ventilatori, 6-sayrdenebi, 7-
eqscentriuli vibroamZravi, 8-namuSevari airis Semkrebi, 9-gamSrali produqtis Semkrebi

valcebian (gorgolaWebiani) saSrobebi gamoiyeneba Txevadi da blanti masalebis

gasaSrobad. Gamaxurebeli orTqli Sedis valcebis SigniT da acxelebs maT zedapirs. valcebi brunaven
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT sixSiriT 2 _ 10 wT-1. valcebis SigniT warmoqmnili
kondensati milis daxmarebiT gamodis gareT. gasaSrobi masala miewodeba valcebis zedapirze da
faravs maT Txeli feniT. fenis sisqis regulireba xdeba valcebs Soris arsebuli RreCos regulirebiT.
masalis gaSroba xdeba valcebis erTi sruli brunis ganmavlobaSi. gamSrali masala valcebidan Sordeba
maTi msaxvelis gaswvriv dayenebuli danebis daxmarebiT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu valcebze ver
xerxdeba sasurveli tenianobis miRweva, maSin masalis saboloo gaSroba xdeba valcebis qveS
ganlagebuli damatebiTi gamSrobis (gadamSrobis) daxmarebiT.

nax. 70. valcebiani saSrobi

1-gadamSrobi, 2- korpusi, 3-amZravi, 4-wamyvani valci,
5-silfonuri mili, 6-dana, 7-amyoli valci

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 gamfrqvevi saSrobebis daniSnulebaa xsnarebis, suspenziebis da pastisebuli masalebis Sroba.
gamfrqvev saSrobebze Rebuloben mSral rZes, sasursaTo safuarebs, kvercxis fxvnils, xilis da
bostneulis mSral koncentratebs.

nax. 71. meqanikuri centridanuli gamfrqvevi

1-produqtis mimwodi mili, 2-korpusi, 3-Semrevi, 4-gamfrqvevi
gamfrqvevi saSrobi warmoadgens konusur an cilindrul aparats, romelSic xdeba gasaSrobi
masalis gafrqveva (dispergireba) specialuri gamfrqvevebis saSualebiT muSa agentis nakadis mier.
dispergirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba centridanuli, pnevmaturi da meqanikuri gamfrqvevebi (nax. 71, 72).

nax. 72. gamfrqvevi diskoebi

a-oTxfrTiani, b-ocdaoTxfrTiani

gafrqveul masalasTan Tbomataris (airis) uSualo kontaqtis Sedegad TiTqmis myisierad xdeba
Tbomasagadacemis procesi. gasaSrobi masalis saSrobSi yofnis xangrZlioba ar aRemateba 50 wm-s.
gamfrqvevi saSrobebis upiratesobas sxva saSrobebTan SedarebiT warmoadgens maRali
temperaturis mqone Tbogadamtanis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba iseTi masalebis SrobisaTvis,
romlebic ar aris medegi Termuli zemoqmedebis mimarT.

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 nax. 73. pastis saSrobi
1-Semrevi mowyobiloba, 2-gamanawilebeli badro, 3-kaloriferi,
4-eleqtroZrava, 5-CamtvirTi bunkeri, 6-saSrobi, 7-ventilatori,
8-ciklonis, 9-dozatori
gamfrqvevi saSrobebi xasiaTdeba orTqlis kuTri arevis unariT 20 kg/m3-mde, Tbomataris didi
xarjiT, maRali materialuri da energotevadobiT.
meqanikuri gafrqvevis dros gamoiyeneba gamfrqvevebi, sadac siTxe miewodeba 2,0 _ 20 mpa
wneviT. gafrqvevis xarisxi damokidebulia turbulizaciis xarisxze.
sublimaciuri saSrobebi gamoiyeneba ZviradRirebuli sasursaTo produqtebis gasaSrobad,
rodesac gamSral produqts moeTxoveba biologiuri Rirebulebis SenarCuneba xangrZlivi Senaxvis
pirobebSi (magaliTad, gayinul mdgomareobaSi xorci, bostneuli, xili da sxv.) sublimaciuri Sroba
tardeba Rrma vakuumis pirobebSi, romlis drosac wneva icvleba 133,3 _ 13,3 pa da ufro dabal
farglebSi.
sublimaciuri Srobis procesSi produqtSi arsebuli teni iyineba da yinulis fazidan uSualod
gadadis orTqlis fazaSi Txevadi mdgomareobis gavlis gareSe. produqtis zedapiridan tenis gadatana
orTqlis saxiT xdeba efuziis gziT, anu orTqlis molekulebis gadaadgileba xdeba erTmaneTTan
Sejaxebis gareSe.
sublimaciuri saSrobi Sedgeba sublimaciuri saknisagan (sublimatori), romelSic ganlagebulia
Rrutaniani filebi da gamosayini kondensatori. filebis SigniT cirkulirebs cxeli wyali. gasaSrobi masala
xonCebiT Tavsdeba filebze. xonCebs gaaCniaT specialuri wiboebi, romlebic warmoqmnis haeris
fenas am xonCebsa da filebs Soris. xonCebze siTbo gadaecema radiaciiT. Srobis dros warmoqmnili
orTqlis da haeris narevi sublimatoridan gadadis kondensatorSi. kondensator-gamomyinavi
warmoadgens garsacmmilebian Tbogadamcems, romlis milebs Soris cirkulirebs macivar-agenti
(amiaki). kondensator-gamomyinavi CarTulia sacirkulacio konturSi amiakis macivari danadgaris
saorTqlebelTan. vakuum-tumbos daniSnulebaa arakondensirebuli airebis gawova. kondensatoris

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milebSi xdeba wylis orTqlis kondensacia da gamoyinva. sublimaciuri saSrobi aRWurvilia
monacvleobiT momuSave ori kondensatoriT. rodesac erT kondensatorSi mimdinareobs kondensacia
da gayinva, maSin meore kondensatorSi mimdinareobs CamolRoba yinulis mosacileblad.

nax. 74. sublimaciuri saSrobi

1-saSrobi sakani, 2-fila, 3-xonCa, 4-kondensator-gamomyinavi

masalidan tenis mocileba xdeba sam stadiad: pirvel stadiaze wnevis Semcirebis dros
mimdinareobs TviTgayinva da yinulis sublimacia masalis mier gacemuli siTbos xarjze. am dros
masalas scildeba tenis 15 %. sublimaciis meore stadiaze masalas scildeba tenis ZiriTadi nawili.
mesame stadiaze mimdinareobs Tburi Sroba, ris xarjzec masalas scildeba tenis darCenili nawili.
Termoradiaciuli saSrobebi gamoiyeneba marcvlovani masalebis (magaliTad, lobio, barda,
soio, wiwibura da sxv.) dasamuSaveblad. infrawiTeli sxivebiT Srobis procesSi asaorTqleblad saWiro
siTbo gadaecema Tburi gamosxivebiT. Tburi gamosxivebis generators warmoadgens specialuri
naTurebi, agreTve gaxurebuli keramikuli an liTonis zedapirebi.
TbogamosxivebiT Srobis procesSi gasaSrobi masalis farTobis erTeuls gadaecema gacilebiT
meti siTbos raodenoba, vidre airebiT an kontaqturi Srobis dros. Srobis proceSi sagrZnoblad
Cqardeba. Srobis xangrZlioba Txelfeniani masalebis infrawiTeli sxivebiT Srobis SemTxvevaSi
mcirdeba daaxloebiT 80 _ 100-jer.
radiaciuli saSrobi airis gamaxurebliani gamomsxiveblebiT warmodgenilia nax. 75-ze.
airis radiaciuli saSrobebi martivia konstruqciulad da ufro iafia naTurebian saSrobebTan
SedarebiT. am saSrobebSi gamomsxivebeli zedapiri cxeldeba airiT, romelic iwvis uSualod
gamomsxiveblis qveS an namwvi airebiT, romelic miewodeba gamomsxiveblebis SigniT arsebul
RruSi.

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 nax. 75. radiaciuli saSrobi
1-konveieri, 2-airis Semberi, 3-airis gamacxeleblebi,
4-gamomsxivebeli, 5-gamwovi mili

Srobis procesis intensifikaciisaTvis saSrobebi unda muSaobdnen oscilirebul reJimSi. es

imisTvisaa saWiro, rom masalis SigniT mimarTuli Termodifuziuri tenis nakadi temperaturuli
gradientis arsebobis gamo ar ewinaaRmdegebodes tenis difuzias gasaSrobi masalis zedapirisaken.
maRali sixSiris denis saSrobebma bolo dros farTo gamoyeneba pova sqelfeniani sakonditro
nawarmis (magaliTad, torti) cxobaSi. maRalsixSirian saSrobebSi SesaZlebelia tenianobis regulireba
ara marto gasaSrobi masalis zedapirze, aramed mis siRrmeSic.
maRalsixSiruli saSrobi (nax. 76) Sedgeba maRali sixSiris generatorisa da saSrobi saknisagan,
romlis SigniT ganlagebulia konveieri. 50 herci sixSiris cvladi deni Sedis gammarTvelSi, sadac
gardaiqmneba maRali sixSiris denad. es deni miewodeba firfitebian kondensators, romlis firfitebi
ganlagebulia konveieris muSa Stos orive mxareze. kondensatoris firfitebs Soris denis niSnis Secvlis
gamo maRali sixSiris deni icvlis mimarTulebas, rac iwvevs masalaSi arsebuli ionebis da eleqtronebis
denis sinqronulad moZraobis mimarTulebis cvlilebas. dipoluri molekulebi iwyeben brunviT
moZraobas, xolo aradipoluri molekulebi polarizdeba maTSi eleqtruli muxtis gadaadgilebis Sedegad.
am procesebis Sedegad masalaSi gamoiyofa didi raodenobiT siTbo damasala cxeldeba.
eleqtruli denis Zabvis cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia Srobis siCqaris regulireba.

nax. 76. maRali sixSiris deniT saSrobi

1-kondensatoris firfita, 2-saSrobi sakani, 3-konveieri,
4-maRali sixSiris generator, 5-gammarTveli

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 maRali sixSiris deniT Srobis SemTxvevaSi didia energiis kuTri danaxarji (2,5 _ 5,0 kvt.sT 1
kg aorTqlebul tenze). saSrobis konstruqcia SedarebiT rTuli da Zviria sxva saSrobebTan SedarebiT.
amitom maRalsixSiruli saSrobebis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia ZviradRirebuli produqtebis Tburi
damuSavebisaTvis.

11.7. saSrobis gaangariSebis meTodika

rekomendebuli gaangariSebis algoriTmi ganvixiloT mravaliarusiani saSrobis ZiriTadi

parametrebis gaangariSebis magaliTze.
konveieruli mravaliarusiani saSrobis gaangariSeba xdeba i-d diagramis daxmarebiT. viciT ra
garemo haeris temperatura da fardobiTi tenianoba, agreTve konveieris zemoT da qvemoT dasaSvebi
temperaturebi, vagebT Srobis Teoriul da moqmed procesebs.
konveieruli saSrobidan gamosuli poduqtis masa gamoiTvleba formuliT

sadac G aris saSrobis gamtarunarianobaa teniani produqtis mixedviT,

kg/sT;
W1Dda W2 - produqtis sawyisi da saboloo tenienoba, %.
haeris woniTi xarji saSrobSi ganisazRvreba formuliT

sadac W aris Srobis zonaSi aorTqlebuli tenis raodenoba, kg/sT;

l - haeris xarji 1 kg tenis aorTqlebaze, kg/kg

sadac d1 da d2 aris haeris sawyisi da saboloo tenSemcveloba, g/kg.

haeris moculobiTi xarji iangariSeba formuliT

sadac R aris airis universaluri mudmiva;

VkuT - haeris kuTri moculoba, m3/kg;
t0 - garemo haeris temperatura, 0C;
- garemo haeris fardobiTi tenianoba, %;

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 Pnaj - najeri orTqlis wneva, pa.
energiis xarji haeris gamaxurebelSi tolia

sadac q aris siTbos kuTri xarji 1 kg aorTqlebul tenze, j/kg

sadac i1 da i0 aris teniani haeris enTalpiebi kaloriferSi Sesasvlelze da

kaloiferidan gamosvlisas (aiReba i-d diagramidan).
orTqlis xarji Srobaze

sadac i da ikond aris gamaxurebeli ortqlisa da kondensatis enTalpiebi,

j/kg.
konveieruli saSrobis muSa farTobi

sadac qkuT aris Srobis kuTri mwarmoebloba mSral produqtze, kg/m2.

saSrobis konveieris muSa nawilis saerTo sigrZe

sadac b aris konveieris sigane, m.

11. amocanebi Srobis procesebze

amocana 11.1.
gasaSrobi masalis sawyisi tenianoba Seadgens W1 =80%, xolo misi masaa G1=100 kg. Srobis
procesis dasasruls miiRes G2=40 kg gamSrali masa. gamoTvaleT miRebuli produqtis tenianoba.
amoxsna
masebis balanss aqvs saxe

aqedan gveqneba

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 amocana 11.2.
200 kg nedleulidan Srobis procesis dasasruls miiRes G2=100 kg produqti. sawyisi
tenSemcveloba Seadgenda X1=0,2, xolo saboloo X2=0,1. haeris kuTri wona tolia =1,3 kg/m3.

gamoTvaleT aorTqlebisaTvis saWiro haeris raodenoba.

amoxsna
jer viangariSoT aorTqlebuli tenis raodenoba

Semdeg ganvsazRvravT haeris masur xarjs

sabolood haeris moculobiTi xarji iqneba

amocana 11.3.
gasaSrobad aiRes G1=50 kg masala. konveqciuri xerxiT gaSrobis Semdeg miiRes G2=20 kg
mSrali produqti. mSrobi agentis TboSemcveloba kaloriferSi Sesvlamde iyo QSes=10 kj, xolo
kaloriferidan gamosvlis Semdeg Qgam=500 kj. masalis kuTri siTbotevadoba Cmas=4 kj/kg0C, xolo
produqtisa Cprod=3,5 kj/kg0C. masalisa da produqtis temperaturebi Sesabamisad tolia tmas=200C da
tprod=600C. Tbodanakargebi Seadgens Qdan=80 kj. iangariSeT kaloriferSi daxarjuli siTbos raodenoba.
amoxsna
vwerT siTburi balansis gantolebas

aRniSnuli gantolebidan miiReba sasurveli sidide

კჯ

12. gamoxdisa da reqtifikaciis procesebi

133
 gamoxda da reqtifikacia aris erTgvarovani siTxeebis dayofis procesebi maTi komponentebis
aqroladobis kriteriumebis Sesabamisad.
komponentebis aqroladoba ganisazRvreba maTi duRilis temperaturis mixedviT: rac ufro
dabalia duRilis temperatura, miT maRalia aqroladoba.
gamoxda gamoiyeneba narevis uxeSi dayofisaTvis. narevi daiyofa distilatad, romelic
gamdidrebulia aqroladi nivTierebiT da kubis narCenad.

12.1. raulisa da daltonis kanonebi

yvelaze martivi narevi Sedgeba ori komponentisagan. aseT narevs ewodeba binaluri.
orkomponentiani narevis Tavisuflebis xarisxi fazaTa kanonis Tanaxmad Seadgens

sadac K aris komponentebis ricxvi;

- fazaTa ricxvi.

sistemis mdgomareobas gansazRvravs sami damoukidebeli parametri: wneva p, temperatura t

da koncentracia X. ori nebismieri parametris arCevis Semdeg ganisazRvreba mesame. aqedan
gamomdinare, wonasworuli mdgomareoba SeiZleba warmovadginoT ori cvladi sididis gamoyenebiT
(p da X), t an (p da t), X an (t da X) da a.S.
narevebi komponentebis xsnadobis ganusazRvreli TaviseburebebiT SeiZleba daiyos idealur
da realur (xsnarebi) jgufebad.
idealuri narevebi ewodeba iseT narevebs, romelTa komponentebis Serevis dros ar xdeba
siTbos gamoyofa an STanTqma da ar icvleba narevis moculoba.
ganvixiloT binaluri narevi, romelic Sedgeba advilad aqroladi A komponentisa da Znelad
aqroladi B komponentisagan. A da B sufTa komponentebis najeri orTqlis wnevebi Sesabamisad
Seadgens PA da PB. idealuri narevi emorCileba raulis kanons, romlis Tanaxmad orTqlSi komponentis
parcialuri wneva proporciulia am komponentis moluri wilisa siTxeSi
da

sadac PA da PB aris komponentebis parciealuri wnevebi;

X da (1-X) – komponentebis moluri wili Txevad narevSi.
daltonis kanonis Tanaxmad wneva sistemaSi parcialuri wnevebis jamuri wnevis tolia

134
 saidanac miviRebT

gantolebidan Cans, rom mudmivi temperaturis pirobebSi komponentebis parcialuri wneva da

orTqlis saerTo wneva Txevadi fazis Tavze sworxazovan damokidebulebaSi arian advilad aqroladi
komponentebis molur wilTan.
nax. 77-ze mocemulia parcialuri wnevis izoTermebi da saerTo wnevis diagramebi. swori
xazebi OB da CA gviCvenebs A da B komponentebis parcialuri wnevis cvlilebas (PA da PB), swori
xazi AB _ saerTo wnevis cvlilebas xsnaris Tavze. vertikaluri monakveTebi OA da CB gansazRvravs
sufTa komponentebis najeri orTqlis wnevas.

nax. 77. siTxisa da orTqlis wonasworobis diagramebi idealuri narevisaTvis

a-komponentebis parcialuri wnevebis da saerTo wnevis izoTermebi narevis SigniT; b-diagrama t-X,Y;
g-diagrama X-Y

daltonis kanonis Tanaxmad komponentis parcialuri wneva orTqlSi proporciulia komponentis

moluri wilisa am orTqlSi
da

sadac Y da (1-Y) aris komponentebis moluri wili orTqlis narevSi.

wonasworuli mdgomareobis pirobebSi
da

saidanac gveqneba

an

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 rogorc wesi, gamoxdisa da reqtifikaciis procesebi tardeba izobarul pirobebSi.

12.2. gamoxdis meTodebi

martivi gamoxda xorcieldeba fraqciis gamoyofiT deflegmaciis gziT wylis orTqlis an

vakuumis gamoyenebiT.
fraqciuli gamoxdis SemTxvevaSi xdeba gamosaxdel kubSi moTavsebuli siTxis aorTqleba
(nax. 78). aorTqlebuli nawili gadadis kondensatorSi, sadac xdeba misi kondensacia. distilati grovdeba
SemkrebSi, xolo kubis narCeni Camoicleba procesis dasasruls.

nax. 78. martivi gamoxdis mowyobiloba

1-kubi, 2-kondensatori, 3-distilatis Semgrovebi

kubis gacxeleba xdeba gadaxurebuli wylis orTqliT an namwvi airebiT.

narevis aorTqlebis Sedegad xdeba advilad aqroladi komponentis distilatSi Semcireba drois
Sesabamisad maqsimumidan minimumamde. es saSualebas iZleva miRebuli iqnas distilatis
ramdenime fraqcia sxvadasxva SemadgenlobiT, romlebic grovdeba sxvadasxva SemkrebSi. narevis
dayofas ramdenime fraqciad, romlebic gansxvavdeba maTSi aqroladi komponentis SemcvelobiT,
ewodeba fraqciuli gamoxda.
wylis orTqliT gamoxdas awarmoeben sawyis narevSi arsebuli iseTi komponentis duRilis
temperaturis Semcirebis mizniT, romelic duRs 1000C-ze ufro maRal temperaturaze da ar ixsneba
wyalSi. aseTi gamoxdis SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili komponenti miiREba wyalnarevis saxiT wylis
duRilis temperaturaze da atmosferul wnevaze.

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 narevis Tavze saerTo wneva tolia sufTa komponentebis wnevaTa jaisa imave temperaturaze
(P=PA+PB). aqedan Cans, rom atmosferuli wnevis dros narevis Tavze wylis ortqlis wneva tolia

nax. 79-ze naCvenebia diagrama, romliTac ganisazRvreba wylis orTqliT gamoxdis dros
duRilis temperatura, romelic warmoadgens wylis orTqlisa da sxva siTxeebis drekadobaTa
gadakveTis wertilebs.

nax. 79. diagrama wylis orTqliT gamoxdisas

duRilis temperaturis gansazRvrisaTvis

diagramis mixedviT, magaliTad, benzolis gamoxdis temperatura wylis orTqliT atmosferul

wnevaze gamoxdis SemTxvevaSi Seadgens 69,50C, xolo Tu process CavatarebT =0,035 mpa
wnevaze, maSin gamoxdis temperatura mcirdeba 460C-mde.
nax. 80-ze naCvenebia maxvili wylis orTqlis gamosaxdeli mowyobiloba. Gamosaxdeli siTxe
CaitvirTeba kubSi 1, romelSic barboterebiT miewodeba maxvili orTqli. kubis qveda nawilSi
gamosaxdeli masis duRilis Sedegad warmoqmnili orTqli Sedis kondensatorSi 2, saidanac kondensati
wyalTan da wyalSi uxsnad minarevebTan erTad gadadis separatorSi. Aq produqti gamoeyofa
minarevebs da grovdeba SemkrebSi.

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 nax. 80. wylis orTqliT gamoxdis principuli sqema
1-kubi, 2-kondensatori, 3-separatori

molekuluri gamoxda gamoiyeneba iseTi komponentebis dasayofad, romelTac gaaCniaT

duRilis maRali temperatura da, amasTanave, ar gaaCniaT medegoba am maRali temperaturis
mimarT. procesi xorcieldeba Rrma vakuuumis pirobebSi (narCeni wneviT 1,31_0,131 pa).
molekuluri gamoxda mimdinareobs siTxis aorTqlebiT zedapiridan (nax. 81). procesi xorcieldeba
kondensaciisa da aorTqlebisaTvis gamoyenebuli zedapirebis erTmaneTTan axlos ganlagebis
pirobebSi. maT Soris manZili SeiZleba iyos molekulis Tavisufal garbenaze naklebi (20_30 mm).

nax. 81. molekuluri gamoxdis aparati

1-rotori, 2-dasayofi narevis misawodebeli mili, 3-eleqtrogamaxurebeli,
4,5-pirveli da meore kondensatorebi, 6-wriuli Semkrebi, 7,8-kondensatorebis qveS ganlagebuli
Semkrebebi, 9-Tbosaizolacio koncentriuli fila, 10-narCenis sadinari
12.3. reqtifikacia

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 reqtifikacia aris narevis dayofa komponentebad siTxis mravaljeradi aorTqlebiT da
kondensaciiT.
narevi SemadgenlobiT X1 cxeldeba duRilis t1 temperaturamde, ris Sedegad viRebT
wonasworuli mdgomareobis orTqls. am orTqlis kondensaciis Semdeg miiReba advilaqroladi
nivTierebebiT gamdidrebuli siTxe SemadgenlobiT X2. am siTxis Semdgomi gaxurebiT t2
temperaturamde da xelaxali kondensaciiT miiReba X3 Semadgenlobis siTxe. aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, siTxis mravaljeradi aorTqlebiT da miRebuli orTqlis kondensaciiT, sawyisi xsnari
SeiZleba davyoT sufTa adviladaqrolad da Zneladaqrolad komponentebad.
reqtifikaciis materialuri da Tburi balansis Sedgena xdeba nax. 82-ze warmodgenili principuli
sqemis gamoyenebiT.

nax. 82. sqema reqtifikaciis materialuri da Tburi balansis Sesadgenad

a) diagrama t-X,Y; b) principuli sqema
1-kubi, 2-kolona (sveti), 3-damyofi Wiqa, 4-deflegmatori

sareqtifikacio svetSi Sedis sawyisi narevi, romelic reqtifikaciis Sedegad iyofa distilatad da
kubis narCenad. svetidan gamosuli orTqli kondensirdeba deflegmatorSi da moxvdeba WurWelSi 3,
sadac iyofa or nawilad: erTs ewodeba flegma ( ) da igi ukan brundeba svetis mosarwyavad, xolo

meore warmoadgens produqts (distilats).

procesis materialuri balansi Semdegnairad Caiwereba:

advilad aqroladi komponentis mixedviT balanss eqneba saxe

warmodgenili ori gantolebidan miviRebT

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sadac Gsaw, Gdist da Gfleg aris sawyisi narevis, distilatisa da flegmis
raodenoba;
Xsaw, Xdist da Xfleg - Sesabamisad, maTi wilebi saerTo masidan.
reqtifikaciis procesis dros miRebuli flegmisa da distilatis raodenobaTa fardobas flegmis
ricxvi ewodeba

flegmis ricxvis mixedviT ganisazRvreba sareqtifkacio danadgaris konstruqciuli parametrebi

(diametri, siaRle da sxv.).
uwyveti qmedebis sareqtifikacio danadgaris Tburi balansi gamoisaxeba gantolebiT:

flegmis ricxvis saSualebiT flegmis raodenobis gansazRvris SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia

davweroT

sadac Q1 aris siTbos danakargebi kubSi. j/sT;

Gsaw, Gdist da Gfleg - sawyisi narevis, distilatis da kubSi narCenis (wylis)
masebi, kg;
Csaw, Cdist da Cfleg - sawyisi narevis, distilatis da kubSi narCenis (wylis)
kuTri siTbotevadobebi, j/kg.K;
rdist - distilatis orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo, j/kg;
Qdan - siTburi danakargebi procesis dros, j/sT.

12.4. sareqtifikacio kolonebi

yvela sareqtifikacio kolona Sedgeba svetisagan, romelSic ganlagebulia TefSebi (sacmebi) da

kubisagan (saduRarasagan), romelic warmoadgens moculobas Sig ganlagebuli Tbogadamcemi

140
milebiT an klaknila TbogadamcemiT. Tbogadamcemi SeiZleba ganlagebuli iyos sareqtifikacio svetis
qveda nawilSi an mis gareT.
mrewvelobaSi gamoiyeneba TefSebiani, badiseburi, nacmebiani, afskian milebiani kolonebi
da centridanul afskiani reqtifikatorebi, romelTa daniSnulebaa uzrunvelyon dasayofi siTxisa da
orTqlis fazaTa Soris urTierTqmedeba. es zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba TefSebze siTxis gavlis dros
masSi orTqlis barbotirebis gziT, an nacmebze siTxis Txeli fenis Camodinebis procesSi masTan
orTqlis kontaqtis xarjze, anda centridanul rotorul aparatSi myof siTxesTan orTqlis kontaqtis
pirobebSi.
qvemoT mocemulia warmoebaSi SedarebiT farTod gamoyenebuli sareqtifikacio kolonebis
konstruqciebi (nax. 83).

nax. 83. sareqtifikacio kolonebis tipiuri svetebi (kolonebi)

a) xufebiani; b) badiseburi (perforirebuli); g) sacmebiani;
d) milebiani afskovani sveti
1-svetis kubi, 2-svetis korpusi, 3-deflegmatori
nax. 84-ze warmodgenilia sareqtifikacio kolonebis TefSebis konstruqciuli sqemebi.

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 nax. 84. TefSebis tipiuri konstruqciebi
a) xufebiani; b) sarqveliani zeviT asvlis SemzRudveliT; g) sarqveliani qveviT Camosvlis SemzRudveliT;
d) S-is magvari elementebiT; e) brtyeli elementebiT;
v) finjnis magvari elementebiT; z) pirdapiri dinebiT

12.5. sareqtifikacio danadgarebis sqemebi

uwyveti qmedebis sareqtifikacio danadgarSi (nax. 85) sawyisi xsnari cxeldeba

gamaxurebelSi da miewodeba sareqtifikacio svetis gamanawilebel (mkvebav) TefSebs.
gamacxeleblidan zeviT amomavali orTqlis siTbos xarjze mimdinareobs reqtifikacia. Sawyisi xsnari
iyofa distilatad da kubis narCenad. svetidan gamomavali orTqli mTlianad an nawilobriv distilirdeba
deflegmatorSi.
deflegmatorSi orTqlis sruli kondensaciis SemTxvevaSi miRebuli distilati damyof WurWelSi
iyofa or nawilad. erTi nawili (flegma) hidro Camketis daxmarebiT brundeba ukan sareqtifikacio
svetSi (moZraobs orTqlis Semxvedrad) da axdens svetis zeda TefSebze arsebuli siTxis distilacias.
distilatis meore nawili ki civdeba kondensatorSi da miemarTeba Semkrebisaken.
deflegmatorSi orTqlis arasruli kondensaciis SemTxvevaSi is gaivlis kondensators (macivars),
sadac civdeba da kondensirdeba.
kubis narCeni masSi miznobrivi produqtis Semcvelobis Sesabamisad grovdeba WurWelSi an
miemarTeba utilizaciaze.

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 nax. 85. uwyveti qmedebis sareqtifikacio danadgari
1-Semkrebi, 2-gamanawilebeli, 3-sareqtifikacio sveti, 4-deflegmatori,
5-damyofi WurWeli, 6-kondensatori, 7-tumboebi, 8-saduRari

mravalkomponentiani narevis dasayofi sareqtifikacio danadgari aris mravalsvetiani (nax.

86). igi gankuTvnilia sawyisi siTxis sam komponentad (A, B da C nawilebad) dasayofad.
pirveli svetis daniSnulebaa narevidan erT-erTi komponentis gamoyofa, magaliTad, A+B+C
narevidan gamoiyofa C komponenti da darCeba ori komponenti A+B.
mravalkomponentiani (n raodenobis) narevis dasayofad saWiro xdeba danadgaris n
raodenobis kolonisagan mowyoba.

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 nax. 86. mravalkomponentiani narevis dasayofi sareqtifikacio danadgari

perioduli qmedebis sareqtifikacio danadgarebi gamoiyeneba mcire mwarmoeblobis

SemTxvevaSi (nax. 87).
sawyisi xsnari CaitvirTeba saduRarSi da cxeldeba gadaxurebuli wylis ortqliT. narevis duRilis
temperaturamde gacxelebis Semdeg xsnaris orTqli Sedis sareqtifikacio kolonis qveda nawilSi,
xvdeba deflegmatoridan dabrunebul (Camomaval) flegmas, mdidrdeba miznobrivi komponentiT da
isev miemarTeba deflegmatorSi. aq igi iyofa produqtad da flegmad. Flegma kvlav brundeba
kolonaSi, produqti ki kondensirdeba da miemarTeba miznobrivi produqtis SemgrovSi.

nax. 87. perioduli qmedebis sareqtifikacio danadgari

1-kubi, 2-sveti, 3-deflegmatori, 4-kondensatori, 5-Semkrebi (deaeratori)

miznobrivi produqtis narevidan gamoyofis dasrulebis Semdeg narCeni gamoitvirTeba da kubi

Seivseba axali dasayofi nareviT.

12. amocanebi gamoxdisa da reqtifikaciis procesebze

amocana 12.1.

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 reqtifikaciis procesSi sawyis narevSi miznobrivi produqtis wili Seadgens Xsaw=0,4, distilatSi
tolia Xdis =0,8, xolo flegmaSi _ Xgleg =0,1. sareqtifikacio nedleulis raodenoba (sawyisi narevis masa)
tolia Gsaw=100 kg. gamoTvaleT glegmis ricxvi R.
amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvravT distilatis raodenobas

flegmis raodenoba toli iqneba

maSin flegmis ricxvi iqneba

amocana 12.2.
iangariSeT distilatis raodenoba, Tu reqtifikaciis procesSi gadamuSavebuli produqtis (siTxis
narevis) masa Seadgens Gsaw=200 kg, xolo flegmis ricxvi tolia R=2.
აmoxsna
cnobilia flegmis ricxvis mniSvneloba

aqedan SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT

viciT, rom

amitom gveqneba

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 13. kristalizaciis procesebi

kristalizacia ewodeba process, romlis drosac xsnaridan an mdnari masidan gamoiyofa myari
faza kristalebis saxiT. kristalebi warmoadgens sxvadasxva geometriuli formis myar sxeulebs,
romlebic SemosazRvrulia brtyeli waxnagebiT. kristalebs, romlebic wylis molekulebs Seicavs,
kristalhidratebi ewodeba. kristalizaciis mamZravebel Zalas warmoadgens nivTierebebis
koncentraciaTa sxvaoba.
sasursaTo warmoebaSi myari fazis gamoyofas xsnarebidan an nadnobebidan kristalizebuli
produqtis saxiT iyeneben saqarozas, glukozis, marilis da sxva produqtebis saboloo teqnologiuri
operaciis saxiT.
kristalizacias, rogorc wesi, awarmoeben wyalxsnarebidan. temperaturis daweviT an
gamxsnelis nawilis mocilebis Sedegad mcirdeba myari nivTierebis xsnadoba, xsnari xdeba
gadametjerebuli da amis Sedegad myari nawili gamoiyofa xsnaridan leqis saxiT.
xsnars, romelic mocemuli temperaturis pirobebSi wonasworobaSia myar fazasTan, ewodeba
najeri. aseT xsnarebSi myar nivTierebasa da xsnars Soris adgili aqvs dinamikur wonasworobas, rac
imas niSnavs, rom warmoqmnili kristalebis raodenoba tolia xsnarSi gadasuli kristalebis raodenobisa.
nivTierebis kristalizaciis Sedegad darCenil xsnars uwodeben dedaxsnars.
gadametjerebuli ewodeba iseT xsnars, romelSic gaxsnili nivTierebis koncentracia metia mis
xsnadobaze. gadametjerebuli xsnarebi aramdgradia. isini advilad gadadian gajerebul mdgomareobaSi.
aseTi gadasvlis dros gadametjerebuli xsnarebidan warmoiqmneba kristalebi.
temperaturis cvlilebis pirobebSi xsnarebis qceva xasiaTdeba xsnaris mdgomareobis diagramiT
(nax. 88).
is xsnarebi, romelTa koncentracia Seesabameba metastabilur ares, kristaldeba Zalian swrafad,
xolo is xsnarebi, romelTa koncentracia aris stabilur areSi, kristaldeba SedarebiT ufro nela. am
procesze gavlenas axdens temperatura, siTbos arTmevis an gamxsnelis aorTqlebis, aseve arevisa da
sxva faqtorebi.

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 nax. 88. xsnaris mdgomareobis diagrama
1-1 -xsnadobis mrudi; 2-2 -metastabilurobis aris sazRvari;
a-labiluri xsnarebis are, b-metastabiluri are, g-stabiluri are

im xsnarebisaTvis, romelTa Semadgeneli nivTierebisaTvis temperaturaze damokidebuleba

naTlad araa gamoxatuli, maTi gadasvla gadametjerebuli xsnarebis zonaSi xdeba mxolod temperaturis
Zalze dabal sididemde dawevis pirobebSi. temperaturis t2-dan t1-mde dawevisas xsnaridan
gamokristalebuli nivTierebis raodenoba mcirea da araa proporciuli xsnaris koncentraciis yx-y0
cvlilebisa (nax. 88).
xsnarebis gadametjereba SeiZleba miRweuli iyos mudmivi temperaturis pirobebSi xsnaridan
gamxsnelis mocilebis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi xsnaridan gamokristaldeba myari nivTierebis nawili,
romelic proporciulia koncentraciaTa sxvaobisa. aseTi xsnarebidan kristalizacia SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes erTdroulad temperaturis daweviTac da gamxsnelis nawilis mocilebiTac.
kristalizacia SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc ori, TanmimdevrobiT mimdinare procesi:
molekulebis difuzia da am difuzirebuli molekulebis daleqva zedapirze.

13.1. kristalizaciis kinetika

xsnaridan nivTierebis myar mdgomareobaSi gadasvla xorcieldeba kristalizacis sasazRvro

fenis gavliT gaxsnili nivTierebis difuziis gziT. procesis siCqare ganisazRvreba am fenaSi gaxsnili

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nivTierebis difuziis siCqariT an am nivTierebis SerwymiT kristalTan an orive stadiis erTdroulad
mimdinareobis pirobebSi.
ganvixiloT saqarozas kristalizaciis procesi. kristalebis zrdis procesSi isini garemoculia
sasazRvro feniT, romelic warmoadgens gadametjerebul kristalebs Soris fenas sisqiT . Am fenaSi

saqarozas molekulebis kleba aisaxeba kristalebis zrdaze. mimdinareobs am molekulebis daleqva da

xsnari xdeba najeri saqarozas koncentraciisaTvis ynaj. kristalebis waxnagebidan raRac manZilze da
kristalizaciis garemoSi ki SenarCunebulia saqarozas gadametjerebuli koncentracia ygad.
saqarozas aRniSnul koncentraciaTa sxvaobis (ygad_ynaj) Sedegad xdeba misi difundireba
xsnaris sasazRvro fenaSi. kristalebis waxnagebTan miaxloebisas saqarozas molekulebi gadadian
kristalur meserSi _ xdeba fazuri gardaqmna. aqedan gamomdinare, kristalebis zrdis siCqare
ganpirobebulia saqarozas difuziis siCqariT da fazuri gadasvlis siCqariT fazaTa gayofis sazRvarze. Tu
fazuri gadasvlis siCqare bevrad metia saqarozas difuziis siCqareze, maSin saqarozas kristalizaciis
siCqaris malimitirebel stadias warmoadgens misi molekulebis difuzia. kristalebis zrdis siCqare
SeiZleba gamoisaxos gantolebiT:

sadac d M aris drois erTeulSi gamokristalebuli nivTierebis raodenoba;

D -Ddifuziis koeficienti;
F - kristalebis zedapiris farTobi, romelzec xdeba gamokristaleba.
ygad – nivTierebis koncentracia gadametjerebuli xsnaris moculobaSi;
ynaj – nivTierebis koncentracia kristalis zedapirTan (aiReba xsnaris
koncentraciis toli);
- xsnaris sasazRvro fenis sisqe, romelSic koncentracia icvleba

ygad–dan ynaj-mde.
gantolebis integrirebiT miviRebT

kristalizaciis siCqare iqneba

kristalebis sasazRvro zonis sisqe gulisxmobs gadametjerebuli xsnariT kristalebis garSemovlas

sadac aris gadamatjerebuli xsnaris siblante;

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 v – xsnarSi kristalis moZraobis siCqare.
stoksis kanonis Tanaxmad

13.2. kristalizaciis materialuri da siTburi balansi

kristalizaciis saerTo materialuri balansi gamoisaxeba gantolebiT

sadac Gsaw aris sawyisi xsnaris raodenoba, kg;

Gkr - miRebuli kristalebis raodenoba, kg;
Gded - deda xsnaris raodenoba, kg;
W - gamoyofili wylis raodenoba, kg.
gaxsnili mSrali nivTierebis absoluturi raodenobis mixedviT

sadac Xsaw da Xded Sesabamisad koncentraciebia sawyis da deda xsnarSi

(woniTi wili);
aA- absoluturi mSrali nivTierebis da kristalosolvatebis
K molekuluri masebis fardoba

wylis molekulebis mierTebis gareSe kristalizaciis SemTxvevaSi

da Sesabamisad .

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac , gamoyofili gamxsnelis raodenoba iangariSeba formuliT

warmoqmnili kristalebis masa

xsnaridan kristalizaciis dros warmoiqmneba kristaluri meseri da gamoiyofa garkveuli

raodenobis siTbo (gamyarebis siTbo), xolo kristalebis gaxsnisaTvis saWiroa siTbos daxarjva. Tu
gaxsnili nivTiereba qimiur reaqciaSi Sedis gamxsnelTan da warmoqmnis hidratebs, maSin gamoiyofa

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siTbo. kristalizaciis jamuri siTburi efeqti gamyarebis dros gamoyofili siTbos raodenobasTan
damokidebulebiT da hidratebis warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi.
SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi:

kristalizaciis siTbo tolia , xolo hidrataciis dros STanTqmuli siTbo _

sqemaze (nax. 89) naCvenebi Tbonakadebis mixedviT Tburi balansis gantolebas eqneba saxe

warmodgenili gantolebidan SeiZleba ganisazRvros kristalizaciis procesSi siTbos raodenoba

miRebuli sididis gamoyenebiT ki ganisazRvreba orTqlis xarji

xsnaris wyliT gacivebis SemTxvevaSi gamacivebeli agentis raodenoba iangariSeba formuliT

xolo xsnaris haeriT gacivebis SemTxvevaSi

sadac tsaw da tsab aris Sesabamisad wylis sawyisi da saboloo temperaturebi;

isaw da isab - haeris sawyisi da saboloo enTalpiebi, kj/kg.

nax. 89. Tburinakadebis sqema kristalizaciis procesSi

kristalizatoris gamacxelebeli da gamacivebeli zedapirebis farTobis angariSi xdeba
Tbogadamcemis saangariSo formulebiT.

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 13.3. kristalizatorebis klasifikacia

kristalizatorebi iyofa uwyveti da perioduli qmedebis aparatebad, agreTve gamxsnelis

nawilobrivi mocilebis da gamacivebel mowyobilobebad.
vakuum aparati dakidebuli gamacxelebeli sakniT (nax. 90). gamacxelebeli sakani Sedgeba
ori konusurmilebiani anawyobisagan, romelSic Cawnexilia gamacxelebeli milebi. gamacxelebeli
saknis centraluri RerZis gaswvriv ganlagebulia sacirkulacio mili. gamacxelebeli kameris korpussa da
aparatis kedlebs Soris aris wriuli sivrce, romelSic cirkulirebs xsnari (utfeli). gamacxelebel sakanSi
orTqli miewodeba specialuri mowyobilobiT, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs gamacxelebeli kamerisa da
korpusis Tburi gafarToebiT gamowveul deformaciebs.

nax. 90. vakuum-aparati dakidebuli gamacxelebeli sakniT

1-korpusi, 2-gamacxelebeli sakani, 3-orTqlis Semyvani, 4-sacirkulacio mili,
5-qvedi, 6-gamacxelebeli milebi, 7-inerciuli tipis separatori
utfelis cirkulaciis gaumjobesebis mizniT gamoiyeneba orTqlis Seberva gamacxelebeli saknis
qveda nawilSi. amisaTvis ZiriTadi gamacxelebeli kameris qvemodan mierTebulia damatebiTi
gamacxelebeli sakani orTqlis gamosasvleli perforaciiT.
Saqris warmoebaSi gamoyenebul kamerebs SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva saxis konstruqcia.
uwyveti qmedebis kristalizatori (nax. 91) Sedgeba koncentratoris, kristalizatorisa da
kristalebis zrdis saknebisagan. aparatis konstruqcia unda uzrunvelyofdes xsnaris intensiur cirkulacias,

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aparatSi ar unda xdebodes kristalebis daleqva, Tbogadacemis pirobebi unda uzrunvelyofdes
minimalur danaxarjebs da uzrunvelyofili unda iyos Tanabari optimaluri zomis kristalebis miReba.
nax. 91-ze naCvenebia Saqris warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli kristalizatoris principuli sqema.
koncentratori da kristalizaori Sesrulebulia wriuli segmentebis saxiT muSa zedapirebis gaxurebiT
milebis saSualebiT. koncentratori hermetulad ais gamoyofili aparatis danarCeni kvanZebisagan, rac
iZleva masSi Warbi wnevis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas. kristalizatori zeda Ria zedapiriT dakavSirebulia
utfelis Tavze arsebul kristalebis zrdis sivrcesTan. kristalebis zrdis sakani warmoadgens cilindrs,
romelic aRWurvilia gamacxelebeli mowyobilobiT. cilindruli da radialuri tixrebis daxmarebiT igi
iyofa oTx seqtorad.
damyarebul reJimSi xsnari Sedis koncentratorSi da kristalebis zrdis sakanSi. koncentratorSi
maRali wnevis pirobebSi xsnari Sesqeldeba (xdeba blanti). misi temperatura Seadgens
kristalwarmoqmnis temperaturaze 10_150C-iT mets. xsnari Sedis kristalgeneratorSi, sadac duRdeba.
am dros orTqldeba gamxsnelis nawili. orTqli Sordeba sawyis xsnars da xdeba temperaturis
Semcireba. es iwvevs gadametjerebis koeficientis mkveTrad gazrdas. xsnaris (tkbilis) cirkulaciis
procesSi mimdinareobs kristalebis intensiuri zrda. kristalebis Semadgenlobis regulireba xdeba xsnaris
gaxurebiT koncentratorSi da kristalizatorSi miwodebuli orTqlis raodenobiT.
kristalgeneratorSi miRebuli utfeli uwyvetad Sedis kristalebis zrdis sakanSi. aqve uwyvetad
miewodeba agreTve sawyisi xsnari. utfeli TandaTan gadadis pirveli seqciidan meoTxeSi, duRdeba da
gamosatvirTi mowyobilobiT gamodis kristalizatoridan.

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 nax. 91. uwyveti qmedebis kristalizatori
1-koncentratori, 2-mili, 3-milis mdebareobis saregulirebeli
saxeluri, 4-kristalizatori, 5-gadamtani mili, 6-barboteri,
7-gadmosatvirTi mowyobiloba, 8-kristalebis zrdissakani

doluri (cilindruli) kristalizatori (nax. 92). warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba doluri kristalizatorebi,

romlebic civdeba rogorc wyliT, ise haeriT. haeriT gagrilebis SemTxvevaSi miiReba ufro msxvili
kristalebi xsnaridan haerze dabali Tbogadacemis koeficientis gamo. amitom wyliT gaivebasTan
SedarebiT haerze gacivebis aparatebis mwarmoebloba mniSvnelovnad mcirea.
doluri kristalizatori warmoadgens gorgolaWebze mbrunav cilindrul dols, romelic daxrilia
horizontis mimarT. xsnaris miwodeba dolSi xdeba zeda nawilidan, xolo kristalebis gadmotvirTva
maT Tanmxleb masasTan erTad – qveviT ganlagebuli bolodan.
dolis brunvis dros xsnari asvelebs kedlebs, ris Sedegad izrdeba gamxsnelis aorTqlebis
zedapiri.
doli moqceulia garsacmSi, romelSic miewodeba gamacivebeli agenti (wyali an haeri).

nax. 92. doluri kristalizatori

1-garsacmi, 2-doli (cilindri), 3-suspenziis mimRebi,
4-gorgolaWi, 5-Tbomcvleli, 6-xsnaris mimRebi

Tbomatari dolSi moZraobs xsnaris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. gacivebisaTvis

gamoyenebuli wylis xarji Seadgens daaxloebiT 5 m 3-s 1 m3 xsnarze da damokidebulia wylisa da
xsnaris parametrebze (temperatura, Tbotevadoba da sxv.). kristalebis dolis kedlebze miwebebis
Tavidan acilebis an miwebebuli kristalebis mosacileblad mowyobilobebSi gaTvaliswinebulia orTqlis
milebiani gamacxeleblebi, romlebic ganlagebulia dolis mTel sigrZeze.
kristalizatori fsevdogaTxevadebuli feniT (nax. 93). fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi kristalizacia
iZleva procesis mniSvnelovnad intensifikaciis saSualebas. kristalizaciis procesi SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes rogorc gamxsnelis aorTqlebis gziT mocilebis pirobebSi, ise xsnaris gacivebiT.

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 sawyisi xsnari sacirkulacio milSi Seereva dedo xsnars, narevi cxeldeba TbogadamcemSi da
saduReri milis saSualebiT moxvdeba aparatis muSa zonaSi. aq mimdinareobs intensiuri
orTqlwarmoqmna. gadametjerebuli xsnari eSveba kristalizatoris qveda nawilSi. aq xsnaris cirkulaciis
gamo warmoiqmneba fsevdogaTxevadebuli fena. warmoqmnili msxvili kristalebi, romelTa zoma
naklebi an tolia 2 mm-is, daileqeba aparatis Zirze da gamoitvirTeba aparatidan. wvrili kristalebi ki
agrZeleben zrdas an gamoitvirTeba Semkrebidan 3.

nax. 93. kristalizatori fsevdogaTxevadebuli feniT

1-korpusi, 2-saduRari mili, 3-Semkrebi, 4-Tbogadamcemi,
5-tumbo, 6-cilindruli mili, 7-centraluri mili

suspenziis intensiuri areva fsevdogaTxevadebul fenaSi zrdis nivTierebis difuziis siCqares

xsnarSi da aCqarebs kristalebis zrdas. am dros mcirdeba xsnaris gadametjerebulobis xarisxi da
kristalebis zrdis siCqare ufro meti xdeba, vidre kristalizaciis centrebis warmoqmnis siCqare. am
procesSi miRebuli kristalebi aris ufro naklebi fraqciuli Semadgenlobis (ufro erTgvarovania), vidre
sxva meTodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi.

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 13. amocanebi kristalizaciis procesebze

amocana 13.1.
kristalizaciis procesis Sedegad miiRes dedaxsnari raodenobiT Gded=60 kg, romelSic mSrali
nivTierebis koncentracia Seadgens Xded=0,1. xsnaris sawyisi wona tolia Gsaw=150 kg. gauwyloebis
Sedegad mocilebuli wylis raodenoba W=40 kg. gamoTvaleT sawyis xsnarSi miznobrivi nivTierebis
koncentracia, Tu kristalebi wyals ar Seicavs.
amoxsna
sawyisi xsnaris raodenoba warmoadgens deda xsnaris, kristalebisa da mocilebuli wylis
raodenobaTa jams. amitom SegviZlia davweroT

dedaxsnarSi mSrali nivTierebis raodenoba iqneba

sawyis xsnarSi miznobrivi nivTierebis koncentracia iqneba

amocana 13.2.
kristalizacias eqvemdebareba sawyisi xsnari, romlis kuTri siTbotevadoba Seadgens Csaw=0,6
kkal/kg0C, xolo temperatura tolia tsaw=200C. kristalizaciis kuTri siTboa rkr=80 kkal/kg0C. xsnaris masa
Seadgens Gsaw=20 kg. gamacivebeli agentis mier arTmeuli siTbo tolia Q=500 kkal, gamxsnelis mier
aorTqlebisas arinebuli siTboa Q3=600 kkal, dedaxsnarTan erTad arinebuli siTbo Q4=500 kkal,
kristalebTan erTad arinebuli siTbo tolia Q5=500 kkal, xolo Tbodanakargebis raodenoba Seadgens
Qdan=100 kkal. gamoTvaleT sawyisi xsnaris raodenoba.
amoxsna
jer ganvsazRvravT kristalizaciaze daxarjuli siTbos raodenobas

Tburi balansis gantolebas aqvs saxe

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 aRniSnuli formulidan ganvsazRvravT sawyisi xsnaris gacxelebaze daxarjuli siTbos
raodenobas

sawyisi xsnaris raodenoba toli iqneba

14. myari sasursaTo nedleulis daqucmaceba

daqucmaceba ewodeba myari masalebis zedapiris gazrdis process misi gaWyletis, daCexvis,
gaxexvis, dartymis an sxva zemoqmedebis gziT. kvebis mrewvelobaSi daqucmaceba gamoiyeneba
myari sxeulebis zedapiris farTobis gasazrdelad bioqimiuri da difuziuri procesebis siCqaris momatebis
mizniT xilis da bostneulis gadamuSavebis procesSi da, agreTve, narCenebis gadamuSavebis dros.
daqucmaceba farTod gamoiyeneba fqvilis, xorcis, Saqris, spirtis, ludis, sakonservo da sxva
sawarmoebSi.
daqucmacebis xerxi SeirCeva dasaqucmacebeli masalis zomebis da misi fiziko-meqanikuri
Tvisebebis Sesabamisad. praqtikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba daqucmacebis kombinirebuli meTodebi.
daqucmacebis procesebi iyofa danawevrebis (msxvili, saSualo, wvrili), daqucmacebis
(wminda da Zalze wminda) da daWris procesebad. daWra im SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac
saWiroa ara marto zomebSi Semcireba, aramed garkveuli formis micemac. daWras eqvemdebareba
bostneuli, xili, comiseburi masebi, xorci da sxva produqtebi.
damqucmacebel manqanebze SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas rogorc msxvili namsxvrevebi
(naWrebi), aseve wvrili nawilakebi 0,1 mm zomebamde.
klasifikacia ewodeba erTgvarovani fxvieri masalis dayofas nawilakebis zomebis mixedviT.
xSirad teqnologiuri procesis warmarTvis dros moiTxoveba iseTi nedleuli, romlis nawilakebis zomebi
moqceuli iqneba garkveul sazRvrebSi.

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 daqucmacebis procesi xasiaTdeba daqucmacebis xarisxiT, rac fasdeba daqucmacebamde
nawilakebis saSualo zomis SefardebiT daqucmacebis Semdeg imave masaSi nawilakebis saSualo
zomasTan

daqucmacebis Sedegad miRebul nawilakebs ar gaaCniaT garkveuli forma. praqtikaSi

nawilakebis zomebi xasiaTdeba im badis naxvretebis zomiT, romelzec xdeba daqucmacebis Sedegad
miRebuli fxvieri masalis daxarisxeba. imisaTvis, rom miRweuli iyos daqucmacebis maRali xarisxi,
daqucmacebas awarmoeben ramdenime etapad mimdevrobiT ganlagebul danadgarebze.
daqucmacebuli masis nawilakebis sawyisi da saboloo zomebis Sesabamisad daqucmaceba
iyofa Semdeg saxeebad:

daqucmacebis saxe dsaw, mm. dsab, mm.

msxvili 1500 – 200 250 – 25
saSualo 200 – 25 25 – 5
wvrili 25 – 5,0 5–1
Zalian wvrili 5,0 – 1,0 1 – 0,075
koloiduri 0,2 – 0,1 1 – 10-4

msxvili da saSualo daqucmaceba xdeba nedleulis mSral mdgomareobaSi damuSavebiT, xolo

wvrili da Zalian wvrili – svel mdgomareobaSi (umetesad, wyalSi). sveli daqucmacebis dros miiReba
SedarebiT erTnairi zomis nawilakebi, amave dros mkveTrad mcirdeba mtvris raodenoba da
martivdeba miRebuli produqtis gamotvirTva.
14.1. daqucmacebis kanonebi

daqucmaceba xorcieldeba gare Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, romlebic gadalaxaven

dasaqucmacebeli masalis nawilakebis erTmaneTTan SeWidulobis Zalebs. myari sxeulis naWrebad
daqucmacebis SemTxvevaSi dasawyisSi is eqvemdebareba moculobiT deformacias, Semdgom iSleba
mikro da makrobzarebis warmoqmnis xarjze. miRebuli masa gacilebiT mcire zomis nawilakebisagan
Sedgeba. daqucmacebis xarisxis gazrdasTan erTad izrdeba am procesze daxarjuli energia.
rebinderis hipoTezis Tanaxmad energiis danaxarji raime produqtis dasaqucmaceblad,
romelic Sedgeba garkveuli dispersiulobis mqone nawilakebisagan, SeiZleba gamoisaxos formuliT

sadac K aris energia, romelic ixarjeba damqucmacebeli manqanis muSa

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 organoebis cveTaze, n.m;
- dasaqucmacebeli masalis damSleli daZabuloba, n/m2;

V -Ddasaqucmacebeli masalis moculoba, m3;

ED- dasaqucmacebeli masalis drekadobis moduli, n/m2;
my -Nnawilakis deformaciis ciklebis raodenoba;
KmuSE- energia, romelic saWiroa 1 m2 axali zedapiris farTobis
warmosaqmnelad mocemuli masalis SemTxvevaSi, n.m;

- axlad warmoqmnili zedapiris farTobi, romelic tolia

daqucmacebis Semdeg da daqucmacebamde zedapiris farTobTa

sxvaobisa, m2;
a -Uuganzomilebo koeficienti, romelic axasiaTebs mocemuli konstruq-
ciis damqucmacebel manqanebs axali zedapiris warmoqmnis momentSi

sadac n aris xarisxis maCvenebeli, romelic damokidebulia daqucmacebis

pirobebze.
daqucmacebis m.q. koeficienti gamoiTvleba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT

am gantolebaTa analizi gviCvenebs, rom energodanaxarjebis Sesamcireblad unda Semcirdes

muSa organoebis drekadi deformacia da gaizardos maTi cveTamedegoba, Semcirdes
dasaqucmacebeli masalis nawilakebis deformaciaTa ciklebi da maTi damSleli Zabvis mniSvneloba.
daqucmacebis procesi mniSvnelovan energodanaxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli. energiis
danaxarjebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros daqucmacebis arsebuli TeoriebiT.
zedapiruli Teoria eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom daqucmacebis procesSi energia ixarjeba
masalis zedapirebs Soris molekuluri mizidulobis Zalebis daZlevaze. aqedan gamomdinare muSaoba,
romelic sruldeba daqucmacebis procesSi pirdapirproporciulia axlad warmoqmnili zedapiris farTobisa.
moculobiTi Teoria gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom daqucmacebis procesSi muSaoba ixarjeba
masalis deformaciaze zRvruli damSleli deformaciis misaRwevad. aqedan gamomdinare muSaoba,
romelic saWiroa daqucmacebisaTvis, pirdapirproporciulia masalis nawilakebis moculobis cvlilebisa
daqucmacebamde da daqucmacebis Semdeg.
sasargeblo muSaoba gamoiTvleba rebinderis formuliT:

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sadac Adef aris muSaoba, romelic ixarjeba dasaqucmacebeli masalis
nawilis deformaciaze, j;
Azed - muSaoba, romelic ixarjeba axali zedapiris warmoqmnaze, j;
K1 - proporciulobis koeficienti, romelic tolia sxeulis
erTeuli moculobis rRvevamde misayvan deformaciamde
daxarjuli muSaobis, j;
- dasaqucmacebeli sxeulis moculobis cvlileba, m3;

K2 - proporciulobis koeficienti, romelic tolia sxeulis axali

erTeuli zedapiris warmosaqmnelad daxarjuli muSaobis, j;
- axlad warmoqmnili zedapiris nazrdi, m2.

hukis kanonis Tanaxmad sxeulis SekumSvis dros daxarjuli muSaoba

sadac aris sxeulis moculobis cvlileba deformaciamde da

deformaciis Semdeg, m3;

- mrRvevi Zabva kumSvis dros, n/m2;

E - masalis drekadobis moduli, n/m2.

rogorc gantolebidan Cans, masalis dasaSlelad saWiro muSaoba damokidebulia mrRvev
Zabvaze da drekadobis modulze:

msxvil nawilakebad daqucmacebis mcire xarisxis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi axali zedapiris

farTobis warmoqmnaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba SeiZleba ugulebelyofili iqnas da moculobis cvlileba
CaiTvalos sidided:

sadac D aris dasaqucmacebeli nawilakis maxasiaTebeli diametri.

maSin daxarjuli muSaoba toli iqneba

warmodgenili formula adasturebs kik-kirpiCovis Teorias, romlis Tanaxmad daqucmacebis

muSaoba proporciulia dasaqucmacebeli nawilakis moculobisa.

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 msxvil nawilakebad daqucmacebis maRali xarisxis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ugulebelyofili iyos
moculobis cvlilebaze daxarjuli muSaoba da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom , miviRebT

mocemuli formula warmoadgens ritingeris Teorias, romlis Tanaxmad daqucmacebis dros

daxarjuli muSaoba proporciulia daqucmacebis Sedegad miRebuli zedapiris farTobisa.
muSaoba, romelic Wraze ixarjeba (Wra Sedgeba ori stadiisagan: dasawyisSi xdeba masalis
SekumSva mWreli piris gaswvriv, meore stadiaze ki xdeba masalis gadaWra) SeiZleba gamoisaxos
Semdegi formuliT:

sadac Akum aris muSaoba, romelic daixarja masalis SekumSvaze, j;

AWra - Wraze daxarjuli muSaoba, j.
SekumSvaze daxarjuli muSaoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros formuliT:

sadac aris pirobiTi moduli danis mWreli piriT SekumSvisas, j;

hkum – produqtis SekumSuli fenis simaRle, m;

h - produqtis fenis sawyisi simaRle, m.
Wraze daxarjuli sasargeblo muSaoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac FWra aris WrisaTvis miyenebuli Zala, n.

Wris TeoriaSi sargebloben cnebiT ~Wris xvedriTi dawneva~, romelic warmoadgens dawolis
Zalas danis mWreli wibos 1 m sigrZeze. magaliTad, stafilosaTvis is Seadgens 1400 – 1600 n/m,
kartofilisaTvis 600 – 700 n/m.
masalis SekumSvis pirobiTi moduli ganisazRvreba eqsperimentuli gziT. igi damokidebulia
masalis Tvisebebze, danis saxeze, dawolaze da sxva faqtorebze.
danis mWreli wibo xasiaTdeba Wris unariT, romelic muSaobis procesSi mcirdeba.
sursaTis warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba mWreli elementebi, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva forma:
marTkuTxa, diskuri, lenturi, namgliseburi da sxv. mWreli elementebi SeiZleba asrulebdes brunviT,
winsvliT-ukuqceviT, rxeviT moZraobas an iyos uZravi da mis mimarT moZraobdes dasaWreli
masala.

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 14.2. damqucmaceblebis konstruqciebi

damqucmaceblebis yoveli tipi moicavs manqanebis did jgufs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavdeba konstruqciuli SesrulebiT da muSa procesis organizaciiT (magaliTad, samsxvrevebi:
CaquCebiani, ybebiani, konusuri, dezintegratorebi da sxv.).
yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba CaquCebiani damqucmaceblebi. isini xasiaTdeba simartiviT,
maRali saimedobiT muSaobaSi, mowyobilobis kompaqturobiT, muSa reJimebis did diapazonSi
dinamiurobiT, invertirebis saSualebiT, muSa organoebis (CaquCebis) didi siCqariT, manqanis lilvis
eleqtroZravasTan uSualod dakavSirebis SesaZleblobiT. yovelive aRniSnulma ganapiroba am
mowyobilobebis farTo gamoyeneba sursaTis warmoebaSi (nax. 94).
CaquCebiani damqucmaceblebi xasiaTdeba rigi uaryofiTi mxareebiTac, rogoricaa maRali
energodanaxarjebi, miRebuli daqucmacebuli produqtis araTanabari granulometriuli Semadgenloba,
zedmetad daqucmacebuli nawilakebis maRali Semcveloba, muSa organoebis intensiuri cveTa da
nacveTi masalis produqtSi moxvedris saSiSroeba.

nax. 94. CaquCebiani damqucmacebeli

1-korpusi, 2-diski, 3-CaquCi, 4-RerZi, 5-muSa zedapiri, 6-masalis mimwodi Sneki,
7-fari, 8-bunkeris fari, 9-saxuravi, 10-bunkeri, 11-daqucmacebuli masis
gamosatvirTi bade, 12-gamosatvirTi fari, 13-gamosatvirTi
anjara, 14-mza produqtis mimRebi, 15-haeris gamwovi

ybebian damqucmaceblebSi masalis daqucmaceba xdeba damsxvreviT solisebur sakanSi,

romelic warmoiqmneba moZravi da uZravi ybebis (filebis) saSualebiT. ybebi periodulad uaxlovdeba

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da Sordeba erTmaneTs. daqucmacebuli masala damqucmaceblidan gadmovardeba moZravi ybis
ukusvlis dros. samsxvrevis principuli sqema warmodgenilia nax. 95-ze.

nax. 95. ybebiani samsxvrevi

1-moZravi yba, 2-uZravi yba, 3-moZravi ybis RerZi, 4-eqscentriuli
lilvi, 5-saRvede borbali, 6-mqnevara, 7-barbaca, 8, 11-solis zomis
maregulirebeli, 9-zambara, 10-korpusi (dgari), 12-berketi, 13-weva

mowyobilobis ybebis muSa mxareze damagrebulia cveTamedegi wiboebiani sacvleli filebi.

moZravi yba (fila) dayenebulia RerZze rxevis saSualebiT da modis rxeviT moZraobaSi eqscentriuli
lilvis saSualebiT barbacas daxmarebiT. barbaca saxsruladaa dakavSirebuli berketebTan 12. Filas
gaaCnia saregulirebeli solebi 8, 11. maTi gadaadgilebiT SesaZlebelia gamosasvleli RreCos sididis
regulireba, rac Tavis mxriv iZleva masalis daqucmacebis xarisxis regulirebis saSualebas. wevis 13 da
zambaris 9 saSualebiT uzrunvelyofilia ybis ukusvla. Mowyobilobaze SesaZlebelia Zalian didi Zalebis
ganxorcieleba masalis dasaqucmaceblad.
ybebiani damqucmacebeli martivia konstruqciulad da saimedoa muSaobaSi. Tumca
aRsaniSnavia, rom masSi arsebuli gauwonasworebeli moZravi detalebi saWiroebs manqanis
damagrebas mZlavr saZirkvelze. muSaobis procesSi warmoiqmneba didi raodenobiT mtveri da adgili
aqvs xmaurs. Daqucmacebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba agreTve didi raodenobiT wvrili nawilakebi.
ybebiani damqucmaceblebis ZiriTad parametebs miekuTvneba kuTxe ybebs Soris (romelsac
CaTrevis kuTxes uwodeben), lilvis brunTa ricxvi, mwarmoebloba da energiis xarji.
CaTrevis kuTxis sididezea damokidebuli daqucmacebis xarisxi, romelic izrdeba kuTxis
gazrdiT. imisaTvis, rom damqucmacebelSi miwodebuli masalis nawilakebi ar iqnas saknidan
amogdebuli, isini unda akmayofilebdes pirobas

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sadac f aris dasaqucmacebeli masalis xaxunis kuTxe ybebis masalis mimarT;
a - masalis CaTrevis kuTxe.
praqtikaSi CaTrevis kuTxe aiReba 15 – 220 farglebSi.
moZravi ybis svlis xangrZlioba marcxena kidura mdebareobidan marjvena kidura
mdebareobamde n brunTa ricxvis pirobebSi tolia

am drois ganmavlobaSi masala damqucmaceblis sakanSi (kameraSi) gaivlis manZils

konusuri damqucmaceblebi gamoiyeneba msxvili, saSualo da wvrili daqucmacebisaTvis.

daqucmaceba xorcieldeba masalis naWrebis uwyveti WyletiTa da damsxvreviT uZrav da moZrav
konusur nawilebs Soris, romelTac aqvs wakveTili konusis forma. damqucmacebeli Tavi korpusSi
dayenebulia eqscentrisitetze, ris Sedegad korpusis SigniT asrulebs eqscentriul brunviT moZraobas
(nax. 96).
rodesac damqucmacebeli Tavi uaxlovdeba korpusis erT mxares, daqucmacebuli masala
gadadis sawinaaRmdego mxareze – gafarToebad wriul RreCoSi, romelic warmoqmnilia korpussa da
moZrav Tavs Soris.
dezintegratorebSi da dismembratorebSi badroebze damagrebulia wrewirze ganlagebuli
damqucmacebeli TiTebi. TiTebis yoveli rigi erT badroze ganlagebulia meore badroze ganlagebuli
TiTebis ori rigisagan mcire RreCoTi (nax. 97).

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 Nnx. 96. konusuri damqucmacebeli
1-sferuli sayrdeni, 2-korpusi, 3-muSa fila, 4-moZravi
Tavi, 5-vertikaluri lilvi, 6-eqscentriki

dasaqucmacebeli masala dezintegratorSi miewodeba CamtvirTi bunkeridan da qucmacdeba

urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT mbrunav badroebze damagrebuli TiTebis zemoqmedebiT –
dartymis Sedegad. daqucmacebuli masala mowyobilobidan gamodis mis qveda nawilSi ganlagebuli
naxvretis gavliT. badroebis brunTa ricxvi Seadgens 200-1200 wT -1. aseTi manqanebis
mwarmoebloba meryeobs 0,5 – 20 t/sT farglebSi.

nax. 97. dezintegratoris principuli sqema

1, 6-lilvebi, 2, 3-badroebi, 4-TiTebi, 5-CasatvirTi bunkeri
dismembratorebs dezintegratorebisagan gansxvavebiT aqvs erTi moZravi badro. meore badros
rols asrulebs wisqvilis saxuravi, romlis Siga mxares koncentrulad aris ganlagebuli uZravi TiTebis
radenime rigi.

14.3. damqucmaceblebis gaangariSebis meTodika

damqucmaceblis muSa procesze energiis ganawileba xasiaTdeba simZlavris balansis

gantolebiT

sadac Ndaquc aris simZlavre, romelic ixarjeba uSualod masalis

daqucmacebaze, vt;
Nuqm - simZlavre, romelic ixarjeba manqanis uqm svlaze, vt;

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 Ncirk - simZlavre, romelic ixarjeba masalis cirkulaciaze, vt.
masalis daqucmacebaze (sasargeblo winaRobis daZlevaze) daxarjuli simZlavre Seadgens

sadac q aris damqucmaceblis mocemuli mwarmoebloba, kg/wm;

Adaquc D- daqucmacebaze daxarjuli muSaoba, j/kg.
uqmi svlisa da cirkulaciisaTvis daxarjuli simZlavre aiReba daqucmacebaze daxarjuli
simZlavris 15_20%-is farglebSi.
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT simZlavris saangariSo formula miiRebs saxes

damqucmaceblis mwarmoebloba SeiZleba ganisazRvros misi konstruqciuli zomebis

gaTvaliswinebiT formulidan

sadac t aris muSa sakanSi masalis dayovnebis xangrZlioba, wm.

formula gviCvenebs, rom muSaobis SerCeuli reJimis pirobebSi (romelzec damokidebulia
muSa sakanSi cirkulirebuli masalis fenis h sisqe da nawilakebis koncentracia), damqucmaceblis

mwarmoebloba pirdapirproporciulia am damqucmaceblis dolis ganivkveTisa.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, CaquCebiani damqucmaceblis mwarmoebloba SeiZleba

warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:

sadac Kdaquc aris proporciulobis koeficienti, romelic axasiaTebs muSa

saknis ganivkveTis 1 m2 farTobidan produqtis gamosavlianobas,
kg/wm.m2.

14.amocanebi myari sasursaTo nedleulis daqucmacebaze

amocana 14.1.

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 nedleulis Wris procesSi misi fenis sawyisi sisqe iyo h=0,05 m. Wris momentSi SekumSuli
fenis sisqe gaxda hkum=0,01 m. SekumSvis pirobiTi moduli mocemuli produqtisaTvis tolia =500 j.

WrisaTvis saWiro Zala Seadgens FWra=5*103 n. gamoTvaleT Wraze daxarjuli muSaoba.

amoxsna
jer ganisazRvreba SekumSvaze daxarjuli muSaoba

Semdeg ganvsazRvravT uSualod Wraze daxarjul (anu sasargeblo) muSaobas

maSin Wraze daxarjuli sruli muSaoba toli iqneba:

15. sasursaTo nedleulis dawnexis procesebi.

eqstruzia

masalebis gauwyloebis, briketirebis, granulirebis da plastikuri masebisaTvis formis

misacemad sasusaTo produqtebis warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba dawnexis procesebi.
dawnexa xorcieldeba dasamuSavebel masalaze garegani Zalis zemoqmedebiT sxvadasxva
saxis specialur wnexebze.
gauwyloeba wnevis zemoqmedebiT gamoiyeneba sursaTis warmoebis rig dargebSi: Saqris
warmoebaSi siTxis gamosayofad Warxlis rafinatidan, Saqris lerwmidan wvenis gamosayofad,
cximebis warmoebaSi mzesumziradan zeTis gamosawnexad, wvenebis warmoebaSi xilidan da sxva
mcenareuli nedleulidan wvenebis misaRebad da sxv.
briketireba gamoiyeneba briketebis (filebis) misaRebad, romlebic SeiZleba iyos
marTkuTxedis, cilindris an raime sxva formis.
Saqris warmoebaSi briketirebiT miiReba Saqar-rafinadis da Warxlis rafinatis (narCenebis)
dawnexili filebi. dawnexiT briketebis miReba farTod gamoiyeneba sakonditro da koncentratebis
warmoebaSi, agreTve narCenebis utilizaciis procesSi.

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 briketirebis fizikuri arsi mdgomareobs masalis Semadgeneli nawilakebis erTmaneTTan
daaxloebaSi, rac niSnavs fxvieri masis myari fazis nawilakebis erTmaneTTan SekavSirebas da
gamkvrivebas gareSe meqanikuri Zalis zemoqmedebis gziT.
briketirebis (granulirebis) maxasiaTebel sidided SemoRebulia gamkvrivebis (SekumSvis)
xarisxi, romelic warmoadgens dasawnexi masalis nayaris moculobis fardobas amave moculobis
masalidan miRebuli dawnexili briketis (granulis) moculobasTan. mudmivi ganivkveTis sawnex
sakanSi masalis dawnexis procesSi SekumSvis xarisxi SeiZleba gamoisaxos formuliT:

sadac S aris sawnexi saknis ganivkveTis farTobi, m2;

h -Nnayari masalis simaRle sakanSi dawnexamde, m;
hbr - briketis simaRle dawnexis Semdeg, m.
Tu nayari masalis simkvrives aRvniSnavT (kg/m3), xolo miRebuli briketis simkvrives

(kg/m3), maSin gamkvrivebis xarisxi SeiZleba warmovadginoT saxiT:

15.1. wnevis ganawileba dawnexis procesSi

dawnexis wneva Sedgeba produqtis gamkvrivebisa da misi wnex-formis kedlebTan

warmoqmnili xaxunis Zalebis daZlevisaTvis saWiro wnevaTa jamisagan. kedlebTan produqtis
xaxunis Zalebis dasaZlevad saWiro wneva gacilebiT mcirea produqtis gamkvrivebisaTvis saWiro
wnevis ZalasTan SedarebiT. amitom is SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT.
Tu CavTvliT, rom dasawnexi produqti aris erTgvarovani, maSin procesi SeiZleba Caiweros
saxiT:

sadac aris dawnexis moduli;

da - dawnexis procesSi sawyisi da saboloo simkvrive;

Dda - sawyisi da saboloo SekumSvis koeficientebi.

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 matricaSi ganlagebuli briketis (nax. 98) elementarul fenaze puansonis Ziridan Z manZilze
moqmed ZalaTa wonasworobis pirobebSi vertikalur sibrtyeSi moqmedebs normaluri Zalebi PZ da
PZ,_dPZ, xaxunis Zalebi da gverdiTi dawnevis Zalebi PXZ. farTobis erTeulze moqmedi xaxunis

Zala tolia

sadac f aris xaxunis koeficienti masalasa da matricis kedlebs Soris.

nax. 98. briketis elementarul fenaze moqmedi Zalebis sqema

1-puansoni, 2-matrica

vertikauri xvedriTi wneva PZ dakavSirebulia gverdebidan moqmed PXZ xvedriT wnevasTan

damokidebulebiT

Tu briketis ganivkveTis farTobia F, xolo misi perimetri - P, maSin wonasworobis

mdgomareoba Z RerZze gamoisaxeba gantolebiT:

15.2. dasawnexi mowyobilobebi

sasursaTo produqtebis warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva konstruqciis wnexebi. isini

SeiZleba daiyos or did jgufad: meqanikuri da hidravlikuri.

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 hidravlikuri wnexis muSaobis principi damyarebulia hidravlikis kanonebze. mowyobilobis
ZiriTad kvanZs warmoadgens muSa cilindri, romlis SigniT moZraobs plunJeri (dguSi). dguSi
SeerTebulia masTan erTadmoZrav filasTan. dguSi moZraobaSi modis siTxis zemoqmedebiT.
dasawnex masalas moaTavseben uZrav da moZrav filebs Soris.
wnevis Zala, romliTac zemoqmedebs cilindri masalaze, proporciulia misi farTobisa

sadac p aris hidrosistemaSi arsebuli wneva, pa;

F - dguSis zedapiris farTobi, romelzec zemoqmedebs wneva, m2.
nax. 99-ze warmodgenilia xilidan wvenis misaRebi xazis sqema hidravlikuri wneis
gamoyenebiT.

nax. 99. xilidan wvenis misaRebi xazis sqema hidravlikuri wnexis gamoyenebiT
1-bunkeri, 2-konveieri, 3-sarecxi da Teslis mosacilebeli, 4-tumbo-damqucmacebeli, 5-blanti masis
tumbo, 6-bunkeri, 7-wnexi

Saqris warmoebasi Srotis gauwylovanebisaTvis gamoiyeneba horizontaluri da vertikaluri

wnexebi calmxrivi da ormxrivi gamownexiT. Ormxrivi gamownexis wnexebi ufro
maRalmwarmoebluria, vidre camxrivi gamownexis, amasTan isini uzrunvelyofs ufro dabali
tenSemcvelobis mqone Srotis miRebis SesaZleblobas.
daxrili Snekuri wnexis daniSnulebaa SrotSi darCenili siTxis maqsimaluri gamownexa (nax.
100). Sroti (CenCo) miewodeba separatorSi, sadac mas Sordeba siTxis ZiriTadi nawili, romelic gadis
badeSi da milyeliT 9 gamodis wnexidan. darCenili nawili iwnexeba SnekiT da Snekis lilvze arsebuli
perforirebuli konusuri zedapiriT 3 moxvdeba naxvretebSi 10 da iqidan miltuCiT 9 gamodis Snekis
korpusidan gareT.

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 nax. 100. daxrili Snekuri wnexi
1-separatori, 2-Snekis lilvi, 3-perforirebuli konusuri zedapiri, 4-damwnexi Sneki, 5-cilindri perforirebuli
zedapiriT, 6-RreCos regulatori, 7-Srotis gamosatvirTi RreCo, 8-konusuri zedapiri, 9-milyeli, 10-siTxis
gamosasvleli naxvreti, 11-filtraciis damatebiTi zedapiri, 12-siTxis gamosasvleli milyeli

Ggmownexili Srotis gamotvirTva xdeba Snekis boloSi arsebuli wriuli RreCodan, romelic
arsebobs konusur mfiltrav zedapirsa da Snekis korpuss Soris. am RreCos zomis regulirebis xarjze
regulirdeba gamownexis xarisxi. RreCos regulirebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia regulatori 6.
daxril da horizontalur Snekur wnexebs analogiuri konstruqciebi aqvT. horizontalurisagan
gansxvavebiT vertikalur wnexebSi ar xdeba gamownexili siTxis da Srotis xelmeored Sereva.
vertikaluri Snekuri wnexis (nax. 101) ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens Rru vertikaluri lilvi,
romelic damagrebulia specialur sayrdenebze. Snekis garsacmze urTierTmopirdapire mxareebze
damagrebulia Snekis xvias sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT daxrili kontr-frTebi, romlebic Sedian
Snekis wyvil frTebs Soris areSi da qmnian winaaRmdegobas, riTic xels uSlian masalis
gadaadgilebasa da SnekTan erTad brunvas. es xels uwyobs gasauwyloebeli masalidan siTxis
maqsimalur gamowurvas. kontr-frTebSi gaTvaliswinebulia naxvretebi, saidanac xdeba orTqlis
miwodeba. wnexis zeda nawilSi ganlagebulia masalis CamtvirTi xvimira, qveda nawilSi – (cilindris
torsul zedapirTan) konusuri perforirebuli zedapiri, romelic Snekis bolosTan qmnis solisebur konusur
RreCos.
teniani Sroti miewodeba xvimiradan Snekis zeda frTebs. am frTebiT xdeba masis
gadaadgileba zevidan qveviT. wnexis gare cilindrul garsacmsa da Siga konusur perforirebul lilvs
Soris gadaadgilebis procesSi xdeba Srotis TandaTan Seviwroeba, SekumSva da siTxis gadasvla
cilindrisa da lilvis perforaciaSi, ris Semdegac gravitaciuli Zalis zemoqmedebiT Camoedineba qveviT
da arxiT 10 da milyeliT 9 gamodis wnexidan. gauwyloebuli Sroti safxeki mowyobilobiT 8
gamoitvirTeba wnexidan.

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 nax. 101. vertikaluri wnexi
1-amZravi kbilanebi, 2-CasatvirTi xvimira, 3-Sneki, 4-mosaxsneli
perforirebuli zedapiri, 5-kontr-frTa, 6-konusuri
bade, 7-WanWiki, 8-safxeki, 9-miltuCi, 10-arxi (sadinari)

cilindruli badis qveda boloSi ganlagebulia konusuri bade, romelic SeiZleba gadaadgildes
Snekis lilvis gaswvriv WanWikebis 7 daxmarebiT. am badesa da cilindrul bades Soris RreCos
regulirebiT icvleba Srotis gamownexis xarisxi.
granulatoris daniSnulebaa fxvieri masalebisagan garkveuli zomis granulebis miReba,
romelTa forma miaxloebulia sferos an cilindrTan. am procesSi xdeba fxvieri masis nawilakebis
erTmaneTTan dakavSireba meqanikuri zemoqmedebiT an sxva meTodiT. granulatoris erT-erTi
varianti warmodgenilia nax. 102-ze. granulatori warmoadgens cilindrul korpuss zeviT amoburculi
ZiriT. igi asrulebs rTul moZraobas horizontalur sibrtyeSi _ korpusi brunavs sakuTari RerZisa da
amZravi lilvis garSemo. aseTi rTuli moZraoba warmoqmnis fxvnilis aRmaval xraxnul moZraobas.
Sedegad warmoiqmneba granulebis birTvebi fxvnilSi Semavali nawilakebis erTmaneTTan
miwebebiT. birTvs yvelaze xSirad warmoadgens Saqris kristalebi, qiSmiSi, Txili da sxv. granulis
gareTa nawili ki Sedgeba Saqris, kakaos, yavis da sxva wvrildispersiuli masalebisagan, romelTac
gaaCniaT birTvTan Sewebebis unari.

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 nax. 102. granulatorSi nawilakebis moZraobis sqema

15.3. wnexebis inJinruli gaangariSeba

wnexis mwarmoeblobis gaangariSeba gamowuruli Srotis mixedviT SesaZlebelia formuliT:

sadac aris gamowuruli Srotis simkvrive, kg/m3;

- Snekis koeficienti, anu Snekis wyvetili xviebis zedapiris farTo-

bis Sefardeba Snekis xraxnul zedapiris farTobTan;

F - Srotis gamosasvleli wriuli rgoluri RreCos an gamosasvleli
N naxvretebis jamis farTobi, m2;
t - Snekis xvias biji Srotis gamosasvlelTan, m;
n - Snekis brunTa ricxvi, wT-1.
Snekis amZravis mier moTxovnili simZlavre Sedgeba sxvadasxva mdgenelebisagan

sadac Nper aris simZlavre, romelic ixarjeba xaxunis Zalebis daZlevaze

Srotsa da korpusis perforirebul nawils Soris, vt;
Nkor - simZlavre, romelic ixarjeba xaxunis Zalebis daZlevaze
Srotsa da korpuss Soris, vt;
Nxv - simZlavre, romelic ixarjeba xaxunis Zalebis daZlevaze
Srotsa da Snekis xviebs Soris, vt;

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 Nkum - simZlavre, romelic ixarjeba Srotis SekumSvaze, vt;
Ngad - simZlavre, romelic ixarjeba Srotis gadaadgilebaze, vt.
– amZravis m.q. koeficienti.

15.4. eqstruzia da misi gamoyeneba sursaTis warmoebaSi

eqstruziuli teqnologia (laTinuridan extrude – gamogdeba, gamownexa) erT-erTi yvelaze

maRalefeqturi da perspeqtiuli procesia, romlis dros nedleulis kompleqsuri Termo, hidro da
meqanikuri damuSavebis Sedegad mimdinareobs axali Taobis produqtebis miReba winaswar
dadgenili TvisebebiT. eqstruziis procesSi mimdinareobs procesis marTva winaswar Sedgenil
saeqstruzio narevze masSi saWiro mikrobiologiuri, fizikur-meqanikuri da bioqimiuri gardaqmnebis
warmarTvisaTvis.
procesis mimdinareobis dros masebis erTmaneTis mimarT didi Zvris siCqarisa da wnevis
zemoqmedebiT adgili aqvs meqanikuri energiis siTburSi gadasvlas, rac ganapirobebs produqtis
xarisxis sxvadasxva sididis cvlilebebs, magaliTad, rogoricaa cilebis denaturacia, saxameblis
kleisterizacias da Jelatinizacias da sxv.
eqstruziis meTods Tburi damuSavebis sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT gaaCnia rigi
upiratesobebi. kerZod, is iZleva saSualebas ganxorcieldes procesis intensifikacia, gaizardos masalis
gamoyenebis xarisxi, miRebuli iqnas produqtebi uSualo (pirdapiri) gamoyenebisaTvis, calkeuli
komponentebi wylisa da cximebis maRali Sekavebis unariT, gafarTovdes produqciis asortimenti,
gaizardos sursaTis SeTvisebis unarianoba, Semcirdes warmoebis danaxarjebi, agreTve Semcirdes
garemos dabinZurebis xarisxi. garda amisa, eqstruziis Sedegad xdeba ara marto ujredul doneze
cvlilebebi, aramed mimdinareobs rTuli qimiuri, mikrobiologiuri da fizikuri gardaqmnebi.
eqstruderis matricaSi Sesvlis win temperaturis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Semdegi saxis
eqstruzias: civi, Tbili da cxeli (mduRare). civi eqstruziis SemTxvevaSi matricis win temperatura
naklebia 500C-ze, Tbili eqstruziis SemTxvevaSi temperatura imyofeba sazRvrebSi 60 - 100 0C, xolo
cxeli eqstruziis SemTxvevaSi temperatura aRwevs 120 - 2000C. eqstruziis procesi mimdinareobs
Semdegi mimdevrobiT (nax. 103): produqtis CaTreva SnekiT. es Sneki produqts gadaaadgilebs
korpusis gaswvriv da Seitans SekumSvis zonaSi, sadac xdeba misi gaxureba mbrunavi Snekis da
eqstruderis korpusis zedapirebTan xaxunis Zalebis gavleniT, agreTve masalis Siga Zvris Zalebis

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zemoqmedebiT. CatvirTvis, eqstruziis da gamotvirTvis saerTo xangrZlioba Seadgens 1 – 2 wT-s,
wneva tolia 50 mpa, xolo temperatura - 1800C.
ufro xSirad eqstrudirebas eqvemdebareba marცvlovani nedleuli (xorbali, qeri, brinji, simindi
da sxv.), romelTa ZiriTad komponents warmoadgens saxamebeli. eqstruziis procesSi saxamebeli
ganicdis sagrZnob cvlilebebs, ris Sedegadac xdeba molekuluri dezorganizacia. igi kargavs Tavis
kristalurobas da xSirad uerTdeba dasamuSavebeli masis lipidebs.

nax. 103. eqstruderis sqema

1-mimRebi bunkeri, 2-Sneki, 3-korpusi, 4-gamacxelebeli
perangi, 5-gamacxelebeli elementebi, 6-matrica

praqtikaSi sxvadasxva produqtebis misaRebad gamoiyeneba eqstruziis sxvadasxva meTodebi.

civi meTodiT eqstruzia iTvaliswinebs ZiriTadad dasamuSavebeli masalis meqanikur
cvlilebas. masalis neli gadaadgilebis procesSi wnevis zemoqmedebiT xdeba produqtis formireba
eqstruderis TavSi. ase Rebuloben, magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxis makarons. eqstruzirebul-
modificirebuli fqvilidan miiReba swrafad xsnadi produqtebi an narevebi swrafi momzadebisaTvis,
romlebic damzadebulia burRuleulis bazaze. wylis an rZis damatebis SemTxvevaSi aseTi produqti
gardaiqmneba comad, qaSad, supad an naRebad.
Tbili eqstruziis SemTxvevaSi xdeba mSrali nedleulis da wylis erTmaneTTan Sereva.
miRebuli narevi miewodeba eqstruders, romelSic is eqvemdebareba meqanikur da Tbur
zemoqmedebas. miRebuli produqti xasiaTdeba dabali simkvriviT, gazrdili moculobiT, plastikurobiT
da forovani agebulebiT. aseT produqtebs miekuTvneba krekerebi, sauzmeebi, romelTa
momzadebisaTvis mxolod cxeli wylis damatebaa saWiro.
cxeli eqstruzia iTvaliswinebs procesis warmarTvas didi siCqariT maRali temperaturis
pirobebSi. Tburi energiis miwodeba xdeba gamaxurebeli elementebis saSualebiT, agreTve

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eqstruderis gare kedlebidan. masalis tenianoba icvleba 10_20% sazRvrebSi. aseTi wesiT mzaddeba
simindis Cxirebi, xraSuna puri, mSrali saWmelebi.

15.amocanebi sasursaTo nedleulis dawnexis procesebze

amocana 15.1.
Snekuri wnexis lilvis brunvis sixSire Seadgens n=1200 wT-1. Srotis gamosasvlelSi Ria RreCos
rgolis farTobia F=0,1 m2. am RreCosTan ganlagebuli Snekuri frTis bijia t=0,2 m. Snekis wyvetili
frTebis farTobia F1=1 m2, xolo uwyveti Snekuri xraxnuli xvias farTobi - F2-2 m2. mwarmoebloba
Seadgens Q=6000 kg/sT. gamoTvaleT Snekidan gamosuli Srotis simkvrive .

amoxsna
jer unda ganisazRvros Snekis koeficienti, anu Snekis wyvetili xviebis zedapiris farTobis
Sefardeba Snekis xraxnul zedapiris farTobTan

Semdeg ganisazRvreba Snekidan gamosuli Srotis simkvrive

amocana 15.2.
gamoTvaleT Snekur wnexSi Srotis SesakumSad saWiro simZlavre, Tu misi amZravis m.q.
koeficienti tolia =0,8. Srotsa da korpusis perforirebul nawils Soris xaxunis dasaZlevad saWiro

simZlavre Seadgens Nper=4 kvt, korpusis danarCen nawilsa da Srots Soris xaxunis dasaZlevad saWiro
simZlavre Nkor=2 kvt, Snekis xviebsa da Srots Soris Nxv=4 kvt, xolo Srotis gadasaadgileblad daxarjuli
simZlavre Ngad=2 kvt. manqanis mier moTxovnili sruli moTxovnili simZlavrea N=30 kvt.
amoxsna
Srotis SekumSvaze daxarjuli simZlavre gamoiTvleba Snekis amZravis mier moTxovnili
simZlavris saangariSo formulidan. saWiro sidide iqneba

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