m.

ruxvaZe

eleqtruli sistemebis mdgradoba

Tbilisi

2009

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es wigni eZRvneba Cemi mamis,

iagor ruxvaZis

da Cemi ufrosi

megobris da maswavleblis

irakli qurdianis

xsovnas.

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 Tavi I

zogadi cnebebi

$1 ra aris eleqtruli sistemebis mdgradoba ?

imisaTvis, rom CamovayalibiT mdgradobis cneba, gavixsenoT, Tu

rogor xdeba eleqtruli energies generacia, misi gadacema, ganawileba
da moxmareba. Eeleqtrul sadgurebSi saTbobis an wylis energia
gardaiqmneba eleqtrul energiad. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba orTqlis an
wylis turbinebi, romelTa brunvis meqanikuri energia, sinqronuli
generatorebis saSualebiT, gardaiqmneba eleqtrul energiad.
Eeleqtruli energia maRali Zabvis gadacemis xazebis saSualebiT
gadaecema moxmarebis centrebs, sadac damadablebeli qvesadgurebisa da
gamanawilebeli qselis saSualebiT miewodeba momxmareblebs.
Eeleqtrul sistemas gaaCnia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri Tviseba. xazi
gausvaT mxolod ors:

1. Mmomxmareblebis mier moTxovnili eleqtruli simZlavre

(qselSi danakargebis CaTvliT) drois yovel momentSi tolia
generatorebis mier generirebuli simZlavrisa;
2. sistemis yvela generatori muSaobs paralelurad, rac niSnavs
imas , rom isini gaerTianebuli arian erT eleqtrul sqemaSi da
maTi eleqtruli kuTxuri siCqareebi erTnairia da Seesabamebian
CvenSi miRebul 50 hercs.
Eeleqtrul sistemaSi CarTulia milionobiT mowyobiloba romelic
gardaqmnis eleqtrul energies sxva saxis energiad: naTurebi, Zravebi,
Rumelebi, eleqtronuli aparetura da sxva, da romelTa erTobriobas
Cven vuwodebT momxmarebels. momxmareblebis CarTva-gamorTva xdeba
yovelwams, da sistemis jamuri datvirTva icvleba Sesabamisad. Aamitom

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sistemis reJimi ar SeiZleba davaxasiaTod rogorc ucvleli,
damyarebuli am sityvis absoluturi mniSvnelobiT. sistemis muSaobis
analizi datvirTvis uwyveti cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiT aris
praqtikulad SeuZlebeli da rac mTavaria uazro. amitom akeTeben
daSvebas, rom raRac drois, vTqvaT 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi datvirTvis
da generaciis sidide aris mudmivi. aseT reJims damyarebul reJims
uwodeben. Ddamyarebuli reJimis analizi moicavs sistemis kvanZebSi
Zabvis sidideebis gansazRvras, qselis elementebSi aqtiuri da
reaqtiuli nakadebis ganawilebis dadgenasa da simZlavris danakargebis
gaangariSebas. gakeTebuli daSveba saSualebas gvaZlevs SevafasoT
reJimi am daSvebis farglebSi. realobaSi sul arsebobs datvirTvis
uwyveti cvlileba. Ees iwvevs generatorebis datvirTvis cvlilebas,
rasac mohyveba maTi kuTxuri siCqareebis cvlileba. maSasadame irRveva
generatorebis paraleluri muSaobis piroba. sistemis datvirTvis
cvlileba drois mcire monakveTSi Zalian mcirea. Aam mcire cvlilebas
pirobiTad davarqvad usasrulod mcire SeSfoTeba da CamovayaliboT
eleqtruli sistemis kidev erTi Tviseba.
sistema damyarebul reJimSi reagirebs usasrulod mcire
SeSfoTebaze. Ggarkveul pirobebSi SeSfoTeba miileva da sistemis
reJimi ar Seicvleba. sxva pirobebSi reJimi SeiZleba Seicvalos imdenad,
rom generatorebis paraleluri muSaoba gaxdes SeuZlebeli.
dairRveva sistemis generatorebis mdgradi paraleluri muSaoba anu
mdgradoba. mivediT im daskvnamde, rom normaluri, damyarebuli reJimis
analizi gulisxmobs zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis garda, pasuxs imaze,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara reJimis mdgradoba mcire SeSfoTebis pirobebSi.
Aarsebobs Tu ara sistemis damyarebuli reJimis statikuri mdgradoba.
Gganxorcielebadia Tu ara realurad gaangariSebuli reJimi.
Eeleqtrul sistemaSi usasrulod mcire SeSfoTebebis garda adgili
aqvs sasruli, konkretuli sididis, SeSfoTebebs, esenia: mniSvnelovani
sididis tvirTis CarTva-gamorTva, generatoris an generatorTa jgufis
uecari gamorTva, datvirTuli xazis an transformatoris uecari
gamorTva, generatoris agznebis dakargva, mokle SerTvebi da xazis
avtomaturi ganmeorebiTi CarTva. yvela am SemTxvevaSi sistemaSi xdeba
simZlavris nakadganawilebis Secvla da rac mTavaria icvleba

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generatorebis datvirTva. aq saqme gvaqvs erT, sawyis damyarebul
reJimidan, meore damyarebul reJimze gadasvlasTan. es gadasvla
SeiZleba moxdes uSualod sawyis reJimidan saboloo reJimze, anda
raRac saSualedo reJimis an reJimebis gavliT. magaliTad: davuSvaT,
raRac mizeziT gamoirTo datvirTuli xazi. am SemTxvevaSi gadasvla
moxdeba sawyisi, damyarebuli rejimidan, saboloo, erTi gamorTuli
xaziT muSaobis reJimze. Tuki xazi gamoirTo mokle SerTvis Sedegad,
maSin gadasvla iqneba ufro rTuli. sawyis damyarebul reJimidan
sistema gadadis mS reJimze. reluri dacvis muSaobis Sedegad
dazianebuli xazi mcire (0,2-0,5wm) drois Semdeg gamoirTveba. sistema
gadadis mS reJimidan axal, erTi gamorTuli xaziT muSaobis reJimze.
reJimebis gaangariSebam SesaZloa gviCvenos, rom callke aRebulad
sawyisi da saboloo reJimebi arseboben, magram sakiTxavia SenarCundeba
Tu ara gadasvlis procesSi generatorebis paraleluri muSaoba.
SenarCunebuli iqneba Tu ara sistemis dinamikuri mdgradoba.
maSasadame sistemis mdgradobis qveS igulisxmeva:
1. sistemis unari SeinarCunos masSi momuSave generatorebis
paraleluri muSaoba sistemaSi warmoqmnili mcire SeSfoTebebis
dros, anu sistemis statikuri mdgradoba;
2. sistemis unari konkretuli sididis SeSfoTebebis pirobebSi
SeinarCunos masSi momuSave generatorebis paraleluri muSaoba, anu
SeinarCunos dinamikuri mdgradoba.
sistemis mdgradoba warmoadgens ufro vrceli cnebis,
arastacionaruli anu gardamavali procesebis Semadgenel nawils.
gardamavali procesebi moicaven analizis sam mimarTulebas:
1. talRuri procesebi dakavSirebuli atmosferul da sakomutacio
gadametZabvebTan. aseTi procesebi mimdinareoben Zalian swrafad.
maTi xangrZlivoba ganpirobebulia sistemis elementebis talRuri
TvisebebiT da ramodenime miliwamis tolia;
2. eleqtomagnituri gardamavali procesebi dakavSirebuli mokle
SerTvebTan. aseTi procesebis xangrZlivoba ganisaZRvreba sistemis
elementebis induqtiuri da aqtiuri winaRobebis TanafardobiT da
1-1,5 wams ar aRemateba;

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3. eleqtromeqanikuri gardamavali procesebi (mdgradoba) romelTa
xangrZlivoba ganpirobebulia generatorebis mbrunavi masebiT
(rotori da turbina) da maTi xangrZlivoba ramodenime wamia an
aTeuli wami.
realobaSi es samive procesi ganuyofelia da erTi meoris Sedegs
warmoadgens. magaliTad: vTqvaT moxda atmosferuli dacla (mexis
dacema) sistemis romelime gadacemis xazze. mexis dacema iwvevs
gadametZabvis warmoqmnas da amis Sedegad gairRveva izolacia xazis
romelime anZaze. warmoiqmneba mS romlis drosac sistemaSi moxdeba
simZlavris nakadebis gadanawileba da generatorebis tvirTis Secvla.
amas mohyveba maTi brunTa ricxvis cvlileba. 0,2-0,5 wamis Semdeg
reluri dacva gamorTavs dazianebul xazs. isev moxdeba simZlavris
nakadebis gadanawileba da generatorebis tvirTis Secvla. es isev
gamoiwvevs maTi brunTa ricxvis cvlilebas. Tu generatorebis brunTa
ricvi anu maTi kuTxuri siCqareebi isev gautoldebian erTmaneTs, maSin
paraleluri muSaoba iqneba SenarCunebuli. sistema iqneba dinamikurad
mdgradi. Tuki kuTxuri siCqareebi ar gautoldebian erTmaneTs,
paraleluri muSaoba iqneba SeuZlebeli da sistemis dinamikuri
mdgradoba dairRveva.

$ 2 sinqronuli generatoris tvirTis Secvla

sinqronuli generatori gardaqmnis turbinis brunvis

meqanikur energias eleqtrul energiad. turbina da masze
mierTebuli generatori brunaven mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT. es
niSnavs imas, rom turbinis lilvze modebuli mabruni momentebis
jami udris nuls. turbinis (generatoris) lilvze modebulia
turbinis mier Seqmnili mabruni da generatoris eleqtromagnituri
velebiT Seqmnili mamuxruWebeli momentebi. es momentebi erTmaneTis
tolia da sawinaaRmdegod arian mimarTuli. turbina da generatori
brunaven mudmivi sinqronuli siCqariT. warmovidginoT, rom
maTTan erTad, amave kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs raRac +1 RerZi,
nax1.1. rotorze davitanoT misi grZivi d da ganivi q ReZebi,
romlebic cxadia ibruneben rotorTan erTad. Tu generatoris

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 rotori brunavs mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT, maSin kuTxe q
RerZsa da +1 RerZs Soris iqneba ucvleli. vnaxoT, Tu rogor xdeba
generatoris datvirTvis gazrda. energiis pirveladi wyaro aris
wyali an orTqli. generatori mxolod gardaqmnis wylis (orTqlis)
energias eleqtrul energiad. ese igi generatoris datvirTvis
gasazrdelad unda gavzardoT turbinaSi miwodebuli wylis
raodenoba 3 saketis gaRebiT. amiT gaizrdeba turbinis mabruni
momenti. es gamoiwvevs turbina-generatoris lilvze momentebis
tolobis darRvevas.

nax1.1.

1- generatoris rotori; 2- turbina; 3-wylis saketi.

turbinis mabruni momenti meti gaxdeba generatoris mamuxruWebel

momentze da generatori daiwyebs brunvas kuTxur siCqareze ufro
swrafad. kuTxe q da +1 RerZs Soris daiwyebs zrdas. am kuTxis zrdis
procesi gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam Cven vzrdiT turbinaSi miwodebuli
wylis raodenobas. rogorc ki Sewydeba turbinaSi miwodebuli wylis
raodenobis zrda, turbinis momenti aRar gaizrdeba da kuTxis zrdac

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Sewydeba. turbinis momenti kvlav gawonaswordeba generatoris
mamuxruWebeli momentiT. oRond exla generatori gardaqmnis met
meqanikur simZlavres eleqtrulSi. kuTxe ki sawyis mdgomareobasTan
SedarebiT aris gazrdili. msgavsi msjelobiT Cven SegviZlia mivideT im
daskvnamde, rom generatoris tvirTis Semcireba damokidebulia
turbinaSi miwodebuli wylis raodenobis SemcirebasTan da amave dros
amas axlavs kuTxis Semcireba. keTdeba daskvna, rom generatoris
tvirTi aris dakavSirebuli misi rotoris mdgomareobasTan sivrceSi
brunviTi moZraobis farglebSi. am daskvnas aqvs didi praqtikuli
mniSvneloba mdgradobis analizis dros.

$ 3 sinqronuli generatoris kuTxuri maxasiaTebeli

turbinis mabruni momenti da generatoris eleqtromagnituri

mamuxruWebeli momentebi dakavSirebulia saTanado simZlavreebTan
meqanikuri kuTxuri siCqariT.
T =T da G = G. damyarebul reJimSi generatori muSaobs =0
sinqronuli siCqariT, romelic fardobiTi erTeulebis SemoRebisas
SegviZlia miviRoT bazisurad 0= B. gamovsaxoT T da G fardobiT
erTeulebSi :

da , anu PPT* = MT*M da PPE* = ME*. amis

safuZvelze SegviZlia davweroT PPT* = PE*

(SemdgomSi formulebis Caweris gasaadvileblad * niSnaks aRar
vixmarT, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela sidides vigulisxmebT fardobiT
erTeulebSi).
Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT sinqronuli generatorebis mdgradi
paraleluri muSaobis sakiTxebi, amitom umartivesi eleqtruli sistema
unda Seicavdes sul mcire or sinqronul generators.
nebismieri rTuli eleqtruli sistema SeiZleba daviyvanoT
umartives sistemaze misi ekvivalentirebis saSualebiT; magaliTad,
nax.1.2-ze moyvanili sistema SeiZleba gamovsaxoT ufro martivi

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sistemiT, romelic Sedgeba ori, paralelurad momuSave
generatorisagan, nax.1.3.
ekvivalenturi generatori g-1 miRebulia s-1 sadguris generatorebis
ekvivalentirebiT, g-2 ki sistemis danarCeni generatorebis
ekvivalentirebiT. Tu g-2 ekvivalenturi generatoris simZlavre,
romelic Seicavs sistemis generatorebis udides nawils, bevrad
aRemateba g-1 generatoris simZlavres, maSin SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom
s-1 sadguris reJimi praqtikulad ver imoqmedebs Uo Zabvis sididesa da
sixSireze.

nax.1.2.

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 nax.1.3.

Uo Zabva SeiZleba CavTvaloT ucvlelad. imave daskvnamde mivalT, Tu

SevadgenT umartivesi sistemis Canacvlebis sqemas (nax.1.4). radgan g-2 is
ekvivalenturi Zg2 winaRoba miRebulia sistemis mravali elementis
ekvivalentirebiT, is gamodis imdenad mcire, danarCeni winaRobebis
jamTan SedarebiT, rom SeiZleba CavTvalos nulis tolad

nax1.4.

Zg1 + Zt1 + 0,5 Zx + Zg2 Zg2 0. Sd datvirTvis Secvlisas Seicvleba

da denebi. g-2 ekvivalentur generatorSi Zabvis vardna nulis

tolia U = Zg2=0, es ki niSnavs, rom , anu Zabva mudmivia,

Tu mudmivia em Zala. salteebs, romelTa Zabva SeiZleba CaiTvalos

mudmivad yvela reJimSi, mudmivi Zabvis salteebs an usasrulod mZlavri
sistemis salteebs uwodeben. davubrundeT isev umartivesi sistemis
Canacvlebis sqemas ( nax.1.4) da vecadoT vipovoT
P =f() damokidebuleba, anu davakavSiroT generatoris datvirTva misi
rotoris sivrceSi mdgomareobasTan. davuSvaT, rom g-1 generatori
aracxadpolusaa, e.i. misTvis marTebulia xd=xq toloba. davuSvaT, rom
g-1 ar gaaCnia Zabvis regulatori. es ki Eq= const pirobis tolfasia. amas
garda, sistemis elementebis aqtiur winaRobebs da tevadur
gamtareblobebs maTi simciris gamo mxedvelobaSi ar vRebulobT.
umartivesi sistemis Canacvlebis sqema miiRebs nax.1.5-ze naCveneb saxes.

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 nax.1.5.

es Canacvlebis sqema SeiZleba kidev ufro gavamartivoT (nax.1.6).

nax.1.6.
miviReT ori paralelurad CarTuli ekvivalenturi generatori:
g-1 xdwinaRobiT, sadac xdxd+ xt1+0,5 xx+ xt2, da g-2, romlis winaRoba
nulis tolia. xdwinaRobas umartivesi sistemis jamuri winaRoba
ewodeba. avagoT g-1 generatoris veqtoruli diagrama. sinqronulad
mbrunavi aTvlis RerZi davamTxvioT aseve sinqronulad mbrunav
Zabvis veqtors (nax1.7).

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 nax1.7.
d,q koordinatTa sibrtyes davadoT +1, +j koordinatTa sibrtye ise,
rom +1 RerZi daemTxves d RerZs. generatoris aqtiuri simZlavre
gamovsaxoT cnobili formuliT
P= UdId+UqIq. (1.2)
nax.1.7-ze moyvanili veqtoruli diagramidan gvaqvs:
Ud= Uosin; Uq= Uocos; Ud= xd Iq; Eq= Uq +xd Id.
am tolobebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT (1.2) gadavweroT Semdegnairad

Aanu (1.3)

Eq em Zala agznebis denis proporciulia, Eq= xadif da Tu es ukanaskvneli

ar icvleba ( ar arsebobs Zabvis avtomaturi regulatori), igi mudmivia.
(1.3) damokidebulebas ewodeba simZlavris kuTxuri maxasiaTebeli. es
maxasiaTebeli akavSirebs generatoris simZlavres rotoris
mdgomareobasTan sivrceSi kuTxis saSualebiT (nax.1.8).

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 nax.1.8.

$ 4 cxadpolusa generatoris simZlavris maxasiaTebeli

wina paragrafSi simZlavris maxasiaTebeli miRebuli iyo

mTeli rigi daSvebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT. ganvixiloT axla
simZlavris maxasiaTebeli, rodesac s-1 ekvivalentur sadgurze
dadgmulia hidrogeneratorebi. maTi rotorebi mzaddeba cxadad
gamosaxuli polusebiT, ris gamoc magnituri winaRoba polusis
gaswvriv, d RerZis mimarT da polusebs Soris, q RerZis mimarT aris
sxvadasxva. amis Sedegad xd >xq, amitom cxadpolusa generatoris
Canacvlebis sqema, rogorc aseTi, Cven ar SegviZlia avagoT.
simZlavris maxasiaTeblis
misaRebad mivmarToT veqtorul
diagramas (nax.1.9).
xd =xq pirobis garda wina daSvebebi
davtovoT ZalaSi. generatori
SeviyvanoT sqemaSi xq winaRobiT, da
ganvsazRvroT winaRoba
xqxq+ xt1+0,5 xx+ xt2.

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Zabvis vardnebis gantolebebi d da

Nnax.1.9
q RerZebis mimarT iqneba: Eq Uq =Id xd da Iqxq = Ud . vipovoT

, da SevitanoT es sidideebi (1.2)-Si. Ud da Uq s

mniSvnelobebis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT

(1.4)

ukanaskvneli gamosaxuleba warmoadgens cxadpolusa generatoris

simZlavris maxasiaTebels (nax.1.10). rogorc (1.4)-dan Cans, augznebeli
generatori, Eq=0 is drosac ki, anviTarebs simZlavres

am simZlavres cxadpolusianobis simZlavres uwodeben da igi miT ufro

metia, rac ufro didia gansxvaveba xd -sa da xq-s Soris. am simZlavris
arsebobis gamo, cxadpolusa generatoris simZlavris (1.4) maxasiaTeblis
maqsimumi ar emTxveva 900-s. imisaTvis rom vipovoT simZlavris
maxasiaTeblis maqsimumi da misi Sesabamisi max kuTxe, (1.4) gavawarmooT
Ti da gavutoloT nuls.

nax.1.10.

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 (1.5)

aq

gardavqmnaT (1.5)

(1.6)

es gantoleba amovxsnaT cos smimarT

fesvis win minus niSans azri ara aqvs, vinaidan gvaZlevs cos
miRebuli kuTxe SevitanoT (1.5)-Si da miviRebT maxasiaTeblis

Pm maqsimums.

cxadpolusa generatoris simZlavris maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba

CavweroT meorenairad. amisaTvis generatori SeviyvanoT Canacvlebis
sqemaSi xq winaRobiT da raRac fiqtiuri EQ em ZaliT.

es Zala unda SevarCioT ise, rom, generatoris deni da simZlavre ar

Seicvalos. am pirobidan gamomdinare, Cven SegviZlia davweroT:

Aanu (1.7)

rogorc vxedavT, EEQ Zala ar aris mudmivi, igi damokidebulia Id denze,

e.i. generatoris datvirTvaze. EQ-s saSualebiT gamosaxul simzlavris
maxasiaTebels aqvs Semdegi saxe

(1.8)

SeiZleba imaSi davrwmundeT, rom (1.8) gamosaxuleba (1.4) is

tolfasia:

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anu

sabolood vRebulobT

. (1.9)

EQ em Zalis gamoyeneba saangariSo xerxia da aracxadpolusa

generatorebis simZlavris maxasiaTeblis standartuli saxiT Casaweraa
SemoRebuli.

magaliTi 1.
ganvixiloT umartivesi eleqtruli sistema romlis sqema da sqemis
elementebis parametrebi moyvanilia nax.1.11-ze.

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 nax.1.11.
bazisur simZlavred aviRoT Sb =100 mgva da gaangariSeba CavataroT
fardobiT erTeulebSi.
fardobiT erTeulebSi generatoris parametrebi tolia:
Xd* = Xd Sb /Sg= 1,02*100/200=0,51; X /d* = X /d Sb /Sg= 0,45*100/200 = 0,225;
Xq* = Xq Sb /Sg=0,78*100/200 = 0,39.
t-1 da t-2 transformatorebis winaRobebia:
XT1* =(UmS1% / 100)*( Sb /St1)= (10/100)*(100/240)= 0,0416;
XT2* =(UmS2% / 100)*( Sb /St1)= (11/100)*(100/240)= 0,0458;
gadacemis xazis winaRobaa:
XL* = (0,4*L)*Sb/Ub2 = (0,4*143)*100/2202 =0,118.
Zabva usasrulod mZlavri sistemis salteebze aris
Uo* =Uo /Ub =330/330=1. datvirTvis simZlavre ki tolia
So* =(Po jQo)/Sb =(100 j25)/100= 1 j0,25.
SevadginoT Cveni sistemis Canacvlebis sqema, nax.1.12.

nax.1.12.
sqemis gamartivebis Semdeg gvaqvs, nax.1.13.

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 nax.13.

So datvirTvis Sesabamisi deni tolia :

anu = (1 j0,25)/1 = 1 j0,25. sistemis jamuri winwRoba tolia

xdxd+ xT1+0,5 xL+ xT2 = 0,51+0,0416 + 0,118/2 + 0,0458 = 0,656.

exla SegviZlia gaviangariSoT em Zala.

anu Eq/ +jEq// = 1+ (1 j 0,25) j0,656 = 1,164 +j 0,656.

em Zalis modulia . kuTxe ki tolia:

simZlavris maxasiaTebels eqneba nax.1.14 ze naCvenebi saxe.

maxasiaTeblis maqsimumi tolia PPPmax*=1,33*1/0,656=2,02, anu

Pmax =2,02*Sb=2,05*100=
=202mgvt.

gaviTvaliswinoT
exla generatoris
cxadpolusianoba.
generatori SeviyvanoT
sqemaSi Xq winaRobiT da

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gaviangariSoT EQ em Zala.

nax1.14.
xqxq+ xT1+0,5 xL+ xT2 = 0,39+0,0416 + 0,118/2 + 0,0458 = 0,536.
.

anu EQ/ +jEQ// = 1+ (1 j 0,25) j0,536 = 1,134 +j 0,536.

em Zalis modulia da kuTxe

gavigoT deni.

maSasadame em Zala iqneba toli

simZlavris maxasiaTebeli iqneba:

simZlavris maxasiaTebels eqneba nax.1.15ze naCvenebi saxe.

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 nax.1.15.

Tavi II
umartivesi araregulirebadi sistemis statikuri mdgradoba

$1 statikuri mdgradobis cneba

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 Tu umartivesi sistemis simZlavris maxasiaTebelis grafikze
davitanT turbinis Po simZlavres, miviRebT maxasiaTeblebis gadakveTis
or wertils a- sa da b s (nax.2.1).

nax.2.1.

turbinis Po simZlavre ar aris damokidebuli kuTxeze da amitom

saTanado wrfe RerZis paraleluria. a da b wertilebSi turbinis
Po simZlavre da generatoris Pa=Pmsina , Pb=Pmsinb simZlavreebi
erTmaneTis tolia. aseve tolia generatoris lilvze modebuli
momentebi MT = MG. eseigi umartivesi sistemis reJimi, rodesac
turbinis simZlavre gardaiqmneba mis tol eleqtrul simZlavred
SesaZlebelia a an b kuTxeebis dros. Teoriulad reJimi SeiZleba
arsebobdes a da b wertilebSi. ganvixiloT am wertilebSi reJimis
arsebobis SesaZlebloba.
dauSvaT, rom a kuTxe raRac mizeziT gaizarda usasrulo mcire
sididiT da gaxda a + -s toli. generatoris mier qselSi gacemuli
simZlavre gaizrdeba P sididiT da gaxdeba Pa=Pmsin(a+.
damatebiTi P simZlavre an misi Sesabamisi energia ar SeiZleba
warmoiqmnes arafrisagan, mis Sesaqmnelad ixarjeba rotoris brunvis
kinetikuri energia. vinaidan brunvis kinetikuri energiis Semcireba
niSnavs brunvis kuTxuri siCqaris Semcirebas, amitom generatoris
kuTxuri siCqare gaxdeba -ze naklebi. amave dros, rogorc Cven

21
davuSviT, Uo Zabvis veqtori yovelTvis brunavs mudmivi kuTxuri
siCqariT. amis gamo kuTxe Semcirdeba da isev gaxdebaa-s toli
( nax2.2). Tu ki a kuTxe raRac mizeziT Semcirdeba -sididiT da
gaxdeba a--s toli, maSin generatoris mier qselSi gacemuli
simZlavre Semcirdeba P sididiT da
gaxdeba Pa=Pmsin(a- (wertili k ,nax.
2.1). am SemTxvevaSi generatori qselSi
gascems nakleb simZlavres vidre
Rebuloba turbinidan. naWarbi
meqanikuri simZlavre gazrdis
rotoris kinetikur energias,
nax.2.2. anu mis kuTxur siCqares. rotoris
kuTxuri siCqare meti gaxdeba -ze da amis gamo kuTxe gaizrdeba da
gautoldeba a-s.
am msjelobis safuZvelze vakeTebT daskvnas, rom a kuTxiT
muSaobisas usasrulo mcire SeSfoTeba ar iwvevs umartivesi sistemis
reJimis cvlilebas. reJimi TavisTavad ubrundeba sawyis mdgomareobas.
am SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom generatoris sistemasTan sinqronuli
paraleluri muSaoba mdgradia, an mokled, reJimi statikurad mdgradia.
vinaidan P=f() maRasiaTeblis aRmavali Stos nebismieri
a/ wertili Tvisebrivad ar gansxvavdeba a wertilisagan, generatoris
paraleluri muSaoba iqneba mdgradi iseT reJimebSi, sadac kuTxe
q RerZsa da Uo Zabvis veqtors Soris imyofeba 0-900 SualedSi.
davuSvaT exla, rom generatori muSaobs b >900kuTxiT, anu b
wertilSi (nax.2.1). am SemTxvevaSi b kuTxis Semcireba -gamoiwvevs
generatoris mier qselSi gacemuli simZlavris P=Pmsin(b-gazrdas
P sididiT. exla generatori gamoimuSavebs met simZlavres vidre
Rebulobs turbinidan. simZlavris es nazrdi SeiZleba Seiqmnas
mxolod da mxolod
rotoris kinetikuri
energiis daxarjvis Sedegad.
es ki niSnavs, rom rotoris

22
kuTxuri siCqare Semcirdeba. amis gamo kuTxe kidev ufro Semcirdeba.
kuTxis Semcirebas moyveba eleqtruli simZlavris zrda, rac kidev
ufro Seamcirebs rotoris kinetikur energias da amis Sedegad kuTxur
siCqares da
nax.2.3. kuTxes. procesi ganuwyvetliv
mimdinareobs kuTxisa da kuTxuri siCqaris SemcirebiT. radgan
generatoris kuTxuri siCqare naklebia sinqronulze, irRveva
paraleluri muSaobis fgen = f0 piroba. aseT pirobebSi generatoris
muSaoba dauSvebelia. amboben, rom statikuri mdgradoba dairRva.
vnaxoT, ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac b kuTxe gaizrdeba
sididiT (nax.2.1)rogorc vxedavT, generatoris simZlavre xdeba
naklebi turbinis simZlavreze -P sididiT. rotoris lilvze
warmoiqmneba P s proporciuli Warbi meqanikuri momenti. rotoris
brunTa ricxvi da masTan kuTxec gaizrdeba. gansxvaveba generatoris
da turbinis simZlavreebs Soris kidev ufro gaizrdeba. amas kvlav
moyveba kuTxuri siCqarisa da kuTxis zrda. procesi mimdinareobs -s
da -s ganuwyveteli zrdiT. am SemTxvevaSi generatoris kuTxuri siCqare
sinqronulze metia, da fgen > f0. paraleluri muSaobis pirobebi da
statikuri mdgradoba irRveva. gamodis, rom 900 ze meti kuTxis dros
umartivesi sistemis statikuri mdgradoba irRveva. es daskvna

marTebulia im daSvebebis farglebSi, romlebic aRniSnulia zemoT.

Tu davukvirdebiT kuTxis daP simZlavris nazrdebis niSnebs
(nax.2.1), davinaxavT, rom statikuri mdgradobis SenarCunebis niSnad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos piroba, mdgradobis darRvevis niSnad ki

piroba. vinaidan mdgradoba

SenarCunebulia, Tu

funqcia, romelsac masinqronizirebel simZlavres uwodeben,

nax2.1-ze naCvenebia punqtiriT.

amboben, rom statikuri mdgradobis kriteriumia masinqronizirebeli SEq

23
simZlavris dadebiTobaa. masinqronixirebeli simZlavre warmoadgens
simZlavris maxasiaTeblis warmoebuls da misi saxelwodeba
masinqronixirebeli simZlavre pirobiTia.

$2 sinqronuli generatoris mademfirebeli momenti

rodesac sinqronuli generatoris kuTxuri siCqare

gansxvavebulia -sagan, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc asinqronuli
eleqtruli manqana (nax2.4)am SemTxvevaSi ciyvis borblis rols
asrulebs sademfero gragnili, agznebis gragnili da TviT rotoris
rkina. generatoris fardobiTi
kuTxuri siCqare sinqronulis
mimarT, anu sriali
gamoiTvleba formuliT
.

nax.2.4 usasrulod mZlavr sistemasTan

momuSave sinqronuli generatori, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria misi

sriali, an moixmars sistemidan aqtiur simZlavres anda gascems
sistemaSi mas. es simZlavre aris srialis funqcia da am funqciis forma
damokidebulia generatorisa da qselis parametrebze. am
damokidebulebas aqvs nax.2.5 moyvanili mrudis saxe. rodesac
generatoris kuTxuri siCqare metia sinqronulze, anu sriali dadebiTia,
generatori qselSi gascems Pas simZlavres.

uaryofiTi srialis dros ki is qselidan moixmars simZlavres. mcire

SeSfoTebebis pirobebSi, generatoris sriali Zalian mcirea. amitom

24
Pas =f (s) mrudis magivrad SeiZleba visargebloT misi wrfivi AB
monakveTiT. am SemTxvevaSi (2.1) formula martivdeba.

Aanu Pas= sPd, sadac

-s.

generatoris mademfirebel
moments uwodeben.
ricxobrivad es sidide
maxasiaTeblis wrfivi
nawilis daxrilobis
nax.2.5 kuTxis tangensis tolia.

$3 umartivesi sistemis mdgradobis analizi

mcire rxevebis meTodiT

umartivesi sistema, romlis Canacvlebis sqema mocemulia nax.2.6-ze,

SeiZleba warmovidginoT ekvivalentur generatorad, romelic muSaobs
usasrulo simZlavris sistemasTan paralelurad. aseTi ekvivalenturi
generatoris winaRoba iqneba XdXd + Xgar.
generatoris muSaobisas sinqronul reJimSi mis lilvze modebuli
turbinis MT momenti gawonasworebulia eleqtromagnituri Mel
momentiT. amis Sedegad turbinis da generatoris simZlavreebi tolia
Po=P. Tu raime mizeziT, vTqvqT, kuTxis sididiT usasrulo mcire
cvlilebis gamo momentebis, (simZlavreebis) toloba dairRva,
generatoris lilvze warmoiqmneba naWarbi momenti. am momentis

gavleniT rotoris kuTxuri siCqare

daiwyebs rxevas. rotoris sinqronul

25
siCqares daemateba cvladi v(t)
nax.2.6. sidide, romelsac fardobiT siCqares
uwodeben. rotoris kuTxuri siCqare gaxdeba drois funqcia v(t).
Tu mcire SeSfoTebis Sedegad es funqcia iqneba iseTi, rom
Sesruldeba piroba anu , maSin
ekvivalenturi generatoris sinqronuli paraleluri muSaoba
sistemasTan iqneba SenarCunebuli da statikuri mdgradoba iqneba
uzrunvelyofili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi paraleluri muaobis pirobebi
anu statikuri mdgradoba dairRveva. v(t) fardobiTi siCqare gansxvavdeba

s srialisagan mxolod mudmivi mamravliT

fardobiTi siCqaris (an srialis) niSnis mixedviT icvleba kuTxe,

romlis cvlilebis siCqare srialia. srialis arseboba iwvevs

generatoris lilvze asinqronul Mas moments. lilvze modebuli

majamebeli momenti ki tolia M = MT Mel - Mas.
am momentis gavleniT rotori miiRebs kuTxur aCqarebas

sadac generaoris rotoris da turbinis mbrunavi masebis

proporciuli sididea da mas inerciis mudmivas uwodeben.

Tu am gantolebaSi SevitanT M-s mniSvnelobas da zemoaRniSnuli
daSvebebis safuZvelze momentebis magivrad aviRebT simZlavreebs, maSin
gveqneba

miviRoT mxedvelobaSi, rom Pas= sPd , da P=Pmsin

miviRebT AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

26
 am gantolebas rotoris rxevis anu
rotoris iZulebiTi moZraobis
diferencialur gantolebas uwodeben.
vTqvaT, raRac mizeziT kuTxe
gaizarda usasrulo mcire
nazrdiT da gaxda (nax2.7).
radgan =const (2.2) gantoleba
SeiZleba CavweroT Semdegnairad

nax.2.7

mdgradi paraleluri muSaobis piroba iyo , rac

SeiZleba Seicvalos pirobiT. t) funqcia aris (2.3)

diferfncialuri gantolebis amonaxsni, e.i. statikuri mdgradobis
analizi daviyvaneT t) funqciis analizze. (2.3) diferencialuri
gantoleba arawrfivia, vinaidan Seicavs sin( -s. amis gamo misi

uSualod amoxsna ar xorcieldeba. t) funqciis ara zusti

mniSvnelobis, aramed misi cvlilebis xasiaTis dasadgenad SeiZleba
gavamartivoT amocana da kuTxis mcire siaxloveSi, sin(

SevcvaloT wrfiT (nax.2.8). simZlavris maxasiaTeblis a wertilSi

gavavloT mxebi. Tu -s maxloblobaSi simZlavris maxasiaTebels
SevcvliT am mxebis AB monakveTiT, davinaxavT, rom kuTxis
dros simZlavris nazrdi BN monakveTis tolia. realurad ki simZlavris
nazrdi MN monakveTia. SeiZleba davamtkicoT, rom Tu usasrulod
mcirea, maSin sxvaoba BM=BN-MN meore rigis usasrulod mcire iqneba.
ese igi simZlavris nazrdi romelic Seesabameba kuTxes
maxasiaTeblis gawrfivebisa
SeiZleba davweroT, rom DP= P - Po = tg radgan

27
 vRebulobT

P= P - Po = sadac

masinqronizirebeli

simZlavris (Seq-s) mniSvne

lobaa dros. SevitanoT
P (2.3)-Si, miviRebT wrfiv
diferencialur gantolebas
-s mimarT:

nax.2.8

aseTi gantolebis amonaxsni cnobilia

. (2.5)

sadac p1 da p1 (2.6)

maxasiaTebeli gantolebis fesvebia: (2.7)

radgan amitom fesvebis sidide da tfunqciis saxe

damokidebulia ekvivalenturi generatoris reJimze, kerZod kuTxis

sidideze. an rac igivea, gadacemuli aqtiuri simZlavris ( P-s) sidideze.

dauSvaT, generatori datvirTulia mcired, mcirea, maSin

masinqronizirebeli SEq= PmcossimZlavre sakmaod didia, (nax.2.9) da (2.7)
formulaSi fesqveS gveqneba uaryofiTi sidide, vinaidan .

p1 da p2 fesvebi gamodis kompleqsuri : p1= - j da p2= - j

28
sadac ; . t amonaxsni Rebulobs Semdeg saxes

(2.8)

aq . C da CvenTvis ucnobi integrirebis mudmiveebia.

es mudmivebi ganisaZRvreba sawyisi pirobebidan, kerZoT saWiroa

vicodeT kuTxis nazrdis sidide drois pirvel momentSi. es ki

gansazRvruli ar aris. amitom ricxobrivad Cven ver ganvsazRravT t
funqcias. es arc aris saWiro, sakmarisia gavigoT misi cvlilebis
xasiaTi, milevadia is Tu ara. radgan (3.8) Seicavs mamravls,
iqneba milevadi kosinusoida, anu da kuTxe miiswrafis

saken. es niSnavs, rom reJimi statikurad mdgradia. davuSvaT axla,

rom generatoris datvirTva gaizarda, eseigi gaizarda kuTxe da

Semcirda SEq
masinqronizirebeli simZlavre.
raRac kuTxis dros
Sesruldeba piroba

da am SemTxvevaSi (2.6)
maxasiaTebel gantolebas eqneba
ori jeradi fesvi

nax.2.9

am SemTxvevaSi (2.4) diferencialuri gantolebis amonaxsni iqneba

Semdegnairi

aqac statikuri mdgradoba SenarCunebulia, radgan

29
ufro metad datvirTul reJimSi SEq masinqroni zirebeli simZlavre kidev
ufro mcirdeba, da sanam is darCeba dadebiTi, anu mde, maxasiaTebel
gantolebas eqneba ori namdvili, uaryofiTi da gansxvavebuli fesvi :

da .

funqcia iqneba ori klebadi eqponentis jami da statikuri

mdgradoba aqac iqneba SenarCunebuli. sabolood, Tu generatori muSaobs
iseT reJimSi, roca SEq masinqronizirebeli simZlavre gaxdeba
uaryofiTi, fesqveS ki gveqneba dadebiTi sidide, romelic metia P2d ze.

funqcia zrdadia, radgan p1>0 da p2<0 . amitom

kuTxe armiiswrafis saken da statikuri mdgradoba irRveva.

30
 nax.2.10.

rogorc davinaxeT, zemoTaRniSnuli analizidan statikuri mdgradobis

SemarCuneba SesaZlebelia maSin, roca SEq masinqronizirebeli simZlavre
dadebiTia. sabolood vakeTebT Semdeg daskvnas:

1. generatoris datvirTvis zrdasTan erTad icvleba t funqciis

saxe, anu generatoris rotoris rxevis xasiaTi (nax.2.10). kuTxis
rxevis periodi izrdeba datvirTvis zrdastan erTad da sabolood
rxevis procesi gadadis aperiodulSi.
2. generatoris mademfirebeli Tvisebebi, kerZod Pd mademfirebeli
momenti iwvevs rxevebis milevas da miT ufro swrafad, rac ufro
metia misi sidide. Tu, Pd mademfirebeli momenti nulis tolia,
maSin rxevebi miulevadi iqneba.
3. sistema statikurad mdgradia, Tu misi iZulebiTi moZraobis
amsaxavi diferencialuri gantolebis maxasiaTebeli gantolebis
fesvebi an uaryofiTi namdvili ricxvebia, anda kompleqsuri
ricxvebia uaryofiTi namdvili nawiliT.

$4. umartivesi sistemis statikuri mdgradoba rotoris

gragnilSi eleqtromagnituri gardamavali

procesis gaTvaliswinebiT

zemoT moyvanili analizi saSualebas iZleva SeviswavloT

umartivesi sistemis statikuri mdgradoba mTeli rigi daSvebebis
pirobebSi.

gakeTebuli iyo Semdegi daSvebebi :

1. ar ganixileboda eleqtromagnituri procesi rotoris gragnilSi;

2. ar ganixileboda Zabvis regulatoris gavlena;
3. sistemis elementebis aqtiuri winaRobebi miRebulia nulis tolad;
31
 4. mimRebi sistemis simZlavre miRebulia usasrulod didad;
5. generatori aracxadpolusaa.
gavarTuloT amocana da miviRoT mxedvelobaSi eleqtromagnituri
gardamavali procesi rotoris gragnilSi. danarCeni daSveba davtovoT
ucvleli.
eleqtromagnituri gardamavali procesi rotoris gragnilSi
aRiwereba Semdegi diferencialuri gantolebiT

aq f rotoris gragnilis nakadSebmaa;

Rf rotoris gragnilis aqtiuri winaRobaa;
if agznebis denia da uf agznebis zabva. es ukanaskvneli Zabvis
regulatoris ararsebobis pirobebSi mudmivia.
gardavqmnaT (2.9) gantoleba. amisaTvis gantolebis orive mxare
gavamravloT Lad urTierTiduqtiobaze da amave dros gavyoT Rf ze.

agznebis Zabvis Sefardeba rotoris aqtiur winwRobasTan

gvaZlevs rotoris denis damyarebul mniSvnelobas, da am denis namravli

Lad-ze ki Eqe em Zalis sidides damyarebul reJimSi - . es em

Zala uf agznebis Zabvis proporciulia. vinaidan Cven vixilavT

gardamaval proces rotoris gragnilSi, if deni iqneba cvladi da

cvladi iqneba Sesabamisi Eq = Lad if em Zala. (2.9) gantolebis pirveli

wevri gavamravloT da gavyoT Lf rotoris induqtiurobaze da
zemoTaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT gveqneba

magram rotoris drois mudmivaa da gardamavali em

Zalaa. ese igi Cven vRebulobT gantolebas

32
es gantoleba tolfasia (2.9) gantolebisa da asaxavs eleqtromagnitur
gardamaval proces rotorSi.
mcire SeSfoTebebis dros Eq da E/q em Zalebi Seicvlebian da gaxdebian
Eq= Eqo+ Eq, E/ q= E/ qo+ E/q -is toli. SevitanoT es sidideebi (2.10)
gantolebaSi.

da vinaidan Eqo=const , E/ qo=const da gveqneba

davubrundeT exla (2.3) gantolebas da miviRoT mxedvelobaSi, rom -s

garda axla Eq cvladia.

(2.12)

mcire SeSfoTebis Sedegad es sidideebi miiReben nazrdebs da gaxdebian

da Eq=Eqo +Eq. rogorc vxedavT P simZlavris nazrdi
daEq ori cvladis arawrfivi funqciaa. daEqo maxloblobaSi es
funqcia SeiZleba gavawrfivoT

anu

kuTxis nazrdi usasrulod mcirea, amitom sinda cos

ori usasrulo mcire sididis namravli ki CavTvaloT nulis tolad
Eq =0. amis gaTvaliswinebiT gveqneba
33
magram

, , .

SEq da P/ Eq simZlavris maxasiaTeblis kerZo warmoebulebia.

yvelaferi amis gaTvaliswinebiT (4.4) Caiwereba Semdegnairad

bolo gantoleba (2.11) gantolebasTan erTad gvaZlevs gantolebaTa

sistemas romelic Seicavs Eq , E/q da cvladebs.
or gantolebaSi gvaqvs sami cvladi, saWiroa davweroT kidev erTi
gantoleba. amisaTvis generatoris simZlavris maxasiaTebeli gamovsaxoT
E/ q em ZaliT. aseT maxasiaTebels dinamikur maxasiaTebels uwodeben.
generatori Canacvlebis sqemaSi Segvyavs x/d winaRobiT. daculi unda
iqnes denebisa da Zabvebis toloba im SemTxvevasTan SedarebiT, roca
generatori warmodgenilia xd winaRobiT da Eq em ZaliT. es piroba
Caiwereba Semdegnairad:

radgan xq=x/q Ud s mimarT toloba daculia. Uq s zemoTaRniSnuli

mniSvnelobebis gatoleba mogvcems
(2.14)

simZlavris maxasiaTeblis asagebad visargebloT formuliT.

Id da Iq denebi Sesabamisad tolia da .

Ud da Uq Zabvebis mniSvnelobebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT simZlavris

gamosaxulebas eqneba Semdegi saxe:

34
anu

aracxadpolusa generatorisaTvis, roca xd= xq ukanaskvneli formula

miiRebs Semdeg saxes.

am gamosaxulebaSi x/d= xd+xt1+0,5xx+ xt2 .

(2.16) maxasiaTeblis gaTvaliswinebiT P simZlavris nazrdi gamoisaxeba

Semdegnairad

. (2.17)

sadac dinamikuri maxasiaTeblis kerZo warmoebulia -Ti,

ki misi kerZo warmoebuli E/q-Ti. (2.17) gaTvaliswinebiT

(2.13) s msgavsad SegviZlia davweroT kidev erTi gantoleba da miviRebT

Semdeg gantolebaTa sistemas:

(2.18)

miRebuli sistemis amonaxsnebia:

35
 (2.19)

aq C11,C12 . . .C33 integrirebis mudmivebia. vinaidan Cven gvainteresebs

milevadia (2.19) amonaxsnebi Tu ara, integrirebis mudmivebis dadgena
saWiro ar aris. CvenTvis saWiroa mxolod maxasiaTebeli polinomis p1,p2
da p3 fesvebis codna. rom vipovoT es fesvebi, saWiroa davweroT (2.18)
sistemis maxasiaTebeli gantoleba. es gantoleba miiReba Semdegi
determinantis gaSliT.

(2.20)

mesame rigis gantolebas aqvs an sami namdvili an erTi namdvili da ori

SeuRlebuli kompleqsuri fesvi. analogiurad im analizisa, romelic
zemoT iyo Catarebuli, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sistema iqneba statikurad
mdgradi, Tu (2.20) gantolebis fesvebi iqneba an uaryofiTi an eqneba
uaryofiTi namdvili nawili. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi (2.19) funqciebi
iqneba milevadi.

$5. regulirebadi generatoris simZlavris maxasiaTebeli

generatoris datvirTvis cvlilebis dros Zabva mis momWerebZe

icvleba. Zabvis mudmivobis SesanarCuneblad iyeneben Zabvis avtomatur
regulatorebs (Zar). Zar-i cvlis generatoris agznebis dens, anu mis em
Zalas, generatoris momWerebze Zabvis gadaxris Sesabamisad. maSasadame
Ug = const piroba gamoiwvwvs imas, rom generatoris simZlavris
maxasiaTebeli gaxdeba ara marto kuTxis, aramed Eq em Zalis funqcia.

36
 am maxasiaTeblis misaRebad
mivmarToT nax2.11-ze maCveneb
veqtorul diagramas.
mxedvelobaSi miviRoT, rom
XdXd+Xs, sadac Xs sistemis
gare winaRobaa.
ODB samkuTxedidan vipovoT Ug
Zabvis moduli

nax. 2.11.

amave dros OB=Uo+AB.

ABD da AKC samkuTxedebi msgavsia

radganAAC=Eqcos-Uo da , gamodis, rom .

amave samkuTxedebis msgavsebis pirobidan vpoulobT BD monakveTs

. AB da BD monakveTebisaTvis miRebuli

gamosaxulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zabva generatoris momWerebZe iqneba

(2.21)

am gamosaxulebidan vipovoT Eq. amisaTvis aviyvanoT tolobis orive mxare

kvadraTSi da gardaqmnebis Semdeg vRebulobT kvadratul gantolebas

Eq s mimarT.

(2.22)

am gantolebis amoxsnis Semdeg vRebulobT

(2.23)

37
sabolood miviReT regulirebadi generatoris simZlavris maxasiaTebeli

(2.24)

nax.2.12-ze naCvenebia regulirebadi da

araregulirebadi generatoris
simzlavris maxasiaTeblebi. rogorc
vxedavT regulirebadi generatoris

maxasiaTebeli gacilebiT ufro maralia

da misi Pm2 maqsimumi miiReba 900 -ze

ufro didi kuTxis dros. am

maxasiaTeblis A B ubans xelovnuri
mdgradobis zonas uwodeben.

nax.2.12

$6 regulirebadi generatoris statikuri mdgradoba

generatoris Zabvis regulireba xorcieldeba Zabvis avtomaturi

regulatoris meSveobiT. generatoris salteebZe mierTebuli Zt Zabvis
transformatoris meoreuli Zabva, romelic generatoris Zabvis
proporciulia, miewodeba Zabvis avtomatur regulators (nax.2.13).
regulatorSi es Zabva Sedardeba etalonur (sasurvel) Zabvas da maTi

U=Ug-Un sxvaobis Sesabamisad Seicvleba amgznebis Uf Zabva. agznebis

Zabvis cvlileba gamoiwvevs generatoris rotoris agznebis if dens

cvlilebas, da vinaidan generatoris Eq em Zala proporciulia am denisa
( Eq=Xad if ), Secvliba isic. es ki gamoiwvevs generatoris momWerebze Zabvis
Secvlas.

38
Zabvis regulatorSi eleqtromagnituri procesebi mimdinareoben sakmaod
swrafad da regulatoris drois mudmiva miviRoT nulis tolad. amitom
Cven SegviZlia aRvweroT gardamavali procesi regulatorSi da
amgznebSi saerTo diferencialuri gantolebiT

. (2.25)

aq Te amgznebis drois mudmivaa ;

Eqe CvenTvis ukve cnobili agznebis
Zabvis proporciuli em Zalaa da
K -Zabvis regulatoris

nax.2.13. gaZlierebis koeficientia.

mcire SeSfoTebis dros gveqneba Eqe = Eqeo + Eqe . SevitanoT es sidide

(2.25) Si da miviRebT

es ukanaskvneli gantoleba (2.18) gantolebaTa sistemasTan erTad

gvaZlevs diferencialur gantolebaTa axal sistemas

(2.27)

es sistema Seicavs ukve xuT cvlads da amrigad saWiroa kidev erTi

gantolebis damateba. (2.24) simZlavris maxasiaTeblis gaTvaliswinebiT
39
P simZlavris nazrdi gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad

aq regulirebadi generatoris simZlavris maxasiaTeblis kerZo

warmoebulia kuTxiT, - ki generatoris ZabviT. (5.4)-is gawarmoebis

Sedegad vRebulobT:

da

amis gaTvaliswinebiT vRebulobT gawrfivebuli diferencialuri

gantolebebis Semdeg sistemas:

40
am sistemis amonaxsnia :

aqac, rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi, nazrdebi iqneba milevadi, Tu

p1, p2, p3, p4 da p5, fesvebi iqneba an namdvili uaryofiTi ricxvebi anda

kompleqsuri ricxvebi uaryofiTi namdvili nawiliT. am fesvebis

sapovnelad unda vipovoT Semdegi matricis D(p) determinanti

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

EE1 0 -1

KK
es determinanti, meoTxe rigis polinomia :

sadac

41
 aq

rogorc vxedavT, gardamavali procesis ufro detaluri aRwera iwvevs

maxasiaTebeli gantolebis rigis zrdas. Tu Cven aRvwerT gardamaval
proces amgznebSi da Zabvis regulatorSi ufro detalurad, miviRebT
mexuTe, meeqvse, meSvide da aS rigis polinomebs. maTi fesvebis povna
sakmaod rTuli amocanaa, da rac mTavaria arasqWiro. Cven gvainteresebs
ara fesvebis absoluturi mniSvnelobebi, aramed mxolod da mxolod
maTi niSani.

ese igi statikuri mdgradobis amocana dagvyavs maxasiaTebeli polinomis

fesvebis niSnebis dadgeneze. amis gakeTebis ramodenime xerxi arsebobs:
gurvicis kriteriumi, mixailovis kriteriumi D-danawilebis meTodi da
sxva.

$7 gurvicis kriteriumi

vTqvaT gvaqvs n rigis polinomi D(p) da saWiroa gavigoT misi

fesvebis niSnebi, ise rom ar iyos saWiro am fesvebis povna.

(2.30)
Tu koeficientebi dadebiTi namdvili ricxvebia, (2.30)
gantolebas ar eqneba dadebiTi namdvili fesvi. p s verc erTi dadebiTi
mniSvneloba ver aqcevs nulad (2.30) gantolebas. amave dros ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom D(p)=0 gantolebas hqondes kompleqsuri fesvebi
dadebiTi namdvili nawiliT. marTlac, Cven viciT, rom gantolebis
Tavisufali wevri udris misi fesvebis namravls

(2.31)

Tu gantolebas aqvs n fesvidan m namdvili da uaryofiTi fesvi, maSin mas

eqneba n-m kompleqsuri fesvi da (2.31) Caiwereba Semdegnairad

. (2.32)
42
Tu (7.3)-s pirveli mamravli
, dadebiTia rogorc luwi, aseve kenti m-is
dros.

(2.32)-s meore mamravli, yovelTvis dadebiTia.

marTlac, kompleqsuri fesvebi yovelTvis luwia. erT kompleqsur fesvs

yovelTvis axlavs misi SeuRlebuli fesvi, amitom n-m ricxvi luwia.

meore mxriv mamravli aris SeuRlebuli kompleqsuri

fesvebis namravli, romelic yovelTvis dadebiTia

SegviZlia gavakeTod pirveli daskvna: Tu, gantolebis koeficientebi

dadebiTia, misi namdvili fesvebi aucileblad uaryofiTia. gantolebis
kompleqsuri fesvebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc dadebiTi namdvili nawiliT,
aseva uaryofiTi namdvili nawiliT.

vTqvaT, me-4 paragrafSi moyvanili diferencialuri gantolebaTa

(4.10) sistemis
maxasiaTebel
gantolebas aqvs erTi
namdvili da
uaryofiTi p1 = -k , da
ori SeuRlebuli
kompleqsuri
da
fesvi. am SemTxvevaSi
kuTxis nazrdi iqneba

nax2.14.

nax.2.14 ze naCvenebia am funqciis saxe > 0 da < 0 SemTxvevebisaTvis.

43
maSasadame, mdgradobis SenarCunebis niSani, maxasiaTebeli gantolebis
koeficientebis dadebiToba, ar aris sakmarisi piroba. saWiroa
davrwmundeT imaSic, rom kompleqsuri fesvebis namdvili nawilebic
uaryofiTia.

Sveicarelma maTematikosma gurvicma Camoayaliba kriteriumi,

romlis Sesrulabis dros nebismieri rigis polinoms eqneba uaryofiTi
namdvili fesvebi da uaryofiTi namdvili nawiliani kompleqsuri fesvebi:

1. n rigis polinomis yvela koeficienti unda iyos dadebiTi ;

2. gurvicis n rigis kvadratuli G matricis determinanti da misi n
algebruli damateba unda iyos
dadebiTi.
Ggurvicis matricis Sedgena xdeba
Semdegnairad :
koeficientebi unda ganvalagoT n rigis
kvadratuli matricis diagonalze.

nax.2.15. yoveli diagonaluri elementis Sesabamis

svets vavsebT Semdegi wesiT: ai diagonaluri elementis zeviT unda
ganvalagoT koeficientebi zrdadi indeqsebiT ai+1, ai+2 . . . an.
ai diagonaluri elementis qveviT ki, koeficientebi klebadi indeqsebiT
ai-1, ai-2 , . . . ao . aseTi 7 rigis matrica naCvenebia nax.2.15-ze.
gurvicis kriteriumi moiTxovs rom, daculi iyos piroba :
da da
Semdegi matricebis determinantebia,nax.2.16)

44
 nax.2.16.

$8 mixailovis kriteriumi

gantolebis fesvebis analizi SeiZleba Caterdes mixailovis

kriteriumis saSualebiT. misi arsi SemdegSia: Tu dadebiTkoeficientian
polinomis

fesvebia , maSin igi SeiZleba CavweroT Semdegnairad

(2.33)

sadac aris kompleqsuri cvladi. (2.33) gamosaxulebis yoveli i-uri

mamravli SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc veqtori moduliT da i

argumentiT (nax.2.17), radgan da kompleqsuri ricxvebi TavisTavad
veqtorebi arian. kompleqsuri cvladi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri,

45
 kerZod, warmosaxviTi. davuSvaT, rom , am
SemTxvevaSi veqtoris bolo
moTavsdeba warmosaxviT RerZze (nax 2.18a ).
Tu cvlads vcvliT dan mde,
veqtori mobrundeba wertilis garSemo C
sxivis mimarTulebidan B sxivis mimarTulebiT.
misi argumenti gaizrdeba 1800 iT anu
radianiT.

nax.2.17. ese igi cvlads cvliT dan mde,

veqtoris

argumenti gaizrdeba
radianiT. D(p) polinomSi p
s magivrod SevitanoT j
ise rogorc es misi erTi
SemdgenisaTvis gvqonda

nax.2.18.

(2.34)

yoveli mamravli warmovidginoT rogorc .

D(p) polinomi miiRebs Semdeg saxes

(2.35)

veqtorebis namravli isev veqtoria,

moduliT da argumentiT.

Tu yvela n fesvi ( moTavsebulia marcxena

naxevarsibtyeSi, maSin s cvlilebiT dan mde, radianiT

46
mobrundeba yvela veqtori, maTi namravli D(p) veqtori ki am dros

mobrundeba n radianiT.

Tu D(p) polinomis romelime fesvi mdebareobs kompleqsuri sibrtyis

marjvena naxevarsibrtyeSi, maSin rogorc es nax 2.18-b dan Cans,

veqtori s dan mde, cvlilebisas mobrundeba

uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT -radianiT.

Tu D(p) polinoms n fesvidan m fesvi aqvs marjvena naxevarsibrtyeSi,

maSin D(j) veqtoris argumentis nazrdi s cvlilebisas

(n-m)-m n ms toli iqneba.

mixailovis kriteriumi JRers ase: D(p) polinoms aqvs mxolod

marcxena ( marcxena naxevarsibrtyeSi moTavsebuli) fesvebi, Tu D(j)
veqtori s dan mde,
cvlilebisas mobrundeba
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT -
radianiT.

mixailovis kriteriumi SeiZleba

CamovayaliboT sxvanairadac.

D(j) veqtoris namdvili wevrebis

jami, romlebic Sicaven s luw
xarisxebs avRniSnoT U() Ti,

nax.2.19.

; kentxarisxiani wevrebis jami

ki aRvniSnoT V()-Ti, .

anu gveqneba D(j)= U()+j V(). Tu vcvliT s dan mde, s

yoveli mniSvnelobisaTvis miviRebT U()-is da V()-is garkveul ricxviT

sidideebs. es sidideebi davitanoT kompleqsuri sibrtyis namdvil da
warmosaxviT RerZebze da avagoT Sesabamisi veqtorebi D(j) ,nax.2.19.

47
Tu D(p) polinoms aqvs mxolod marcxena fesvebi, D(j) veqtoris
hodografi Tanmimdevrulad Semouvlis 2n meoTxeds (D(j) veqtoris
argumentis nazrdi unda iyos n).

analizi SeiZleba gavamartivoT, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom

U() luwi funqciaa, amis gamo hodografi gamodis simetriuli namdvili

RerZis mimarT: U(-) = U(), V(-) = - V().
maSasadame, sakmarisia vcvaloT =0 dan
+ -mde. D(p) polinomis marcxena
fesvebis SemTxvevaSi hodografi
Tanmimdevrulad Semouvlis n meoTxeds.

nax.2.20-ze moyvanilia 2, 3, da 4 rigis

polinomebis hodografebi. (yvela
polinoms aqvs mxolod marcxena
fesvebi). rodesac U() da V()
polinomebi dabali rigisaa da maTi

nax.2.20. fesvebis monaxva advilia, hodografis

ageba saWiro ar aris. davuSvaT, gvaqvs raRac hodografi (nax 2.21),
romlic hkveTs koordinatTa RerZebs -s xuTi mniSvnelobis dros
rodesac=0 (= maSin D(j) veqtoris namdvili
nawili U() da V()=0. Semdeg icvleba, xdeba -is toli da am

dros miviRebT U()=0 da V() . isev vzrdiT -s da

=SemTxvevaSivRebulobT U() da V()=0 da a.S.

vinaidan uwyvetad icvleba 0- dan, gamodis, rom aseTi hodografis

SemTxvevaSi V()=0 da U()=0. gantolebebis fesvebi unda iyos:

1. namdvili ricxvebi (Rebulobs mxolod namdvil mniSvnelobebs);

2. Senacvlebadi, e.i. U()=0 gantolebis or mezobel fesvs Soris unda

iyos moTavsebuli V()=0 gantolebis erTi fesvi da piriqiT, V()=0
gantolebis or mezobel fesvs Soris unda iyos moTavsebuli U()=0

48
gantolebis erTi fesvi. im SemTxvevaSi, roca D(p) polinoms marcxena
fesvebis garda gaaCnia marjvena fesvebic, D(j) veqtoris hodografi

Tanmimdevrulad ar Semouvlis n meoTxeds (nax 2. 22).

nax.2.22.

nax.2.21.

49
 $9 umartivesi sistemis statikuri mdgradobis analizis magaliTi

mocemulia umartivesi sistema, romlis Canacvlebis sqema da

parametrebi naCvenebia nax.2.23-ze.

nax.2.23.

sistemis jamuri winaRoba Xd sa da X d s gaTvaliswinebiT iqneba

Xd Xd+ Xs=0,982+0,504 = 1,486 , X/ d X/ d+ Xs= 0,295+0,504=0,799.

gaviangariSoT generatoris Eq em Zala.

=(1+1,486*0,2/1) +j1,486*1/1) = 1,297+j 1,486.

anu Eq = =1,972, da arctg (1,486/1,297)=48,8o.

denis Semdgeni d RerZis mimarT udris

Id=( Eq -Uocosdo)/XdS=(1,972-1cos48,8)/1,486=0,885. vpoulobT gardamaval E/q em

Zalas E/q = E q- Id(Xd X/ d) = 1,972-(1,486 0,799)=1,365.

Zabva generatoris momWerebZe tolia

=(1+0,504*0,2/1) +j0,504*1/1) = 1,1+j 0,504

anu Ug = =1,21. gaviangariSoT T/d da A (ixile gv 38)

T/d = Td X/ d / Xd= 2* 0,799/1,486=1,07,

= =3,25.

50
 gaviangariSoT simZlavris maxasiaTeblebis kerZo warmoebulebi.

=0,87;

0,5;

=(1,365 1/0,799)cos48,8o -1(1/0,799-1/1,486)cos2*48,8o=1,202;

= (1/0,799)sin48,8o=0,94;

= =1,32,

1,64.

(2.29) gantolebaTa sistemis gardaqmniT, miviRebT rotoris iZulebiTi

moZraobis diferencialur gantolebas

am gamosaxulebebSi yvela sidide mocemulia fardobiT erTeulebSi.

Tu, t dros da Tj , Te da T/ e mudmivebs gamovsaxavT wamebSi, gveqneba

51
gamartivebis Semdeg gvaqvs

FF axla yveleferi mzadaa, imisaTvis ,rom gaviangariSoT maxasiaTebeli

gantolebis koeficientebi.

sadac

= 3,5*1,07*0,1 = 0,376;

= 3,5*0,1+3,5*1,07=4,11;

=3,5+1,07*0,1*1,202*314+3,5*0,575*50=144,68;

=0,1*0,87*314+1,07*1,202*314=433,06;

(0,87+0,575*50*1,32)=12226,79 .

maxasiaTebeli gantoleba miiRebs Semdeg saxes

DD(p) = 0,376p4 +
4,11 p3 +144,68 p2 +
433,06
p+12226,79=0.
(2.36)

52
 nax2.24

rogorc vxedavT gantolebis yvela koeficienti dadebiTia, e.i.

mdgradobis aucilebeli piroba Sesrulebulia.

vnaxoT rac gviCvenebs gurvicis kriteriumi. SevadginoT gurvicis

matrica (nax2.24).

gaviangariSoT algebruli damatebani da vnaxoT maTi niSnebi.

a1=4,11>0. a1 a2- a0 a3=4,11*144,69-0,376*433,06 = 435,8>0.

a1 a2 a3- a1 2 a4- a3 2 a0 = 4,11 *144,69*433,06 4,11212226,79 - 433,0620,376 =-19521,2<0

mesame algebruli damateba gamovida uaryofiTi, rac niSnavs, rom (2.36)

maxasiaTebel gantolebas aqvs rogorc minimum erTi wyvili kompleqsuri
fesvebisa dadebiTi namdvili nawiliT. e.i. sistema statikurad
aramdgradia. mivaqcioT yuradReba im garemoebas, rom Zabvis
regulatoris gareSe, mdgradoba iarsebobda. marTlac, saeT SemTxvevaSi
simZlavris maxasiaTebeli iqneboda

53
 reJimi arsebobs turbinis Po=1 simZlavriT da 48,4o. rogorc
vxedavT nax 2.25 dan, reJimi maxasiaTebli aRmaval Stozea, da unda iyos
mdgradi. gurvicis kriteriumis Tanaxmad es ase ar aris. saqme imaSia, rom
amgznebis da
regulatoris
parametrebi, Te =0,1 wami
da KU=50 , iwveven

TviTrxevebis
warmoqmnasa da
mdgradobis rRvevas.

Tanamedrove agznebis
da Zabvis regulirebis
sistemebs gaaCniaT
Zalian mcire

nax.2.25.

drois mudmivebi. swored amis gamo warmoiqmneba TviTryevebi. am

mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, Zabvis regulatorebSi iyeneben
uaryofiT ukukavsSirs, romlis moqmedeba tolfasia drois mudmivis
gazrdisa.

vTqvaT, ukukavSiris saSualebiT Cven mivaRwieT imas, rom amgznebisa

da regulatoris drois ekvivalenturi mudmiva gaxda 3 wamis toli. am
SemTxvevaSi maxasiaTebeli gantolebis koeficientebi gaxdeba :

= 3,5*1,07*3 = 11,29;

= 3,5*3+3,5*1,07=14,26;

=3,5+1,07*3*1,202*314+3,5*0,575*50=1321,06;

=3*0,87*314+1,07*1,202*314=1227,96;

54
 (0,87+0,575*50*1,32)=12226,79 .

maxasiaTebeli gantoleba miiRebs Semdeg saxes

DD(p) = 11,29p4 + 14,26p3 +1321,06 p2 + 1227,96p+12226,79=0. (2.37)

mdgradobis piroba SevamowmoT mixailovis kriteriumiT. amisaTvis

(2.37)-Si p-s magivrad SevitanoT j

DD(j) = 11,29(j) 4 + 14,26(j) 3 +1321,06 (j) 2 + 1227,96(j) +12226,79=0

anu

DD(j) = U()+j V() = (-11,294 +1321,062 +12226,79) +j(-14,263 +1227,96)=0.

gavutoloT nuls U() da V() da vipovoT maTi fesvebi .

U()= 11,294 -1321,062 +12226,79 =0. avRniSnoT 2 =x da amovxsnaT gantoleba

11,29x2 -1321,06 x +12226,79 =0 . miviRebT: x1= 10,13 da x2= 106,87. radgan 2 =x

gvaqvs 3,18 3,18, 10,34 da 10,34.

V() = -14,263 +1227,96=0. aqedan 09,28, da 9,28. .

Yyvela fesvi namdvili ricxvia da gadanacvlebadi.

10,34<9,28<3,18 <0 < 3,18 <9,28 < 3=10,34.

e.i. mixailovis kriteriumi Sesrulda da sistema statikurad mdgradia.

$ 10 DD-danawilebis meTodi

rogorc vnaxeT wina paragrafSi, regulirebis sistemaSi uatyofiTi

ukukavSiris SemoRebiT, SasaZlebelia mivaRwioT satikuri mdgradobis
SenarCunebas regulatoris sakmaod didi gaZlierebis koeficientis
drosac ki. rogorc vTqviT, uaryifiTi ukukavSiri gvaZlevs agzneba
regulirebis sistemis Te ekvivalenturi drois mudmivis gazrdas. es

55
TavisTavad zrdis regulirebis sistemis inerciulobas, rac ar aris
sasurveli. maSasadame unda vipovoT isaTi wyvili Te da Ku
parametrebisa, romlebic daakmayofileben ststikuri mdgradobis
SenarCunebis moTxovnebs da Zalian ar gazrdian regulirebis sistemis
inerciulobas. amis gakeTeba SeiZleba DD-danawilebis meTodiT.

vTqvaT, DD(p)=A0pn + A1pn-1 + A2pn-2 + . . . An =0 maxasiaTebel gantolebis

yvela fesvi marcxenaa, anu isini mdebareoben kompleqsuri sibrtyis
marcxena naxevarSi. erTi an ramodenime Ai , koeficientis SecvliT,
fesvebis mniSvnelobebi Seicvleba. koeficientebis raRac mniSvnelobebis
kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi, erTi fesvi SeiZleba gaxdes warmosaxviTi,
nulovani namdvili nawiliT. aseTi koeficientebis Sesabamisi reJimi
mdgradobis zRvarzea, radgan warmosaxviTi fesvi mogvcems miulevad
rxevebs da piroba ar Sesruldeba.

ganvixiloT CvenTvis ukve cnobili maxasiaTebeli gantoleba

(2.38)

vTqvqT, rom Te da Ku parametrebis raRac mniSvnelobebisas gantolebis

erTi fesvi gaxda js toli. SevitanoT j (2.38)-Si.

es toloba daiSleba namdvil da warmosaxviT nawolebad

56
gadavweroT es tolobebi Semdegnairad :

(2.39)

aqedan SevitanoT (2.39)-is pirvel gantolebaSi da

vipovoT .

regulirebis sistemis gaZlierebis koeficienti da ekvivalenturi

57
 drois mudmiva -s funqciaa. Tu SevcvliT -s 0 dan + mde,
SevZlebT da funqciebis povna. am funqciebis
saSualebiT ki avagebT mruds. am mruds DD-danawilebis mrudi
hqvia. $9 paragrafSi mocemuli magaliTis monacemebis safuZvelze
agebuli aseTi mrudi moyvanilia nax.2.26. vinaidan Ku da Te Tavisi arsiT
dadebiTi sidideebia, analizs vatarebT mxolod D1 da D2 areebisaTvis.
Cven viciT, rom D-danawilebis mrudis yoveli wertili gvaZlevs
mdgradobis zRvaris Ku da Te -s Sesabamis mniSvnelobebs. e.i. mrudidan
marjvniv an marcxniv iqneba mdgradi an aramdgradi muSaobis areebi.
mdgradobis Semowmeba xdeba Semdegnairad. viRebT A1 wertils ,
vpoulobT Sesabamis Ku1 da Te1 . am sidideebis gaTvaliswinebiT
vangariSobT (2.38) polinomis koeficientebs. miRebuli maxasiaTebeli
gantolebis fesvebis niSnebs
vamowmebT gurvicis an
mixailovis kriteriumiT. Tu A1
wertilisaTvis mdgradoba
arsebobs, is iarsebebs D1 aris
nebismieri sxva wertilisaTvis.
e.i. Ku da Te unda SevarCioT
ise, rom maTi Sesabamisi
A wertili ekuTnodes D1 ares.
aseve viqceviT D2 ares mimarT.

58
 nax.2.26.

$11 ori sasruli simZlavris eleqtruli sadguris simZlavris

maxasiaTeblebi

umartivesi sistemis statikuri mdgradobis analizi daviwyeT Semdegi

daSvebebis farglebSi:

1. ar ganixileboda eleqtromagnituri procesi rotoris gragnilSi;

2. ar ganixileboda Zabvis regulatoris gavlena;
3. sistemis elementebis aqtiuri winaRobebi miRebulia nulis tolad;
4. mimRebi sistemis simZlavre miRebulia usasrulod didad;

SemdgomSi Cven gavarTuleT amocana da davtoveT ZalaSi mxolod ori

ukanaskvneli daSveba. axla ZalaSi davtovoT pirveli ori daSveba da

ugulvelvyoT bolo ori. ganvixiloT eleqtruli sistema, romelic

Sedgeba ori generatorisagan da erTi datvirTvisagan (nax.2.27). vinaidan
orive generatori
sasruli
simZlavrisaa, reJimis
cvlilebisas
Zabva aRar iqneba
mudmivi arc sididiT
da arc faziT. G

nax.2.27.
59
ganvsazRvroT datvirTvis ekvivalenturi winaRoba , da

SevadginoT Canacvlebis sqema (nax.2.28). generatorebis da denebi

vipovT zeddadebis meTodis gamoyenebiT. amisaTvis davuSvaT, rom sqemaSi

moqmedebs mxolod em Zala da em Zala nulis tolia, Semdeg

ki davuSvad, rom sqemaSi moqmedebs mxolod em Zala da em

Zala nulis tolia.

nax.2.28.

aseT daSvebas Seesabameba ori sqema, nax.2.29

60
 nax.2.29.

-maSasadame eneratorebs denebi tolia da .

radgan em Zala qmnis da denebs isini SeiZeba gamovsaxoT

Semdegnairad da . analogiurad gamoisaxeba

em ZalT gamowveuli denebi da . amis

gaTvaliswinebiT, gvaqvs

da .

da gamtareblobis ganzomilebis mqone koeficientebia,

romlebsac Stoebis sakuTar da urTierT gamtareblobebs uwodeben.

maTi gaangariSebis meTodi mocemulia [l-1]-Si.

vipovoT g-1 da g-1 generatorebis

simZlavris maxasiaTeblebi.

aviRoT aTvlis raime RerZi,

magaliTad, kompleqsuri sibrtyis
namdvili RerZi da mis mimarT avagoT
da em Zalebis veqtorebi. es

veqtorebi +1 RerZTan Seadgenen da

nax.2.30. kuTxeebs.

pirveli generatoris sruli simZlavre tolia , meore

generatoris ki - . aq da Sesabamisi denebis veqtorebis

SeuRlebuli veqtorebia. e.i.

da (2.40)

61
gamovsaxoT veqtorebi maTi modulebis da argumentebiT

miviRoT mxedvelobaSi, rom da amis gaTvaliswinebiT (2.40)

CavweroT Semdegnairad

da
. frCxilebis gaxsnis Semdeg

gveqneba:

gavSaloT es gamosaxulebebi

wrfiv eleqtul wreebSi da . aRvniSnoT agreTve

, , da bolo
gamosaxulebebi Caiwereba Semdegnairad:

(2.41)

62
 rogorc vxedavT g-1 da g-2
generatorebis simZlavreebi arian
da veqtorebs Soris
urTierT kuTxis
funqciebi da ara da
absoluturi kuTxeebisa.
simZlavris maxasiaTeblebi
naCvenebia nax.2.31-ze. g-1
generatoris tvirTia - P01, g-2
generatori datvirTulia P02
simZlavriT da maTi jami ki
tolia datvirTvis simZlavrisa

nax.2.31.

P0= P01+ P02. g-1 generatori muSaobs a wertilSi, g-2 generatori ki b

wewrtilSi. Tu g-1 generatoris datvirTvas gavzrdiT P/ 01 mde, kuTxe
gaizrdeba da g-2 generatoris simZlavre Semcirdeba P/ 02 mde.

$12 ori sasruli simZlavris eleqtruli sadguris

statikuri mdgradoba

ori sasruli simZlavris eleqtruli sadguris statikuri

mdgradobis analizi CavataroT mcire rxevebis meTodiT. amisaTvis unda
gavawrfivoT generatorebis iZulebiTi moZraobis diferencialuri
gantolebebi

63
vinaidan

amitom kuTxis usasrulo mcire maxlobloaSi, gantolebebis

marjvena mxareebis gawrfiveba mogvcems

SevitanoT es sidideebi (2.42)-Si

gadavweroT es gantolebebi Semdegnairad :

gamovakloT pirvel tolobas meore

anu

am diferencialuri gantolebis maxasiaTebeli gantolebaa

aq . am gantolebis fesvebia

. SesaZlebelia ori SemTxveva. Tu

64
 maSin fesvebi warmosaxviTia da kuTxe

Seicvleba droSio sinusoidalurad. realur pirobebSi energiis

danakargebis gamo es rxevebi milevadi iqneba da kuTxe raRac drois
Semdeg gaxdeba , ese igi reJimi statikurad mdgradia. Tuki

, maSin erTi fesvi iqneba uaryofiTi, xolo meore-

dadebiTi da am ukanaskvneli fesvis gavleniT kuTxe daiwyebs

usasrulod zrdas. masTan, usasrulod gaizrdeba kuTxec da
statikuri mdgradoba dairRveva. ese igi, mocemul SemTxvevaSi,
eleqtruli sistemis statikuri mdgradobis kriteriumi aris

gavarkvioT ra pirobebSi sruldeba es utoloba. amasTan

ganvsazRvroT warmoebulebi :

damatebiTi kuTxe Cveulebrivad uaryofiTia, amitom pirveli

warmoebuli nulis toli gaxdeba, rodesac meore

warmoebulo ki rodesac ; ese igi pirvelad nulis

toli gaxdeba pirveli warmoebuli, magram meore warmoebuli

TavisTavad uaryofiTia da gamosaxuleba (2.44) marTebulia maSinac, roca

. magram niSnavs, rom Cven mivaRwieT g-1 generatoris

simZlavris zRvars.

gamodis, rom simZlavris zRvari da statikuri mdgradobis zRvari

aq erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. statikuri mdgradoba SeiZleba SenarCunebul

65
iqnes g-1 generatoris maxasiaTeblis maqsimumis marjvnivac, misi
daRmavali Stos garkveul ubanze. gavarkvioT ramdenad didia es ubani.

statikuri mdgradobis zRvars Seesabameba Semdegi toloba

. Tu da inerciis mudmivebi erTmaneTis tolia,

maSin mdgradobis zRvari miiReba Semdegi pirobis dacvis dros

, anu

gavSaloT da

anu

es toloba marTebulia mxolod maSin, roca . miviReT, rom

statikuri mdgradobis zRvari emTxveva pirobas . Tuki

, maSin es zRvari gadainacvlebs 900 dan erT an meore mxares,

Sefardebis Sesabamisad. magram yovelTvis iqneba moqceuli

2zolis farglebSi.

aqve aRvniSnoT, rom damatebiTi kuTxe, rogorc wesi sakmaod

mcirea da praqtikul gaangariSebebSi statikuri mdgradobis zRvrad

SeiZleba miviRoT piroba.

Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia gavakeToT Semdegi

daskvna :

1. ori sasrulo simZlavris sadguris SemTxvevaSi simZlavris

maxasiaTeblis maqsimumi da statikuri mdgradobis zRvari ar
emTxvevian erTmaneTs;

66
 2. statikuri mdgradobis zRvari ( kuTxis Sesabamisi mniSvneloba)
damokidebulia g-1 da g-2 generatorebis inerciis mudmivebze.
kerZod, Tu , ese igi g-2 ekvivalenturi generatoris

simZlavre ramodenime aTeuljer metia g-1 generatoris

simZlavreze, maSin statikuri mdgradobis zRvari daemTxveva g-1
generatoris simZlavris maxasiaTebelis maqsimums, da Cven gveqneba
CvenTvis ukve cnobili umartivesi sistema, rodesac g-1 generatori
muSaobda usasrulod mZlavr sistemasTan paralelurad.

3. piroba gviCvenebs, rom generatorebis

rotorebis urTierT aCqareba dadebiTia da fardobiTi kuTxe

miiswrafis -ken. magram es sul ar niSnavs, rom absoluturi
da kuTxeebi miiswrafian TavianTi pirvandeli mniSvnelobebisaken.

$13 ori sasrulo simZlavris ekvivalenturi sadguris statikuri

mdgradobis analizis magaliTi

mocemulia orsadguriani sistema, romlis Canacvlebis sqema da

parametrebi naCvenebia nax.2.32-ze.

nax.2.32.

bazisur simZlavred aviRoT Sb=100 mgva da gadaviyvanoT yvela sidibe

fardobiT erTeulebSi.

67
anu

inerciis mudmivebi daviyvanoT bazisur simZlavreze.

SevadginoT Canacvlebis sqema da gavamartivoT igi, nax. 2.33.

68
 nax.2.33.

aq da

da

vipovoT generatorebis em Zalebi. datvirTvis mierTebis wertilSi Zabva

CavTvaloT nominaluris tolad da davamTxvioT is namdvil RerZs, e.i.

Uo=1.

I1 denis veqtori iqneba :

misi modulia pirveli sadguris

em Zala tolia:

am em Zalis modulia da

misi argumenti ki .

69
 meore ekvivalenturi generatoris deni tolia:

misi em Zala ki udris

am em Zalis modulia - da

argumenti - radiani.

em Zalebs Soris kuTxe ki radianis

anu -3 gradusis tolia.

viangariSoT sageneratoro Stoebis sakuTari da urTierT

gamtarobebi.

pirveli generatoris Stos sakuTari winaRobaa:

damatebiTi kuTxe ki

iqneba

Stos sakuTari gamtaroba ki udris

meore generatoris Stos sakuTari winaRobaa:

70
 damatebiTi kuTxe ki iqneba

da sakuTari gamtaroba ki

pirveli da meore generatorebis Stoebis urTierT winaRoba tolia:

, am winaRobis argumenti ki

aris damatebiTi kuTxe ki

iqneba

Stoebis urTierT gamtaroba iqneba

SevitanoT napovni sidideebi (2.41)-Si.

pirveli generatoris AStos aqtiuri winaRoba , masSi

gamavali I1 deni ki udris 1,0025. am StoSi aqtiuri simZlavris
danakargebi tolia

71
amitom pirveli generatoris (turbinis) simZlavre iqneba

meore generatoris Stos aqtiuri winaRoba nulis tolia da amitom am

generatoris (turbinis) simZlavre iqneba

avagoT es simZlavris maxasiaTeblebi, nax.2.34.

nax.2.34

72
 $14 statikuri mdgradobis analizi kompleqsuri

datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi

wina paragrafSi datvirTva warmodgenili iyo mudmivi winaRobis

saxiT. aseTi daSveba gulisxmobs, rom datvirTvis sidide damokidebulia
Zabvis kvadratze. marTlac, Tu , maSin

realobaSi dadvirTvis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sxvadasxva Tvisebis

momxmarebeli, romelTa mier moxmarebuli aqtiuri da reaqtiuli
simZlavre damokidebulia Zabvaze ufro rTuli kanonzomierebiT.

da damokidebulebes datvirTvis statikur

maxasiaTeblebs uwodeben. es maxasiaTeblebi datvirTvis sxvadasxva
SemadgenlobisaTvis (eleqtruli Zravebi, varvarebis da luminiscenturi
naTurebi, eleqtruli Rumelebi, wevis qvesadgurebi) gansxvavdebian
erTvaneTisagan da maTi
metnaklebad zusti dadgena
SesaZlebelia mxolod cdiT.
Tanac unda miviRoT
mxedvelobaSi, rom datvirTvis
ara marto sidide aramed
Semadgenlobac icvleba
dReRamis, Tvis da weliwadis
ganmavlobaSi. amitom statikuri
mdgradobis analizs atareben
egre wodebuli tipuri
maxasiaTeblebis gamoyenebiT. es
maxasiaTeblebia :

73
 nax.2.35. Zabvis

yvela safexurze, da - 6 -10-15 kv Zabvis

momxmareblebisaTvis.

110 kv da meti Zabvis momxmareblebisaTvis ki gvaqvs Semdegi

maxasiaTebeli

nax.2.35-ze naCvenebia es maxasiaTeblebi. datvirTvis statikuri

maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ori sasrulo simZlavris sadguris
statikuri mdgradobis analizi unda Catardes Semdegnairad.

davuSvaT, rom CvenTvis cnobilia sistemis reJimi, anu cnobilia

da datvirTvis statikuri

maxasiaTeblebi (nax2.36).

nax.2.36.

SevcvaloT nax.14.2-ze naCvenebi sqema ori pirobiTi sqemiT (nax.2.37).

Ees saWiroa mxolod sakuTari da urTierTgamtarobis indeqsaciis swori

gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.

74
 nax.2.37.

gamovsaxoT yvela simZlavre zeddadebis meTodis gamoyenebiT.

(2.45)

datvirTvis mierTebis wertilSi gvaqvs simZlavreebis balansi

(2.46)

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom sistemis statikur mdgradobaze msjeloba

SeiZleba masinqronizirebeli simZlavreebis saSualebiT. amitom unda

75
ganvsazRvroTes simZlavreebi. simZlavre funqciaa da -si.
-ki - da si. amitom

masinqronizirebeli simZlavre kuTxiT ki toli iqneba

da analogiurad (2.47)

am gamosaxulebebSi, , , da warmoebulebis povna Zneli ar

aris, marTlac:

sapovnelia da warmoebulebi. simZlavris (2.46) balansis

gamosaxulebis mixedviT, SegviZlia davweroT

(2.48)
rogorc viciT da damokidebulia da -ze, da ki-
da -ze. amitom SegviZlia davweroT:

SevitanoT es gamosaxulebebi (2.48)-Si.

76
 (2.49)

vinaidan , amitom SevitanoT -is es

mniSvneloba (2.49)-Si da Semdgomi gamartivebis Sedegad miviRebT:

anu

(2.50)

aq

miviReT orucnobiani gantolebaTa sistema da -is mimarT,

romlis amoxsna siZneles ar warmoadgens.

da datvirTvis maregulirebeli efeqtia da misi gansazRvra

SeiZleba datvirTvis statikuri maxasiaTeblebis gawarmoeiT. kerZo

77
warmoebulebis da sxv. moZebna ar aris Zneli. sakmarisia

gavawarmooT saTanado gamosaxuleba (2.45)-dan. magaliTad:

da a.S.

statikuri mdgradobis Semdgomi analizi daiyvaneba rotorebis

urTierTaCqarebis niSnis analizze.

warmoebuls vpoulobT gantolebidan

$ 15 umartivesi sistemis statikuri mdgradobis zRvarisa da gadacemis

teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis Sedareba

eleqtruli sistemis statikuri mdgradobis analizis dros

saWiroa mxedvelobaSi viqonioT generatorebis, transformatorebis da
gadacemis xazebis teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi. ganvixiloT nax.2.38-ze
naCvenebi umartivesi eleqtruli sistema.

nax.x2.38
78
generatorebis da transformatorebis parametrebi aRebulia nax.1.11 ze
moyvanili sqemidan. xazis sigrZe 300 km-ia. bazisuri simZlavre isev
aRebulia 100 mgva-s toli.

sistemis jamuri winaRoba tolia:

dauSvaT, rom datvirTva mgva-s tolia , anu 2,5-j0,3

fardobiTi erTeulis.

generatorebis em Zala iqneba

anu Eq/ +jEq// = 1+ (2.5 j 0,3) j0,546 = 1,164 +j 1,36.

em Zalis modulia 1,79 da argumenti = 49,60.
simZlavris maxasiaTeblis maqsimumi tolia PPPmax*=1,79*1/0,546=3,27 anu
3,27X100=327 mgvt.

nax.2.39-ze moyvanilia es maxasiaTebeli. generatorebis sruli nominaluri

simZlavre 200 mgva-ia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom generatorebis
nominaluri cos=0.8 , miviRebT, rom maTi nominaluri aqtiuri simZlavre

200*0,8=160 mgvt-ia. orive

generatoris ki - 320 mgvt.
simZlavris maxasiaTeblis
maqsimumi udris 327 mgvt-s, anu
Teoriulad SesaZlebelia
orive generatoris simZlavris
gacema qselSi. magram saWiroa
gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi:
ganxilul reJimSi sistemaSi
gaicema 250 mgvt. am dros
generatoris em Zala 1,79
fardobiTi erTeulia anu

79
1,79*10kv=17,9 kilovoltia.

nax.2.39.

Tu Cven gavzrdiT gacemul simZlavres ise, rom datvirTva gaxdes

mgva-is toli, saWiroa, rom Eq em Zala toli iyos

Eq/ +jEq// = 1+ (3,2 j 0,3) j0,546 = 1,164 +j 1,74. anu |Eq|=2,09. em Zala
proporciulia agznebis denisa, da misi gazrda moiTxovs agznebis denis
gazrdas. agznebis deni ki SezRudulia amgznebis SesaZleblobebiT da
sinqronuli generatoris YTburi reJimiT. Tu Cveni generatorebis
maqsimaluri em Zala udris 1,8-s, maSin 320 mgvt aqtiuri simZlavris
gacema SesaZlebeli iqneba sistemidan reaqtiuli simZlavris miRebis
SemTxvevaSi. marTlac, Tu Po=320 mgvt-s, maSin 0 kuTxe iqneba

gadacemis xazSi gamavali deni iqneba toli

Uo Zabvis salteebze Semosuli simZlavre ki -

. bazisur simZlavreze gamravlebis

Semdeg vRebulobT: Po=320 mgvt da Q o =114 mgvar. gamodis, rom sistemidan
unda moviTxovoT 114 mgvars toli reaqtiuli simZlavre. es ki
yovelTvis SesaZlebeli ar aris.

nax.15.1-dan vxedavT, rom gadacemis xazi Sesrulebulia ACO-400

markis sadeniT, romlis dasaSvebi deni 825 amperia. zemoTaRniSnul

datvirTvas ki Seesabameba ka deni, romlis

modulia ka, anu 891 amperi. es deni metia xazis

sadenis dasaSveb denze da amitom aseTi reJimis ganxorcieleba aris
SeuZlebeli.

80
 Tavi III
rTuli eleqtruli sistemis statikuri mdgradoba

$1 zogadi cnebebi
realur eleqtrul sistemaSi gaerTianebulia asobiT paralelurad
momuSave sinqronuli generatori. generatorebi erTmaneTTan da
datvirTvis kvanZebTan gaerTianebulebi arian 500-220-330 da 110 kv Zabvis
qselebiT. aqac statikuri mdgradobis analizi daiyvaneba yvela am
generatoris rotorebis iZulebiTi moZraobis amsaxavi diferencialuri
gantolebebis amonaxsnebis analizze. TviT analizi SeiZleba gavyoT
romodenime etapad. pirvel etapze xdeba gansaxilveli damyarebuli
reJimis gaangariSeba. amis Sedegad cnobili xdeba sistemis kvanZebSi
Zabvebs veqtorebi, simZlavris nakadebis ganawileba sistemis
elementebSi da datvirTvis sidideebi.
analizis meore etapze aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavriT mocemuli
datvirTvebi Seicvleba aqtiuri da reaqtiuli gamtareblobebiT, Semdegi

formulis saSualebiT da , aq i kvanZis nomeria. amis

Sedegad vRebulobT wrfiv Canacvlebis sqemas, romelic mzadaa misi

Stoebis sakuTari da urTierT gamtareblobebis saangariSod.
mesame etapze vpoulobT generatorebis simZlavris maxasiaTeblebs,
rogorc generatorebis rotorebis q RerZebs Soris urTierT kuTxeebis
funqciebs.
meoTxe etapze gaiangariSeba generatorebis masinqronizirebeli
simZlavreebi da ganisazRvreba sistemis iZulebiTi moZraobis,

81
rotorebSi eleqtromagnituri gardamavali procesebis, agznebis
sistemebSi da regulatorebSi gardamavali procesebis amsaxavi
diferencialuri gantolebaTa sistemis maxasiaTebeli gantoleba.
analizis bolo etapze tardeba maxasiaTebeli gantolebis fesvebis
niSnebis analizi. amisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqne mixailovis
kriteriumi.
zemoTaRwerili mimdevroba, problemis gadawyvetis mkacri
midgomaa. am SemTxvevaSi diferencialuri gantolebaTa sistemis rigi
SeiZleba aRmoCndes Zalian didi. Sesabamisi maxasiaTebeli gantolebac
iqneba Zalian maRali rigis. Tanamedrove kompiuteruli teqnika iZleva
saSualebas CavataroT saWiro gamoTvlebis Zalian didi raodenoba da
gavaanalizoT misi fesvebis niSnebi. amasTan erTad sistemis elementebis
(generatorebis, transformatorebis da xazebis ) parametrebi rogorc
wesi ar aris cnobili Zalian zustad. amitom, gamoTvlebis Zalian
didi raodenoba
plus parametrebis uzustoba iwvevs cdomilebis dagrovebas da
Sedegad rezultati SeiZleba iyos sakmaod Sors realobisagan.
praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba Semdegi midgoma. Tu sistemis romelime
generatoris an ekvivalenturi generatoriT warmodgenili sadguris
simZlavre, minimum aTjer naklebia sistemis danarCeni generatorebis
jamur simZlavreze, maSin es generatori (sadguri) SeiZleba ganvixiloT
rogorc usasrulod mZlavr sistemasTan paralelurad momuSave. am
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs umartives sistemasTan, romlis ststikuri
mdgradobis analizi ganxiluli iyo zemoT.
magaliTisaTvis aviRoT Jinvalhesisi. sadguris sqema moyvanilia
nax.3.1-ze.

82
 nax.3.1.

q/s qsanis 220 kv Zabvis salteebi SeiZleba CavTvaloT usasrulod

mZlavri sistemis salteebad, anu am salteebis Zabva CaiTvleba
ucvlelad. es daSveba marTebulia, radgan saqarTvelos eleqtruli
sistemis jamuri simZlavre, vTqvqT zamTris periodSi, 1300-1500mgvt-s
farglebSia. Jinvalesis erTi generatoris nominaluri simZlavre

32,5mgvt-ia. ese igi sadguris jamuri simZlavre udris 130 mgvt. gamodis,
rom sistemis simZlavre minimum 10 jer metis Jinvalhesis simZlavreze.

gamoyvanis gareSe moviyvaniT Jinvalhesi-qsani umartivesi sistemis

simZlavris maxasiaTebeli , nax.3.2.

rogorc vxedavT, sadguris

statikuri mdgradoba
garantirebulia, vinaidan is
verasodes ver ganaviTarebs
199mgvt simZlavres da misi
maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli
reJimi Sors aris mdgradobis
zRvrisagan. magram aseTi
midgoma miuRebelia ufro
mZlavri sadgurisaTvis.
magaliTad engurhesze
CarTuli generatorebis
jamuri simZlavre

nax.3.2. SeiZleba Seadgendes sistemis

25-40%-s. am SemTxvevaSi sistemis danarCeni nawilis simZlavre ar aris 10
jer meti engurhesis simZlavreze. amitom umartivesi sistemisaTvis
gamoyenebuli analizi am SemTxvevaSi marTebuli ar aris.

eleqtrul sistemaSi eleqtruli sadgurebi, rogorc wesi ar arian

geografiulad ganlagebuli Tanabrad. yovelTvis SesaZlebelia gamovyoT
ramodenime regioni, sadac sadgurebi arian Tavmoyrili. aseTi regionebis
83
ekvivalentirebiT xdeba sistemis gamartiveba, da ramodenime aseuli
generatoris magivrad vixilavT sistemas, romelic Seicavs ramodenime
aTeul ekvivalentur generators. amiT diferencialuri gantolebebis
sistemis da Sesabamisad misi maxasiaTebeli gantolebis rigi mcirdeba.

es ki mniSvnelovnad amartivebs statikuri mdgradobis analizs.

$2 rTuli eleqtruli sistemis statikuri mdgradoba

ganvixiloT rTuli sistemis statikuri mdgradoba Semdegi

daSvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT:

1. datvirTvebi warmodgenilia mudmivi gamtarobebis saxiT;

2. ar viTvaliswinebT Zabvis regulatorebs, anu yvela em Zala
miRebulia mudmivad;
3. ar vRebulobT mxedvelobaSi generatorebis cxadpolusianobas, e.i.
yvela generatorisaTvis daSvebulia rom Xd =Xq ;
4. ar viTvaliswinebT generatorebis da transformatorebis magnitur
gaJRenTvas, e.i. sistemis yvela elementi CaTvlilia wrfivad.
am daSvebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT calkeuli generatorebis
(ekvivalenturi generatorebis) aqtiuri simZlavreebi warmoadgenen
urTierT kuTxeebis funqciebs. aq n generatorebis

ricxvia.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.1)

84
magram

da zogadad . e.i. zemoT moyvanili tolobebi SeiZleba

warmovidginoT Semdegi funqciebis saxiT:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.2)

generatorebis es simZlavreebi warmoadgenen n-1urTierTkuTxis

funqciias.

sistemis reJimis romelime parametris usasrulod mcire cvlilebisas

generatorebis lilvebze warmoiqmneba naWarbi momentebi (Cven vuSvebT
momentebisa da simZlavreebis tolobas fardobiT erTeulebSi). es
naWarbi momentebi gamoiwveven generatorebis rotorebis rxevas. es
rxevebi gamoisaxeba Semdegi diferencialuri gantolebebiT:

. . . . . . . . . . . (3.3)

85
 aq Sesabamisi turbinebis simZlavreebia. vinaidan

da

sawyisi reJimis Sesabamisi mudmivi kuTxeebia. (3.3) gantolebebis marcxena

mxareebi CavweroT Semdegnairad

, (3.4) da ase Semdeg.

amave dros (3.3) diferencialuri gantolebaTa sistemis marjvena mxares

funqciebi gavawrfivod kuTxeebis mcire maxloblobaSi,
miviRebT:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.5)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT (3.4) da (3.5) gamosaxulebebs, (3.3) gantolebaTa

sistema Caiwereba Semdegnairad:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.6)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
 miviReT rTuli sistemis generatorebis rotorebis iZulebiTi moZraobis

gawrfivebuli diferencialuri gantolebaTa sistema. es sistema Sedgeba

n gantolebisagan da Seicavs 2n-1ucnobs. imisaTvis, rom gamovricxoT

absoluturi kuTxeebis nazrdebi da gantolebaTa

ricxvi daviyvanoT ucnobebis ricxvze, pirveli gantolebis yvela wevri
gavyoT -ze, meore gantolebis - -ze da ase Semdeg. Semdeg miRebul

pirvel gantolebas rigrigobiT gamovakloT meore da yvela momdevno.

gveqneba:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.7)

miRebuli diferencialuri gantolebebis sistema Sedgeba n-1

gantolebisagan da Seicavs n-1ucnobs . SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi:

87
 da ase Semdeg. (3.6) gantolebaTa sistema miiRebs Semdeg saxes:

. . . . . . . . . . . (3.8)

miRebuli gantolebaTa sistema erTgvarovania da mis amonaxsns aqvs

azri mxolod maSin, Tu sistemis mTavari determinanti nulis tolia.
determinants vRebulobT Semdegi matricis gaSliT.

determinanti gvaZlevs Semdeg maxasiaTebel gantolebas:

(3.9)

Tu SemovitanT aRniSvnas , miviRebT n-1 rigis polinoms

(3.10)

statikuri mdgradobis SenarCunebisaTvis saWiroa, rom (3.8)

diferencialuri gantolebebis amonaxsnebi
miiswrafodnen nulisaken. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom (3.8) maxasiaTebeli
88
gantolebis fesvebi ar Seicavdnen dadebiT namdvil nawils. marTlac,
Tu (3.10) gantolebis xi fesvebi gamovida uaryofiTi namdvili ricxvebi,
maSin (3.9) gantolebas eqneba mxolod warmosaxviTi fesvebi. es

niSnavs, rom kuTxis mcire nazrdebi gamoisaxebian Semdegi funqciis

saxiT :

da analogiurad sxva nazrdebic.

rogorc vxedavT, nazrdebi sinusoidur rxevas ganicdian,

magram Cven ar miviReT mxedvelobaSi energiis danakargebi, romelTa gamo

nazrdebi milevadi iqneba, ese igi eleqtruli sistema iqneba

statikurad mdgradi. aramdgradobis niSani iqneba (3.9) gantolebis erTi

dadebiTi fesvi mainc. am SemTxvevaSi (3.8) polinoms eqneba ori namdvili
fesvi da nazrdis gamosaxulebaSi gaCndeba zrdadi

wevri , es ki niSnavs statikuri mdgradobis aperiodul darRvevas.

$3 masinqronizirebeli simZlavreebis gansazRvra

wina paragrafSi daSvebuli iyo, rom datvirTvebi gamoisaxa mudmivi

gamtareblobebiT. Aam daSvebis dros masinqronizirebeli simZlavreebis
gansazRvra ar aris rTuli, sakmarisia gavawarmooT Sesabamisi kuTxiT
ese Tu es simZlavre ( 3.1 ) tolobebidan. marTlac,

warmoebulis mosanaxavad sakmarisia P2

is gamosaxulebaSi gamovsaxoT yvela kuTxe -iT da Semdeg

gavawarmooT -iT. magaliTad, (3.1)-dan P2 gadavweroT Semdegi saxiT

89
Ggawarmoebis Sedegad vRebulobT

da ase Semdeg. saqme gacilebiT rTuldeba, Tu datvirTva

warmodgenilia statikuri maxasiaTeblebiT. Aam SemTxvevaSi datvirTvis
mierTebis wertilSi unda CavrToT fiqtiuri Eq em Zalebi, romelTa
sidide am wertilSi U Zabvis tolia, ise rogorc es naCvenebia nax.3.3-ze.

zeddadebis meTodis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia davweroT yvela

sadguris aqtiuri simZlavreebis gamosaxulebebi. magaliTad, k-uri
sadgurisaTvis

(3.10)

igulisxmeba, rom gvaqvs N

realuri sadguri da M
sakvanZo wertili, sadac
mierTebulia datvirTva.

Ffiqtiuri sadgurisaTvis
aqtiuri da reaqtiuli
simZlavreebis gamosaxuleba
aseTi iqneba:

nax.3.3.

90
 (3.11)

SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi :

miRebuli aRniSvnebis mxedvelobaSi miRebis Semdeg (3.10) da (3.11)

Caiwereba ufro moxerxebulad:

(3.12)

fiqtiuri sadguri anviTarebs simZlavres Pn s da amave dros kvebavs

imave wertilSi mierTebul datvirTvas. cxadia, rom fiqtiuri em Zalis
wredSi deni ar gadis da SeiZleba davweroT:

Pn+PLn=0 da Qn+QLn=0. aq Pn da Qn fiqtiuri sadguris simZlavreebia,

PLn da QLn amave wertilSi mierTebuli detvirTvis simZlavrea. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT gvaqvs : dPn+dPLn=0 da dQn+dQLn=0. gavadiferenciroT
(3.12) da miviRebT:

91
 (3.13)

aq

da a.S.

miRebuli (3.13) gantolebebi saSualebas gvaZleven vipovoT yvela

masinqronizirebeli simZlavre mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
miviRebT damatebiT pirobebs. marTlac, (8.4) sistema Seicavs 2M+2N-1
ucnobs - Sedgeba ki 2M+N gantolebisagan. ese igi saWiroa SemoviRoT

N-1 piroba. kerZod, Tu gvinda ganvsazRvroT pirveli sadguris

masinqronizirebeli simZlavre, meoris mimarT sxva sadgurebisaTvis
SegviZlia davuSvaT dP3 =dP4 = . . . . =dPN =0. amave dros Cven

gvainteresebs saxis sidideebi, amitom Cven SegviZlia yvela

gantoleba gavyoT ze, amiT gantolebebisa da ucnobebis ricxvi

xdeba erTmaneTis toli.

92
 $4 rTuli, avtomaturad regulirebadi eleqtruli sistemis statikuri
mdgradoba

Zabvis avtomaturi regulireba aucilebeli pirobaa eleqtruli

sistemis muSaobisaTvis. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom Zabvis avtomaturi
regulireba qmediTi saSualebaa statikuri mdgradobis
gaumjobesebisaTvis. Zabvis regulireba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
sxvadasxva tipis Zar-ebis saSualebiT da mimdinareobdes sxvadasxva
kanonis mixedviT. zogadad raime i-uri sadgurisaTvis SegviZlia davweroT

(3.14)

aq Zabvis regulatoris gadacemis funqciaa, ki reJimis is

parametrebi, romlis mixedviT xdeba Zabvis regulireba. SeiZleba
iyos : Zabvis nazrdi, denis nazrdi da sxva. gadacemis
funqcia ki SeiZleba asaxavdes gardamaval process regulatoris
sxvadasxva rgolSi. magaliTad, Tu regulireba xdeba Zabvis gadaxriT
da misi pirveli ori warmoebuliT, da amave dros agznebis sistemis
drois mudmivaa Te , maSin (3.14) miiRebs Semdeg saxes

aq To,T1 da T2 Zabvis regulatoris drois mudmivebia.

vinaidan Cven viTvaliswinebT Zabvis regulirebas, aucilebeli xdeba

eleqtromagnituri gardamavali procesia aRwera rotoris gragnilSi.

i-uri generatorisaTvis gveqneba

(3.15)

amave generatoris rotoris iZulebiTi moZraobis diferencialur

gantolebas eqneba Semdegi saxe

(3.16)

sadac
93
 (3.17)

aq igulisxmeba, rom j-uri sadguri uSualod ukavSirdeba i-ur kvanZs.

amis garda yvela sakvanZo wertilisaTvis davweroT simZlavris

balansis gantolebebi, analogiurad imisa rogorc es gakeTebuli iyo
wina paragrafSi.

imisaTvis, rom sabolood miviRoT gantolebaTa sruli sistema,

saWiroa SevadginoT kidev sami saxis damakavSirebeli gantolebebi:

(3.18)

gaangariSebis Semdgomi meTodika arafriT ar gansxvavdeba wina

paragrafSi moyvanilisagan. gantolebaTa sistemis Sedgenis Semdeg
vRebulobT maRali rigis D(p) maxasiaTebel polinoms. misi fesvebis
niSnebis mixedviT xdeba mdgradobis Sefaseba. mdgradobis kriteriumad,
rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba mixailovis kriteriumi an D- danawilebis
xerxi.

94
 Tavi IV

umartivesi sistemis dinamikuri mdgradoba

$1 dinamikuri mdgradobis cneba

eleqtruli sistemis reJimi drois viTarebasTan ganuwyvetliv

icvleba. icvleba datvirTvis mier moTxovnili simZlavre, icvleba
generatorebis datvirTva. ZiriTadad, es cvlileba xdeba mdored,
biZgebis gareSe. amave dros yovelTvis arsebobs datvirTvis
ganuwyveteli mcire biZgebi, romlebic sistemis jamur simZlavresTan
SedarebiT usasrulod mcire sidideebia. maT gavlenas sitemis unarze
SeinarCunos mdgradi paraleluri muSaoba, ikvleven statikuri
mdgradobis SeswavliT. amave dros sistemaSi xdeba reJimis mkveTri
cvlilebebic. es cvlilebebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc avariuli xasiaTis,
95
iseve normaluri eqspluataciiT gamowveuli. aseTia, magaliTad:
sxvadasxva saxis mokle SerTvebi, xazebis, transformatorebis, an
generatorebis uecari gamorTva, datvirTvis biZgiT gazrda an Semcireba,
generatorebis TviTsinqronizacia da sxva. am dros xdeba erTi
damyarebuli reJimidan meore damyarebul reJimze gadasvla, Tanac
sakmaod mcire drois ganmavlobaSi. SesaZlebelia, rom erTi normaluri
reJimidan meoreze gadasvla xdebodes mokle SerTvis reJimis gavliT.
magaliTad: normaluri reJimi, mokled SerTvis reJimi, dazianebis
gamorTva da axali normaluri reJimis damyareba.

swored yvela im sakiTxis Seswavla, romelic dakavSirebulia

sistemis generatorebis paraleluri muSaobis SenarCunebasTan sistemis
reJimis mkveTri cvlilebis dros, gaerTianebulia gardamavali
procesebis disciplinis nawilSi, romelsac dinamikuri mdgradoba hqvia.

dinamikuri mdgradobis ZiriTadi amocanis Sesaswavlad ganvixiloT

konkretuli magaliTi. davuSvaT, umartivesi sistemis simZlavris

maxasiaTebelia (nax.4.1), sadac .

generatori aviTarebs
aqtiur simZlavres
da misi em Zalis
veqtori veqtorTan
Seadgens kuTxes.
yvela es sidide
Seesabameba narmalur
reJims. vTqvaT erTi
gadacemis gazi raRac
mizeziT gamoirTo.
generatoris mier
ganvitarebuli
simZlavre unda

96
 nax.4.1. gadaeces sistemas erTi
darCenili xaziT, ese igi unda damyardes axali damyarebuli reJimi. am
axal reJimSi simZlavris maxasiaTebeli iqneba ufro dabali

, vinaidan erTi xazis gamorTvis Semdeg sistemis winaRoba

gaizarda -mde. xazis gamorTvis Semdeg axali damyarebuli reJimi

unda damyardes kuTxiT, magram kuTxe axasiaTebs generatoris
rotoris mdgomareobas sivrceSi da rotoris inerciulobis gamo es
kuTxe myisierad ver Seicvleba. xazis gamorTvis momentSi kuTxe

-is tolia. generatoris simZlavre ki mcirdeba a-b monakveTis

proporciuli sididiT (generatori gascems simZlavres gadacemis xazis

erTi jaWviT). radgan turbinis simZlavre sididiT metia
generatoris simZlavreze, iwyeba rotoris aCqarebuli brunva, kuTxe

97
iwyebs zrdas da rodesac is gaxdeba kuTxis toli, generatoris da
turbinis simZlavreebi gatoldebian (generatoris lilvze isev gveqneba
momentebis toloba). procesi amiT ar dasruldeba vinaidan generatoris
rotoris kuTxuri siCqare kvlav metia sinqronulze da kuTxis zrda
gagrZeldeba. magram c wertilis gavlis Semdeg generatoris simZlavre
metia turbinis simZlavreze, naWarbi eleqtruli energia gamomuSavdeba
mxolod rotoris kinetikuri energiis xarjviT. kinetikuri energiis
Semcireba ki, Tavis mxriv tolfasia brunTa ricxvis, anu kuTxuri
siCqaris Semcirebisa. rodesac aCqarebis dros SeZenili kinetikuri
energia mTlianad gardaiqmneba eleqtrul energiad, generatoris kuTxuri
siCqare Semcirdeba imdenad, rom
isev gaxdeba -is toli. vTqvqT,
es moxda raRac kuTxis
mniSvnelobis dros. vinaidan
exla generatoris simZlavre dm
sididiT metia turbinis
simZlavreze, simZlavris am
naWarbis qselSi gacema
SesaZlebelia mxolod da
mxolod rotoris kinetikuri
energiis SemcirebiT. rotoris kinetikuri energia isev mcirdeba. amis
gamo kuTxuri siCqare xdeba -ze naklebi, kuTxe Semcirdeba da
procesi warimarTeba sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. vinaidan yovelTvis
arsebobs energiis danakargebi, ramodenime rxevis Semdeg procesi
dasruldeba kuTxis mniSvnelobis dros. kuTxis

nax.4.2. cvlilebis grafiki

naCvenebia nax.4.2-ze.

msgavsad icvleba generatoris kuTxuri siCqare da s sriali (nax.4.3).

98
 rogorc vxedavT,axal
reJimze gadasvla
ganxorcielda
mdgradad, rxevebis
procesis dasrulebis
Sedegad.

nax.4.3.

magram Cvens mier aRwerili procesi SeiZleba damTavrebuliyo

sxvanairadac. davuSvaT, rom generatoris kuTxuri siCqare meti iyo
sinqronulze, rodesac
kuTxe gaxda -s toli
(nax4.4). ese igi aCqarebis
dros dagrovebuli
Warbi kinetikuri energia
bolomde ar daixarja
damuxruWebis dros.
kuTxe isev gaagrZelebs
zrdas da k wertilis
gavlis Semdeg turbinis
simZlavre isev meti

nax.4.4. gaxdeba generatoris

simZlavreze. daiwyeba aCqarebis axali stadia. vinaidan simZlavris

maxasiaTebeli kuTxis am mniSvnelobisaTvis daRmavalia, ( ),
amaCqarebeli momenti ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. aseve izrdeba kuTxuri
siCqare da kuTxe. sabolood kuTxe gadaaWarbebs -s da
generatori gadava Zraul reJimSi. amas mohyveba kuTxuri siCqaris kidev
ufro mniSvnelovani zrda da paraleluri muSaoba dairRveva (nax4.5).

99
 miuxedavad imisa, rom
Teoriulad arsebobs
statikurad mdgradi reJimi

kuTxis
mniSvnelobisas, am reJimze
gadasvla generatoris
rotoris rxevis gamo
yovelTvis SesaZlebeli ar
aris . mdgradobis aseT

nax.4.5. darRvevas, dinamikuri ewodeba.

$ 2 ZiriTadi daSvebebi da Canacvlebis sqemebi dinamikuri mgradobis

gaangariSebis dros

dinamikuri mdgradobis Seswavlis sagans Seadgens rotoris rxeviTi

moZraobis Seswavla reJimidan reJimze gadasvlisas. rotoris rxevis
Sesaxeb msjeloben kuTxis cvlilebiT, anu funqciis
saSualebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dinamikuri mdgradobis Seswavlis
ZiriTadi amocana swored funqciis Seswavlaa. generatoris
rotoris rxevis mizezebi ukve iyo CamoTvlili. maT Soris ZiriTadad
unda CaiTvalos mokled SerTvebi. amitom saWiroa SeviswavloT, Tu
rogori saxe aqvs simZlavris maxasiaTebels swored mokled SerTvis
SemTxvevaSi. amis garda asimetriuli mokled SerTvebis dros saWiroa
SeviswavloT generatorebis mier ganviTarebuli eleqtromagnituri
momentebi. reJimis uecari cvlilebisas mkveTrad icvleba statoris da
rotoris denebi. am pirobebSi daSveba ar aris marTebuli.

saTanadod, simZlavris maxasiaTeblis ageba am em ZaliT ar mogvcems

swor rezultats.

cnobilia, rom reJimis uecari cvlilebis momentSi rotoris

nakadSebma ar icvleba, SemdgomSi ki icvleba Zalian umniSvnelod. es

saSualebas gvaZlevs CavTvaloT rotoris nakadSebma mudmivad,

100
aseve SeiZleba CavTvaloT mudmivad nakadSebmis proporciuli

gardamavali em Zala.

umartivesi sistemis simZlavris maxasiaTebels, romelic agebulia

em Zalis gamoyenebiT, dinamikuri maxasiaTebeli ewodeba. am maxasiaTeblis

asagebad, generatori Segvyavs Canacvlebis sqemaSi gardamavali

winaRobiT. -s gansazRvrisas daculi unda iyos Ddenebisa da Zabvebis

toloba im SemTxvevasTan SedarebiT, roca generatori warmodgenilia

winaRobiT da em ZaliT. es piroba, daiwereba Semdegnairad:

radgan , -s mimarT toloba daculia. -s zemoaRniSnuli

mniSvnelobebis gatoleba mogvcems :

(4.1)

am formulidan Cans, rom piroba datvirTvis, anu statoris

denis cvlilebis dros moiTxovs -s cvlilebas.

umartivesi sistemis dinamikuri maxasiaTeblis misaRebad visargeblod

formuliT

da denebi tolia : Zabvis veqtoris gegmilebi d da

q RerZebze aris Ud= Uosin da Uq= Uocos . Zabvebis am mniSvnelobebis

mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, simZlavris maxasiaTebels eqneba Semdegi saxe :

(4.2)

aracxadpolusa generatorisaTvis, rodesac simZlavris

maxasiaTebeli miiRebs Semdeg saxes :

101
 (4.3)

am gamosaxulebebSi + xt1+0,5 xx+ xt2.

dinamikuri maxasiaTeblis meore Semdgens, misi simciris gamo, xSirad

mxedvelobaSi ar Rebuloben da sargebloben gamartivebuli formuliT:

(4.4)

datvirTva warmodgenili unda iyos misi dinamikuri maxasiaTeblis

saSualebiT da . magram am maxasiaTeblebis
miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod eqsperimentalurad, Tanac datvirTva
Tavisi SemadgenlobiT drois ganmavlobaSi ar rCeba mudmivi. yvelaferi
es qmnis imdenad did siZneleebs datvirTvis dinamikuri maxasiaTeblebis
miRebaSi, rom maT praqtilad ar iyeneben. sistemis dinamikuri
mdgradobis analizis dros mimarTaven sakmaod uxeS ekvivalentirebas da
scvlian datvirTvas raRac ekvivalenturi gamtarobiT (nax.4.6).
datvirTvis ekvivalenturi gamtaroba miiReba Semdegnairad

. aq avariiswina,

damyarebuli reJimis Zabvaa datvirTvis

mierTebis wertilSi.

rac Seexeba generatoris

eleqtromagnitur momentebs, asimetriuli

nax.4.6. mokled SerTvebis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba

iTqvas Semdegi : asimetriuli mS dros, Camiwebul neitralian sistemebSi
warmoiqmneba pirdapiri, uku da nulovani mimdevrobis denebi.
Cveulebrivad generatori uerTdeba amamaRlebeli transformatoris
dabali Zabvis gragnils, romelic SeerTebulia samkuTxedad (nax4.7).
transformatoris
maRali Zabvis
gragnili ki

102
SeerTebulia varskvlavad da misi neitrali

nax.4.7. Camiwebulia.

amis gamo nulovani mimdevrobis denebi ikvrebian dabali Zabvis

gragnilSi da generatoris gragnilebSi nulovani mimdevrobis deni ar
gadis. amitom es denebi ver qmnian Sesabamisi mimdevrobis
eleqtromagnitur moments. rac Seexeba ukumimdevrobis denebs, isini
aRweven generatoris statoris gragnilSi da qmnian ukumimdevrobis

nakads. es nakadi brunavs rotoris mimarT misi brunvis sawinaaRmdego

mxsres kuTxuri siCqariT. am nakadiT Seqmnili momenti
niSancvladia da misi sixSire 100 hercia. generatoris rotoris didi
masis gamo, is ver ayveba am didi sixSiriT cvlad moments. amitom
moments dinamikuri mdgradobis Seswavlis dros rogorc wesi
mxedvelobaSi ar Rebuloben. maSasadame, asimetriuli mS SemTxvevaSi Cven
ganvixilavT mxolod pirdapiri mimdevrobis denebiT Seqmnil momentebs
da Sesabamis simZlavreebs. pirdapiri mimdevrobis denebis saangariSo
formulebi sxvadasxva saxis mS dros Semdegia :

erTfaza mS

orfaza mS

orfaza mS miwaze

samfaza mS

103
sadac da sistemis pirdapiri, uku da nulovani mimdevrobis
jamuri winaRobebia mS wertilis mimarT. pirdapiri mimdevrobis denebis
saangariSod adgenen kompleqsur Canacvlebis sqemebs, romelTa Sedgena
ganvixiloT umartivesi sistemis magaliTze. vTqvaT, mS moxda umartivesi
sistemis k wertilSi (nax.4.8). pirdapiri, uku da nulovani mimdevrobis
Canacvlebis sqemebi moyvanilia nax.4.9-ze.

NAnax.4.8.

ukumimdevrobis
Canacvlebis sqemis jamuri
winaRoba k wertilis
mimarT udris :

nulovani mimdevrobis
Canacvlebis sqemis ki

104
SemoviRoT mS winaRoba

nax.4.9. romelic udris :

-s erTfaza mS dros, -s orTfaza mS da -s orfaza

miwaze mS SemTxvevaSi. samfaza mS simetriuli reJimia da amitom mS

deni ar Seicavs uku da nulovani mimdevrobis denebs. am SemTxvevaSi

mokle SerTvis denis pirdapiri mimdevrobis Semdgeni tolia

am frmulas Seesabameba e.w. kompleqsuri Canacvlebis sxema (nax4.10).

vinaidan sqema ar Seicavs

aqtiur winaRobebs,

da

nax.4.10.

vinaidan , amitom es ki (4.4)-s

mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, niSnavs imas, rom mS-is dros simZlavris

maxasiaTebeli iqneba normaluri reJimis maxasiaTebelZe dabali (nax4.11).

105
 nax.4.11.

$3 farTobebis wesi

rogorc aRvniSneT, erTi reJimidan meoreze uecari gadasvla SeiZleba

ver ganxorcieldes, miuxedavad imisa, rom orove reJimi statikurad
mdgradia. Rogorc vnaxeT, aseTi dinamikuri gadasvla iqneba warmatebiTi,
Tu rotoris rxevisas kuTxe ar gadaaWarbebs -is mniSvnelobas
(nax4.12). kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, iqneba Tu ara -ze SeiZleba
Semdegi msjelobis safuZvelze; davuSvaT, Cvens umartives sistemaSi,
romlis reJimi xasiaTdeba kuTxiT da gadacemuli simZlavriT,
gamoirTo erTi datvirTuli xazi. sistemis reaqtiuli winaRoba
gaizrdeba da gaxdeba

106
 Ggeneratoris simZlavre Semcirdeba da naWarbi momentis gavleniT
daiwyeba generatoris rotoris aCqarebuli brunva (nax 4.12).

rotoris aCqareba gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam imoqmedebs amaCqarebeli

faqtori- naWarbi
momenti, ise igi

kuTxemde anu c
wertilamde,
romelSic
generatoris da
turbinis simZlavreebi
gautoldebian
erTmaneTs. Bbrunvis

nax.4.12.

kinetikuri energia, romelsac generatoris rotori SeiZens kuTxidan

kuTxemde aCqarebuli brunvis dros, tolia

Aaq warmoadgens turbinisa da generatoris momentebis sxvaobas da

aris kuTxis funqcia. Mmomenti dakavSirebulia simZlavresTan Semdegi

formuliT . sadac rotoris meqanikuri kuTxuri siCqarea. Ees

kuTxuri siCqare rotoris rxevis dros ganuwyvetliv icvleba, magram

sinqronul kuTxur siCqaresTan SedarebiT es cvlileba umniSvneloa.
Aamitom SeiZleba sakmao sizustiT davuSvaT, rom . fardobiT
erTeulebSi maSasadame, SeiZleba davweroT, rom fardobiT
erTeulebSi -s. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo kursis dasawyisSi, Cven
yvelgan vxmarobT fardobiT erTeulebs. aCqarebis dros rotoris mier
SeZenili kinetikuri energia iqneba :

107
Aaq , Po sa da generatoris P simZlavres Soris sxvaobaa,

, e.i. aCqarebis procesSi rotori SeiZens kinetikur

energias

Ppirveli integrali gvaZlevs acel marTkuTxedis farTobs, meore ki bcel

mrudwiruli trapeciis farTobs (nax.4.12). rotoris aCqarebis dros mis
mier SeZenili kinetikuri energia raRac masStabSi tolia abc figuris

farTisa. rotoris rxeviTi moZraobisas, c wertilis gavlis Semdeg,

generatoris simZlavre meti xdeba turbinis Po simZlavreze da
eleqtruli energiis naWarbis gamomuSaveba xdeba rotoris kinetikuri
energiis daxarjviT. Rodesac aCqarebis dros SeZenili kinetikuri
energia mTlianads daixarjeba, kuTxe gaxdeba maxtoli, misi zrda
Sewydeba da kuTxuri siCqare gaxdeba sinqronulis toli. damuxruWebis
dros rotoris mier daxarjuli kinetikuri energia ganisazRvreba
formuliT

Ees energia ricxobrivad tolia cmd figuris farTobisa.

rogorc avRniSneT, kuTxis zrda Sewydeba da procesi warimarTeba

Sebrunebuli mimarTulebiT, Tu aCqarebis dros dagrovebuli kinetikuri
energia Aac da damuxruWebis dros daxarjuli Afr kinetikuri energia
erTmaneTis tolia, maSin maTi jami Aac+ Afr = 0. Mmagram Aac=Fabc , da Afr=Fcmd.

108
Eese igi SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegi wesi : kuTxis zrda Sewydeba
maSin, rodesac damuxruWebis farTobi gautoldeba aCqarebis farTobs.
rogorc Cans nax.4.12-dan, maqsimaluri damuxruWebis farTobi aris

Fcdk. kuTxis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, romlis miRwevisas rxevebis

procesSi mdgradoba ar dairRveva, aris . Aamave naxazidan Cans, rom
aCqarebisa da damuxruWebis farTobebi damokidebulia Po is sidideze.

rac ufro metia Po miT ufro izrdeba aCqarebis farTobi da mcirdeba

damuxruWebis farTobi.

farTobebis wesis gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs gadavwyvitoT

Semdegi amocanebi: magaliTad,
normaluri reJimi xasiaTdeba
Po -iT da PmI iT. xazze mS
Sedegad PmII avariuli reJimis
maxasiaTeblis maqsimumi
Semcirdeba imdenad, rom
damuxruWebis farTobi ar
iarsebebs (nax.4.13). mdgradoba
aucileblad dairRveva, Tu
dazianebul xazs ar gamovrTavT.

nax.4.13.

reluri dacva gamorTavs xazs raRac dayovnebiT, romelSic Sedis

amomrTvelis moqmedebis droc. Aam drois ganmavlobaSi xdeba rotoris
aCqareba da kuTxis zrda. davuSvaT, dazianebuli xazi gamoirTo maSin,
rodesac kuTxe gaxda raRac d-s toli. Ddazianebuli xazis gamorTvis
Semdeg, simZlavris maxasiaTeblis maqsimumi iqneba PmIII (nax 4.13). amitom
xazis gamorTvis Semdeg generatoris simZlavre meti xdeba turbinis
simZlavreze da iwyeba rotoris damuxruWeba. Mmdgradobis SenarCunebis
pirobidan gamomdinare, gamorTvis dkuTxis sidide SezRudulia

sididiT. farTobebis wesis Tanaxmad, unda Sesruldes piroba

109
integrirebis Sedegad vRebulobT :

Aaqedan ki vpoulobT

sadac

Aaq yvela sidide aiReba fardobiT erTeulebSi, kuTxeebi radianebiT.

FfarTobebis wesis saSualebiT SeiZleba gadawydes kidev bevri msgavsi

amocana.

$4 rotoris iZulebiTi moZraobis diferencialuri gantolebis

integrireba

gamorTvis kuTxis codna ar aris sakmarisi reluri dacvis

gasamarTavad. saWiroa vicodeT is dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi rotoris
kuTxe gaizrdeba gamorTvis kuTxis sididemde. swored am droze
naklebi unda iyos reluri dacvis (amomrTvelTan erTad) dayovneba.

Aanu sxvanairad, saWiroa vicodeT funqcia. kuTxis cvlileba

droSi damokidebulia generatoris inerciis mudmivaze, mS is saxeze

da sawyisi reJimis parametrebze. yvelaferi amiT ganpirobebulia

110
generatoris rotoris rxeva (iZulebiTi moZraoba), romelic gamoisaxeba
CvenTvis ukve cnobili Semdegi diferencialuri gantolebiT

am gantolebis amonaxsnis, funqciis analizurad povna

SeuZlebelia, vinaidan (4.6) gantoleba arawrfivia. amocanis gadawyveta
SeiZleba ricxviTi integrirebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT. yoveli
konkretuli generatorisaTvis, yovel konkretul reJimSi, konkretuli
mS isaTvis SesaZlebelia vipovoT funqcia cxrilis an grafikis
saxiT. ganvixiloT yvelaze gavrcelebuli da moxerxebuli runge-
kuttis meTodi.

vTqvaT CvenTvis cnobilia umartivesi sistemis sawyisi, normaluri

reJimis parametrebi : da generatoris parametrebi da .

vTqvaT cnobilia aseva mS maxasiaTeblis maqsimumi da dazianebuli

xazis gamorTvis Semdeg (erTi xaziT muSaobis) simZlavris maxasiaTeblis

maqsimumi.

generatoris rotoris iZulebiTi moZraobis mTeli procesi iyofa

mcire ( 0,01 wm) drois tol intervalebad. rotoris moZraobis (4.6)
diferencialuri gantoleba unda daviyvanoT normalur saxeze, anu
CavweroT es gantoleba ise,rom is ar Seicavdes meore an ufro maRali
rigis warmoebulebs da amoxsnili iyos warmoebulebis mimarT.

anu, (4.6) gantoleba unda CavweroT Semdegnairad :

am gantolebaTa sistemaSi simZlavre aiReba fardobiT erTeulebiT, dro,

kuTxe da inerciis mudmiva radianebiT (trad=tsecTj rad=Tj sec).

111
drois yoveli mcire intervalisaTvis vpoulobT runge kuttis or
koeficients. Tu mS moxda t=0 momentSi, maSin pirveli intervalisaTvis es
pirveli koeficientebi iqneba:

aq sawyisi reJimis kuTxea da sawyisi ( ) sriali.

mS reJimis simZlavris maxasiaTeblis maqsimumia.

meore koeficientebi :

am koeficientebis saSualebiT vpoulobT kuTxis da s srialis nazrdebs

drois pirvel intervalSi.

maSasadame drois Semdeg, t1=to+t drois momentSi rotoris kuTxe

iqneba da sriali ki sssSemdeg vangariSobTrunge-kuttis

koeficientebs drois meore
intervalSi, oRond da sis
magivrad viRebT napovn da
ss da ase Semdeg. rodesac
kuTxe gaxdeba gamorTvis
kuTxis toli, unda gamovrToT
dazianebuli xazi da PmII unda
Seicvalos PmIII iT. sabolood

112
vRebulobT yoveli drois intervalis Semdeg kuTxis da srialis
ricxviT

nax.4.14. mniSvnelobebs, romlebic

gvaZleven saZiebeli mrudeebis grafikebs (nax.4.14).

$5 umartivesi sistemis dinamikuri mdgradobis analizis magaliTi

ganvixiloT umartivesi eleqtruli sistema romlis sqema da

sqemis elementebis parametrebi moyvanilia iyo nax.1.11-ze.
imave magaliTidan aviRoT sqemis elementebis parametrebi dayvanili
bazisur simZlavreze.
Xd* = 0,51; X /d* = 0,225; XT1* = 0,0416 ; XT2= 0,0458 ; XL* = 0,118. Uo* =1;
So* = 1 j0,25.
I = 1 j0,25; Tj=6wm.

nax.4.15.
Canacvlebis sqema moyvanilia nax4.15-ze.

sistemis jamuri winaRoba, generatoris gardamavali winaRobis

gaTvaliswinebiT udris

X /d X /d+ XT1+ XL/2+ XT2=0,225+0,0416+0,118/2+0,0458=0,3714.

gerdamavali E/q em Zala aris

anu = 1+ (1 j 0,25) j0,3714 = 1,093 +j 0,3714

113
 misi modulia , kuTxe ki tolia:

(0,327 radiani).

avariiswina normaluri reJimis simZlaris maxasiaTeblis maqsimumia

davuSvaT, erT erTi xazis dasawyisSi, K wertilSi moxda orfaza mS

miwaze. mS Suntis sididis sapovnelad SevadginoT uku da nulovani
mimdevrobis Canacvlebis
sqemebi. transformatorebis
nulovani mimdevrobis
winaRobebi CavTvaloT maTi
pirdapiri mimdevrobis
winaRobebis tolad.
generatoris uku mimdevrobis
winaRoba Cveulebrivad aiReba
misi gardamavali winaRobis
toli. gadacemis xazebis
nulovani mimdevrobis
xvedriTi winaRoba, xazis

nax.4.16. konstrukciidan gamomdinare,

aiReba 0,8-2,2 omi/km-ze. aviRoT 1omi/km. am SemTxvevaSi xazis nulovani
mimdevrobis winwRoba fardobiT erTeulebSi tolia

XL0 = (1*L)*Sb/Ub2 = (1*143)*100/2202 =0,2954.

am daSvebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, uku da nulovani mimdevrobebis
Canacvlebis sqemebi moyvanilia nax 4.16-ze.
uku mimdevrobis jamuri winaRoba K wertilsa da miwas Soris (mS
Sunti) tolia

114
 nulovani mimdevrobis jamuri winaRoba K wertilsa da miwas
Soris udris

orfaza miwaze mS SemTxvevaSi K wertilSi unda CairTos

0,0234 mS Suntis winaRoba (nax.4.17-a). sqemis

gamartivebis Semdeg
vRebulobT samsxivian
sqemas Xa, Xb da XK
winaRobebiT
(nax 4.17-b). urTierT
winaRoba em Zalasa da
usasrulod mZlavri
sistemis salteebs
Soris tolia

anu

nax.4.17

da sabolood, mS-s reJimis simZlaris maxasiaTeblis maqsimumi

iqneba

dazianebuli xazis gamorTvis Semdeg , sistemis jamuri winaRoba tolia

115
 X/d X /d+ XT1+ XL+ XT2=0,225+0,0416+0,118+0,0458=0,4894 da avariisSemdgomi
reJimis simZlavris maxasiaTeblis maqsimumi udris

vipovoT kritikuli kuTxe

radiani (1540 ).

gamorTvis kuTxis cosinusi tolia

ese igi gamorTvis kuTxe aris d = 102,30 ( 1,78 radiani).

samive reJimis maxasiaTebeli moyvanilia nax.4.18-ze.

davadginoT, Tu ra droSi rotoris kuTxe gaxdeba gamorTvis kuTxis
toli. es dro reluri dacvis maqsimalurad dasaSvebi dayovnebaa. mS-s
gamorTva am, an amaze nakleb droSi uzrunvelyofs mdgradobis

SenarCunebas. am drois sapovnelad saWiroa gavaintegroT rotoris

moZraobis amsaxavi diferencialuri gantoleba an misi tolfasi
gantolebaTa sistema (4.7).

gamoviyenoT zemoT
aRwerili runge-kuttis
meTodi. procesi davyoT
0,01 wamis tol
intervalebad. fardobiT
erTeulebSi es
intervali iqneba

116
t=0,01*314 =3,14 radiani. generatoris inerciis mudmiva tolia Tj= 6*314= 1884
radianis. normaluri reJimis kuTxe - 0,507

nax.4.18 radiania ; turbinis

simZlavre - P o=1 ; mS reJimis simZlavris maxasiaTeblis maqsimumi -

PmII=0,615. mademfirebeli Pd simZlavre, ki jer aviRoT nulis toli.

pirveli intervali
gaviangariSoT runge-kuttis pirveli koeficientebi.

gaviangariSoT runge-kuttis meore koeficientebi.

am koeficientebis saSualebiT vpoulobT kuTxis da s srialis nazrdebs

drois pirvel intervalSi.

kuTxis da srialis mniSvneloba pirveli intervalis (0,01wamis) bolos

tolia

117
 meore intervali
gaviangariSoT runge-kuttis pirveli koeficientebi.

gaviangariSoT runge-kuttis meore koeficientebi.

am koeficientebis saSualebiT vpoulobT kuTxis da s srialis nazrdebs

drois meore intervalSi.

kuTxis da srialis mniSvneloba meore intervalis (0,02wamis) bolos

tolia

da ase Semdeg. gaangariSebis rezultatebi moyvanilia nax.4.19-ze.

118
 nax.4.19

miRebuli mrudis da gamorTvis kuTxis gamoyenebiT, vpoulobT gamorTvis

maqsimalurad dasaSveb, tgam=0,29wm, dros. Cven SemTxvevaSi es dro 0,29
wamia. Tu dazianebul xazs gamovrTavT ufro didi dayovnebiT,
magaliTad 0,35 wamSi, maSin dinamikuri mdgradoba dairRveva. amis
maCvenebelia kuTxis ganuwyveteli zrda, nax.4.20.

0,7 wamisaTvis
generatoris sriali
0,09-s udris. Tu
gavixsenebT, rom
sriali gamoisaxeba
Semdegi formuliT

-s anu

119
miviRebT, rom generatoris sixSire tolia

nax.4.20. = 54,5 hercisa.

amitom paraleluri muSaoba usasrulod mZlavr sistemasTan, romlis

sixSire 50 hercia aris SeuZlebeli da generatori unda gamoirTos.

$6 umartivesi sistemis dinamikuri mdgradobis SenarCunebis praqtikuli

magaliTi

zemoT moyvanili magaliTidan davinaxeT, rom mdgradobis

SenarCunebisaTvis saWiroa dazianebuli xazi gamovrToT garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi. es dro Seadgens reluri dacvisa dayovnebisa da

amomrTvelis moqmedebis sakuTari droebis jams. amomrTveli moqmedebis

dro damokidebulia mis konstrukciaze da misi Semcireba SeuZlebelia.

reluri dacvis dayovneba, ki SeirCeva dacvis seleqtiurobis principidan

da es dayovneba SeiZleba iyos SedarebiT didi. am SemTxvevaSi sistemis
dinamikuri mdgradoba SeiZleba dairRves.

davuSvaT,rom generatori gascems sistemaSi 85 mgvt-s (Po=0,85). am

SemTxvevaSi, Tu amomrTvelis da dacvis dayovnebis dro 0,4 wamis tolia,
mdgradoba irRveva, nax 4.21.

120
 nax.4.21.

xazis gamorTvis Semdeg sriali iwyebs Semcireba, magram is ar xdeba

nulis toli da SemdgomSi isev izrdeba. generatori gadadis asinqronul
reJimSi , kuTxe ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. generatoris aqtiuri simZlavre
xdeba niSancvladi. generatori periodulad muSaobs xan generatorul
da xan Zravul reJimSi. gamosavali aqedan, gadacemuli (Po ) aqtiuri
simZlavris Semcirebaa. Tu am simZlavres SevamcirebT 80 mgvt-mde, anu Tu
Po=0,8-s, 0,4 wamSi mS-s gamorTva aRar iwvevs mdgradobis darRvevas, nax
4.22. sriali gadis nulze da ramodenime ryevis Semdeg miiswrafis
nulisaken. es niSnavs, rom generatori usasrulod mZlavr sistemasTan
muSaobs sinqronulad.

nax 4.22

maSasadame, reluri dacvis da amomRtveli moqmedebis konkretul dros

Seesabameba gadacemuli aqtiuri simZlavris zRvruli mniSvneloba.

es sul ar niSnavs imas, rom SeuZlebelia ganxilul sistemaSi meti

simZlavris gadacema. statikuri mdgradobis TvalsazrisiT, gadacemuli
simZlavre SeiZleba bevrad aRematebodes 80 mgvt-s. magram, xazze orfaza
miwaze mS da xazis gamorTva 0,4 wamSi karnaxobs 80 mgvt gadacemul
simZlavres dinamikuri mdgradobis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT.

SemdgomSi Cven ganvixilavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gavzardoT

gadacemuli simZlavre mdgradobis darRvevis gareSe.

121
 $6 umartivesi sistemis dinamikuri mdgradobis analizi generatoris

rotorSi eleqtromagnituri gardamavali procesis

gaTvaliswinebiT

dinamikuri mdgradobis analizi rotoris gragnilSi gardamavali

procesis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT
ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTiT.

davuSvaT generatori
dakavSirebulia usasrulod
mZlavr sistemasTan raRac rTuli

nax.4.23.

sqemiT (nax.4.23). davuSvaT agreTve, rom generatori cxadpolusaa, ese

igi sqema SeiZleba Seicavdes rogorc aqtiur winaRobebs, iseve

reaqtiul winaRobebs da tevadur gamtareblobebs. unda ganisazRvros

sageneratoro Stos Y11 sakuTari gamtarebloba, mimRebi sistemis Stos

Y22 sakuTari gamtarebloba da Y12= Y21 urTierTgamtarebloba. vinaidan

generatori Canacvlebis sqemaSi Segvyavs Xq winaRobiT da

fiqtiuri em ZaliT. generatoris mier gacemuli aqtiuri simZlavre

gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad :

rotoris iZulebiTi moZraobis diferencialuri gantolebaa:

agznebis gragnilSi eleqtromagnituri gardamavali procesis gantoleba

ase gamoisaxeba.

122
ukanaskvneli ori gantoleba arwers eleqtromeqanikur gardamaval
process, magram maTi aseTi saxiT amoxsna ar SeiZleba, vinaidan es ori
gantoleba Seicavs da

-oTx ucnobs. igulisxmeba, rom

agznebis Zabva anu mudmivia

( Zabvis regulireba ar ganixileba).

saWiroa ori ucnobi gamovsaxoT

danarCeni ori ucnobis saSualebiT.

amisaTvis ganvixiloT gadacemis

veqtoruli diagrama (nax.4.24).

nax.4.24.

rogorc ukve viciT

statoris denis Semdgeni SeiZleba vipovoT zeddadebis meTodis

gamoyenebiT.

deni aris denis gegmili d RerZze. denis modulia da misi

gegmili d RerZze ki, . denis modulia . misi gegmili

d RerZze ki sabolood vRebulobT

SevitanoT denis mniSvneloba (4.4.12)-Si

123
am gamosaxulebidan vpoulobT .

am ukanaskvnelis (4.10) diferencialur gantolebaSi Setanis Semdeg

mivaRwevT imas, rom es gantoleba Seicavs mxolod da cvladebs.

exla gamovricxoT (4.11) diferencialuri gantolebidan.

Cven viciT, rom da .

vipovoT deni erT-erT tolobidan da SevitanoT meoreSi. gamartivebis

Semdeg gveqneba

em Zalis SetaniT (4.11)-Si, Cven mivaRwevT imas, rom (4.10) da (4.11) or

diferencialur gantolebaSi iqneba mxolod ori, da cvladebi.

em Zala proporciulia agznebis Zabvisa da is iqneba mudmivi, Tu

ar ganixileba Zabvis avtomaturi regulireba.

SevitanoT d (4.10) da (4.11)-Si da daviyvanoT diferencialuri

gantolebaTa sistema normalur saxeze.

124
am diferencialuri gantolebebis integrirebiT vpoulobT saZiebel
da funqciebs. am funqciebis saSulebiT da (4.14) s gamoyenebiT

vipoviT em Zalis damokidebulebas droze. (4.15) mogvcems em Zalas

da (4.13) ki statoris denis Semdgens da ase Semdeg.

$7 umartivesi sistemis dinamikuri mdgradobis analizis

magaliTi generatoris rotorSi eleqtromagnituri gardamavali

procesis gaTvaliswinebiT

ganvixiloT CvenTvis ukve cnobili umartivesi eleqtruli sistema

(nax1.11). CavataroT am sqemisaTvis dinamikuri mdgradobis analizi (4.16)
gantolebebis safuzvelze. SeSfoTebad aviRoT isev orfaza mS xazis
dasawyisSi. gadacemis xazebis R aqtiuri winaRoba aviRoT 0,035 fardobiTi
erTeulis toli. agznebis gragnilis Td drois mudmiva tolia 2 wm.

ricxviTi integrireba CavataroT Semdegi mimdevrobiT:

to drois momentamde gvaqvs sawyisi normaluri reJimi (nax.4.25).

rogorc vxedavT reJimis yvela parametri ucvlelia. to drois momentSi,

erTi xazis TavSi xdeba orfaza mS. reluri dacva gamorTavs
dazianebul xazs 0,4 wamSi. dinamikuri mdgradoba irRveva. kuTxe
usasrulod izrdeba (nax.4.25-g), sriali nulze ar gadadis (nax.4.25-e) da
myardeba generatoris asinqronuli reJimi.
125
 nax.4.25

em Zala rotoris gragnilis nakadSebmis proporciulia da

icvleba Zalian umniSvnelod (nax.4.25-a). sul sxa suraTia em-s

SemTxvevaSi. es em Zala rotoris agznebis denis proporciulia.

asinqronul reJimSi is ganicdis rxevas srialis rxevis sixSiriT
(nax.4.25-b). aseve periodulad icvleba generatoris statoris deni
(nax.4.25-d) da Zabva xazis TavSi (nax.4.25-v).

am cvlilebis axsna SeiZleba martivi magaliTiT. vTqvqT gvaqvs raRac

X winaRoba, romlis erT boloSi mierTebulia em Zala kuTxuri

siCqariT, da meore boloSi ki em Zala kuTxuri siCqariT.

126
vTqvqT em Zala iseTi sididisaa, rom

drois raRac momentSi da veqtorebi emTxvevian eTmaneTs faziT

(nax 4.26-a). Tu gamoviyenebT zeddadebus meTods, davinaxavT, rom em

ZaliT gamowveuli deni udris , em ZaliT ki - .

winaRobaSi gamavali deni aris am denebis sxvaoba , romelic

drois am momentSi nulis tolia. vinaidan kuTxe em Zalebis

veqtorebs Soris Seicvleba 0-dan 360 gradusamde. vTqvaT es kuTxe gaxda
450 , deni ukve aRar aris nulis toli (nax 4.26 b). kuTxis Semdgomi
zrda kidev ufro gazrdas am dens (nax 4.26 c). rodesac em Zalebis
veqtorebi gaxdebian urTierTsapirispiro, deni miaRwevs Tavis
maqsimalur mniSvnelobas (nax 4.26-d). kuTxis Semdgom zrdas moyveba
denis Semcireba da rodesac es kuTxe gaxdeba 3600 deni isev gautoldeba
nuls. msgavsi suraTi gvqonda umartivesi sistemis asinqronul reJimSi
(nax.4.25). analogiuri kanonzomierebiT Seicvleba Zabvac.

127
 nax.4.26

davubrundeT Cven magaliTs da vnaxoT, Tu rogor warimarTeba

gardamavali procesi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dazianebuli xazi
gamoirTveba 0,3 wamSi (nax.4.27).

128
 nax.4.27.

am SemTxvevaSi dinamikuri mdgradoba SenarCunebulia. sriali gadis

nulze da ramodenime rxevis Semdeg miileva. yuradReba misaqcevia
Semdegi. mS momentSi da mS gamorTvis momentSi em Zala da I deni

icvleba naxtomiseburad. es aixsneba imiT, rom gardamavali

eleqtromagnituri procesi generatoris statorSi ar aris aRwerili
saTanado diferencialuri gantolebiT. SemdgomSi Cven vnaxavT, Tu
129
rogor Seicvleba gardamavali procesis suraTi misi ufro zusti
maTematikuri modelirebisas.

$8 Zabvis avtomaturi regulirebis da Zabvis forsirebis gavlena

eleqtrul sistemaSi Zabvis normaluri donis SenarCunebisaTvis

sxvadasxva teqnikuri RonisZiebebs Soris, erTe-rTi ZiriTadia
sinqronuli generatorebis agznebis denis avtomaturi regulirebaa.
sageneratoro Zabvis transformatoris Zabva Sedardeba etalonur

(sasurvel) Zabvas da maTi sxvaoba miewodeba regulatoris

Semsrulebel organos (nax 4.28). Tu daebiTia, ese igi generatoris

Zabva naklebia etalonurze, maSin saWiroa agznebis denis gazrda.

em Zala proporciulia agznebis denisa da agznebis denis zrda

gamoiwvevs em Zalis gazrdas. Sesabamisad gaizrdeba Zabva generatoris

momWerebze. es procesi gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam ar gaxdeba nulis

toli. Tu uaryofiTia, ese igi generatoris Zabva metia etalonurze,
maSin saWiroa agznebis denis Semcireba. Zabvis aseTi regulireba
gamoiyeneba Zabvis SedarebiT mcire cvlilebis dros.

mS-is SemTxvevaSi Zava SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad Semcirdes, da Tu Zabva

Semcirda 0,7Unom ze dabla, iyeneben e.w. Zabvis forsirebas. am dros
amgznebi generatoris agznebis gragnils awvdis maqsimalurad SesaZlo
Zabvas. Zabvis forsirebis gavlena generatoris mdgradobaze ganxiluli
iqneba SemdgomSi. am paragrafSi Cveni mizania SevavsoT (4.16) gantolebaTa
sistema amgznebis da Zabvis regulatoris gardamavali procesis amsaxavi
diferencialuri gantolebebiT. nax.4.28-ze moyvanilia ganeratoris
agznebis da Zabvis regulirebis sqema.

130
 nax.4.28

generatoris lilvze mierTebulia mcire simZlavris sinqronuli

generatori, romlis statoris gragnilebis Sua wertilebidan
gakeTebulia gamomyvanebi. es gamomyvanebi kvebaven t-1 tiristorul
gammarTvels U1 ZabviT. t-2 gammarTveli ikvebeba amgznebis sruli ZabviT,
romelic 2-2,5 jer metia U1 Zabvaze. normalurad, rodesac generatoris
Zabva axlosaa nominalurTan, muSaoben t-1 tiristorebi (tiristorebis
muSa jgufi), t-2 tiristorebi (forsirebis jgufi) ki Caketilia.
sinqronuli generatoris agznebis gragnils miewodeba Uf agznebis Zabva,
romelic qmnis agznebis if dens. rodesac generatoris Zabva (mS-is dros)
mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba, t-2 tiristorebi ixsneba da generatoris
agznebis gragnils miewodeba Weruli Zabva. Zabvis regulatris
drois mudmiva imdenad mcirea, rom is SeiZleba CaiTvalos nulis tolad.
amitom, amgznebSi da regulatorSi gardamavali procesis amsaxavi
diferencialuri gantoleba iqneba Semdegi:

aq amgznebis drois mudmivaa, -ki amgznebis Zabva. vinaidan

131
 (Tavi II, $4), (4.17) gantoleba CavweroT Semdegnairad :

sadac -regulatoris gaZlierebis koeficientia.

Zabvis Semcirebisas 0,7Un qveviT, (4.18) gantoleba kargavs Zalas da

iwyebs muSaobas agznebis forsireba. am dros agznebis Zabva da misi
proporciuli em Zala Seicvleba Semdegi kanonzomierebiT :

aq - agznebis Weruli Zabvaa.

t1 momentSi mS gamorTvis Semdeg, generatoris Zabva SeiZleba dauSveblad

gaizardos. saWiro xdeba generatoris ganforsireba. ganforsireba
mimdinareobs Semdegi kanonzomierebiT:

aq em Zalis mniSvnelobaa ganforsirebis dawyebis momentSi.

nax.4.29.

132
 forsirebis da ganforsirebis procesi mimdinareobs nax.4.29-ze
naCvenebi mrudeebis msgavsad.

gaviTvaliswinoT yvelaferi zemoTTqmuli da SeviswavloT $7-Si

moyvanili sistemis dinamikuri mdgradoba. davuSvaT, rom mS gamoirTo
0,32 wamSi. am SemTxvevaSi dinamikuri mdgradoba irRveva. sriali
mcirdeba, magram nulze ar gadadis. amis gamo myardeba asinqronuli
reJimi (nax.4.30, mrudeebi - 1).
forsirebis da Zabvis rgulirebis
mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, gvaqvs
gansxvavebuli sureTi. sriali
gadis nulze da dinamikuri
mdgradoba aris SenarCunebuli
(nax.4.30, mrudeebi - 2).

generatoris Zabva sakmaod

swrafad ubrundeba nominalur
sidides.

nax.4.30.

$9 siCqaris regulatorebis gavlena

aqamde dinamikuri mdgradobis analizis dros Cven vuSvebdiT, rom

turbinis momenti da misi Sesabamisi simZlavre iyo mudmivi. es
daSveba SeiZleba gamarTldes siCqaris regulatoris didi
inerciulobiT. magram rodesac vixilavT gardamaval procesebs, romlis
dros generatoris kuTxuri siCqare icvleba SedarebiT did farglebSi
da TviT gardamavali procesi sakmaod xangrZlivia, siCqaris
regulatoris mxedvelobaSi miReba ukve saWiroa. nax.4.31-ze moyvanilia
siCqaris regulatoris principuli sqema.
133
 nax.4.31.

ganvixiloT, Tu rogor muSaobs siCqaris regulatori. generatoris da

turbinis saerTo lilvze damagrebulia A tvirTebiani mbrunavi qanqara.

sinqronuli kuTxuri siCqaris dros, es tvirTebi centridanuli Zalis

gavleniT brunaven garkveul simaRleze. davuSvaT, generatoris tvirTi
Semcirda da amia gamo gaizarda brunTa ricxvi. gazrdili centridanuli
Zalis gavleniT A tvirTebi aiweva zeviT da maTTan erTad aiweva B quro.
es gamoiwvevs mkveTaris C dguSebis gadaadgilebas. M da N milebi
gaixsneba, zeTi didi wnevis qveS gaivlis N milSi da servoZravis D
dguSi gadaadgildeba qveviT. amis Sedegad Semcirdeba turbinaSi
miwodebuli wylis raodenoba. turbinis momenti Semcirdeba da brunTa
ricxi daubrundeba sinqronul mniSvnelobas.

134
 brunTa ricxvis Semcirebisas qanqaris tvirTebi Camoiweva qveviT,
zeTi M miliT Seva servoZravSi. misi dguSi aiweva da gadaadgilebs

F FF sakets zeviT. turbinaSi Sesuli wylis raodenoba gaizrdeba da misi

mabruni momenti gaizrdeba.

SemoviRoT Semdegi aRvniSvnebi:

- qanqaris quros fardobiTi gadaadgileba;

mkveTaris fardobiTi gadaadgileba;

- servoZravis RerZis (anu mimmarTveli aparatis saketis fardobiTi

gadaadgileba).
yvela es fardobiTi gadaadgileba aRebulia raRac neitraluri
mdgomareobis mimarT, romlis drosac generatoris kuTxuri siCqare
udrida -s. Tu generatoris brunTa ricxvi Seicvala, maSin quro
daiwyebs gadaadgildebas. am gadaadgilebas asaxavs Semdegi
diferencialuri gantoleba

sadac aris quros drois mudmiva;

-kataraktis drois mudmivaa;

- regulatoris uTanabrobis koeficienti;

- generatoris sriali.

quros gadaadgileba gamoiwvevs mkveTaris gadaadgilebas, romelic

aRiwereba Semdegi gantolebiT

sadac - ukukavSiris koeficientia.

135
 mkveTaris gadaadgileba gamoiwvevs servoZravis dguSis gadaadgilebas
da amis Sedegad Seicvleba turbinaSi miwodebuli wylis raodenoba.

servoZravis dguSis moZraobis amsaxavi diferencialuri gantoleba

aris

aq -mkveTaras drois mudmivaa;

- servoZravas drois mudmiva.

SevitanoT -s mniSvneloba (4.21)-Si da (4.19)-Tan erTad miviRebT

diferencialuri gantolebaTa Semdeg sistemas

es gantolebebi asaxaven gardamaval process siCqaris regulatorSi.

gantolebaTa es sistema Seicavs sam ucnobs A da s. mesame gantoleba

romelic unda ganvixiloT am sistemasTan erTad, aris rotoris
iZulebiTi moZraobis diferencialuri gantoleba.

turbinis momenti damokidebulia mmimarTveli aparatis gaxsnaZe.

zogierT miaxloebiT gaangariSebaSi SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom

, maSin (4.22) gantolebaTa sistemis magivrad gveqneba erTi

diferencialuri gantoleba

$7-Si moyvanili magaliTis monacemebis safuZvelze gaviangariSoT

136
umartivesi sistemis dinamikuri mdgradoba (4.21) gantolebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. SedarebisaTvis, jer CavTvaloT, rom siCqaris

regulatori ar moqmedebs

(nax.4.32). am SemTxvevaSi
turbinis momenti ucvlelia,
sriali ki niSans ar icvlis da
generatori iwyebs muSaobas
asinqronulad.

statoris deni icvleba did

farglebSi (nax4.33).
generatorisaTvis aseTi
reJimi dauSvebelia da dacva,

raRac drois dayovnebiT,

gamorTavs generators. am

nax.4.32. magaliTSi mS xdeba drois to

momentSi, misi gamorTva ki t1

momentSi. sul sxva suraTi

gveqneba, Tu siCqaris
regulatori moqmedebaSia

(nax.4.34). vinaidan sriali

dadebiTia, mmimarTveli aparati

daiwyebs wylis miketvas,

da turbinis momenti
Semcirdeba (nax.4.34). amis

137
 nax.4.33. Sedegad srialic Semcirdeba,
gaxdeba nulis toli da ramodenime rxevis Semdeg damyardeba
generatoris axali reJimi Semcirebuli tvirTiT. statoris deni gaxdeba
sawyisi reJimis denze naklebi (nax.4.35).

nax.4.34.

138
 nax.4.35.

$ 10 gorevi-parkis gantolebebi

aqamde eleqtromeqanikuri gardamavali procesis Seswavla xdeboda

im daSvebiT, rom eleqtromagnituri gardamavali procesi sinqronuli
manqanis gragnilebSi ar moqmedebs misi siCqaris cvlilebaze. daSvebuli
iyo, rom denebi rogorc statoris gragnilebSi, iseve rotoris
gragnilSi icvleba naxtomiseburad. miuxedavad aseTi daSvebis aSkara
uxeSobisa, mTeli rigi amocanebis gadawyvetis dros Cven vRebulobdiT
Tvisobrivad swor rezultats. amocanis ufro zusti gadawyvetisaTvis $6
paragrafSi moyvanili iyo rotoris wredSi eleqtromagnituri
gardamavali procesis amsaxavi diferencialuri gantoleba. statoris
denebi ki icvlebian naxtomiseburad. qvemoT moyvanilia sinqronuli
manqanis eleqtromeqanikuri gardamavali procesis amsaxavi
diferencialuri gantolebebi, romlebic moklebuli arian am uaryofiT
mxares. es gantolebebi damoukideblad miRebul iqna rusi mecnieris
gorevisa da amerikeli
mecnieris parkis mier da
amitom atareben maT

139
saxels. am paragrafSi gantolebebi moyvanilia gamoyvanis gareSe, magram
Cven gavCerdebiT zogierT ZiriTad momentze, romelzedac damyarebulia
es

nax.4.36 gantolebebi. vTqvaT,

sinqronuli manqana muSaobs paralelurad usasrulod mZlavr
sistemasTan (nax.4.36). bunebrivia, rom gardamavali procesis
diferencialuri gantolebebi SevadginoT a,b da c fazebisa da rotoris
gragnilisaTvis. am gantolebebs aqvT Semdegi saxe:

Tu davuSvebT, rom generatoris rkina ar iJRinTeba, anu nakadSebmisa da

denebs Soris damokidebuleba wrfivia, gveqneba:

140
 aq da saTanadod a, b c fazebis gragnilebisa da agznebis

gragnilebis induqtivobaa. sakmao sizustiT SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom

calkeuli fazebis gragnilebi
erTnairia da simetriuladaa
ganlagebuli. amitom fazebis
urTierinduqciis koeficientebi
iqneba simetriuli :
,
da ase Semdeg.

es urTierTinduqciis

nax.4.37. koeficientebi, iseve rogorc

gragnilebis induqtivoba, ar warmoadgens mudmiv sidides. marTlac, Tu
ganvixilavT marto erTi fazis induqciurobas, advilad davinaxavT, rom
igi icvleba rotoris mdebareobasTan erTad (nax.4.37).

kuTxe rotoris grZiv RerZsa da a fazis gragnilis RerZs Soris

ganuwyvetliv icvleba rotoris brunvis gamo (nax 4.37), amitom

aseve urTierTinduqciis koeficientebi aseve damokidebulia kuTxeze :

141
 Tu induqciis am koeficientebs SevitanT (4.25)-Si, maSin (4.24)
gantolebata sistema miiRebs sakmaod rTul saxes. gantolebaTa sistemis
koeficientebi iqneba cvladi. magaliTad, marto a fazisaTvis gveqneba:

aqamde ia, ib da ic denebi ganixileboda, rogorc raRac mbrunavi veqtoris

gegmilebi uZrav a,b,c RerZebze (nax 4.38).

SemoviRoT meore,
d,q koordinatTa
sistema, romelic
damagrebulia
generatoris
rotorze da
brunavs imave
kuTxuri siCqariT.

maSin veqtoris
gegmilebi d,q

nax.4.38. RerZebze iqneba

da . Tu gadavalT uZrav a,b,c koordinatTa sistemidan d,q

koordinatTa sistemaze, , denebis magivrad gveqneba da denebi.

142
analogiurad SegviZlia , Zabvebis magivrad ganvixiloT
veqtoris gegmilebi d,q koordinatTa sistemaSi. koordinatTa sistemis
aseTi Secvla (4.24) gantolebaTa sistemis magivrad gvaZlevs
diferencialur gantolebaTa Semdeg sistemas:

am gantolebebSi yvela koeficienti mudmivia. ganvmartoT es

koeficientebi da ramodenime sxva sidide, romelic Sedis am
gantolebebSi:

aq da fazuri gragnilebis

TviTinduqciurobis mniSvnelobebia da -is dros; da ki

urTierTinduqciurobis mniSvnelobebia isev da -is dros;

anu -s maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa.

143
 am gantolebebis safuZvelze movaxdineT zemoT

nax.4.39.

moyvanil magaliTSi mocemuli umartivesi sistemis gardamavali procesis

modelireba. t o momentSi xdeba mS, romelic gamoirTveba t1 momentSi.
nax.4.39-ze moyvanilia generatoris statoris da rotoris denebis
cvlileba. rogorc vxedavT maT naxtomisebur cvlilebas adgili ara
aqvs.

Tavi V

rTuli sistemebis dinamikuri mdgradoba

$1 amocanis zogadi daxasiaTeba

eleqtrul sistemaSi xSirad xdeba reJimis uecari cvlileba. Ees

cvlileba SeiZleba iyos avariuli saxis, magaliTad, mokled SerTva,
datvirTuli xazis, transformatoris an generatoris gamorTva. amasTan

144
SesaZlebelia normaluri eqspluataciiT gaTvaliswinwbuli
cvlilebebic. aseTia: mZlavri datvirTvis uecari CarTva an gamorTva,
generatorebis TviTsinqronizaciiT CarTva, mZlavri asinqronuli
Zravebis gaSveba da sxva. maSasadame, sistema erTi mdgradi reJimidan
SeiZleba gadavides meore reJimze. Ees meore reJimi TavisTavad SeiZleba
statikurad mdgradi iyos, magram TviT gadasvla SeiZleba aRmoCndes
rogorc mdgradi, iseve aramdgradi. kursis wina nawilSi Cven
ganxiluli gvqonda umartivesi sistemis dinamikuri mdgradoba da
mivediT daskvnamde, rom, Tu reJimis mkveTri cvlilebis Semdeg
generatoris kuTxuri siCqare sinqronulis toli gaxda, dinamikuri
mdgradoba SenarCunebuli iqneba. es garemoeba gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom
Cveni generatori paralelurad muSaobda usasrulod mZlavr
sistemasTan, romlis sixSire yovelTvis sinqronulia. generatorebis
mdgradi paraleluri muSaobisaTvis ki aucilebelia maTi sixSireebis
toloba. rTul eleqtrul sistemaSi, romelic ar Seicavs usasrulod
mZlavr sadgurebs, paraleluri muSaobis piroba ar icvleba. yvela
generatoris sixSire erTmaneTis toli unda iyos. es piroba SeiZleba
dakmayofildes, rogorc 50 hercis dros, iseve sxva sixSiris drosac.

eseigi reJimis cvlilebis Semdeg SesaZloa Semdegi situaciebi:

a) dinamikuri mdgradoba SenarCunebulia sinqronuli sixSiriT;

b) mdgradoba SenarCunebulia sinqronulisagan gansxvavebuli
sixSiriT;

g) dinamikuri mdgradoba dairRva da daiwyo asinqronuli reJimi.

umartives sistemaSi mdgradobis SenarCunebis niSani iyo

generatoris kuTxis stabilizacia raRac mniSvnelobis siaxloveSi,
an srialis nulze gadasvla. rTul sistemaSi generatorebis
absoluturi kuTxeebi SeiZleba usasrulod izrdebodnen, magram es
jer ar niSnavs mdgradobis darRvevas. Tu xdeba urTierT kuTxeebis
stabilizacia, mdgradoba iqneba SenarCunebuli.

145
 saqme imaSia, rom absoluturi kuTxeebis aTvla xdeba raRac
sinqronulad mbrunavi aTvlis RerZis mimarT. Tu sistemis
generatorebis kuTxuri siCqareebi gautoldnen erTmaneTs, magram
sistemaSi damyarda sinqronulisagan gansxvavebuli sixSire, maSin
absoluturi kuTxeebi usasrulod gaizrdebian, magram maTi sxvaoba ki
iqneba mudmivi. magaliTad, nax.5.10a ze moyvanilia SemTxveva, roca

nax.5.1.

da absoluturi kuTxeebi izrdebian, urTierT kuTxe ki

myardeba garkveul sidideze. es niSnavs imas, rom anu
generatorebi muSaoben sinqronulad. nax.5.1-b dan ki Cans, rom Tu

-ze, urTierT kuTxe sul izrdeba da mdgradoba irRveva.

@$2 rTuli eleqtruli sistemis dinamikuri mdgradobis analizi

rTuli eleqtruli sistemis dinamikuri mdgradobis analizi

tardeba CvenTvis ukve cnobili runge-kuttis ricxviTi integrirebis
meTodis gamoyenebiT. mTeli procesi iyofa t drois mcire intervalebad.

davuSvad, rom yvela datvirTva sistemis Canacvlebis sqemaSi

warmodgenilia mudmivi gamtareblobebiT. generatorebi cxadpolusaa da
maT ar gaaCniaT avtomaturi regulatorebi, e.i. arc agznebis denis da
arc turbinis momentis regulireba ar xdeba. aseTi daSvebebi saWiroa

146
procesis fizikuri mxarisa da gaangariSebis msvlelobis meti
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis. SemdgomSi Cven am daSvebebs ar gavakeTebT.
sistemis sawyisi normaluri reJimi CvenTvis cnobilia, e.i. cnobilia
yvela generatoris da em Zala da kuTxe. radgan Cven aRvniSneT,

rom yvela generatori cxadpolusaa, saWiroa vipovoT maTi em Zalebi.

amisaTvis vipovoT generatorebis denebis grZivi mdgenelebi.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5-1)

meore mxriv Cven viciT, rom:

Tu denebis am mniSvnelobebs SevitanT (5-1) Si, miviRebT ucnobebis

mimarT gantolebaTa (5-2) sistemas, romlis amoxsnis Sedegad vRebulobT

yvela generatoris em Zalas. aqve aRvniSnoT, rom generatorebi

Canacvlebis sqemaSi Seyvanili unda iyos winaRobebiT da sakuTari da

urTierTgamtarobebi gansazRvrulia swored am winaRobebiT.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5-2)

147
aq

dinamikuri mdgradobis gaangariSebis mimdevroba mimdevroba

Semdegia :

1. mS wertilSi unda CavrToT mS Sunti da vangariSobT avariuli

reJimis sakuTar da urTierT gamtarobebs;
2. vangariSobT generatorebis em Zalebs (5-2) gantolebebis

gamoyenebiT;
3. vangariSobT generatorebis em Zalebs

4. vpoulobT generatorebis aqtiur simZlavreebs

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

miRebuli sidideebi Segvaqvs gardamavali procesis amsaxav

diferencialur gantolebebSi

148
am sistemis ricxviTi integrirebis Sedegad vRebulobT generatorebis

kuTxeebis, srialis da em Zalebis sidideebs drois pirveli

intervalis bolos. vTvliT am sidideebs ucvlelad, Segvaqvs isini (5-2)

sistemaSi, vagrZelebT gaangariSebas imave mimdevrobiT da ase Semdeg.

sabolood vRebulobT da funqciebs.

am funqciebis saSualebiT vadgenT reJimis sxva parametrebs, magaliTad

urTierT kuTxeebs.

$3 realuri rTuli eleqtruli sistemis dinamikuri mdgradobis

analizis magaliTi

am paragrafSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos eleqtruli sistema, romelic

moicavs 500 da 220 kv-s Zabvis qsels da 110 kv Zabvis qselis im nawils,
romelic akavSirebs eleqtrul sadgurebs sistemasTan. dinamikuri
mdgradobis modelireba xdeboda zemoT aRwerili meTodiT.
mxedvelobaSi miRebulia, rogorc Zabvis aseve siCqaris regulatorebi.
mTeli procesi dayofilia 0,01 wamis intervalebad. sistemis sqema
moyvanilia nax.5.2-ze. ganvixiloT jer gardamavali procesi gamowvwuli
samfaza mS-iT orTaWala hesis sageneratoro salteebTan axlos. mS
xangrZlivoba 0,5 wamia. mS iwvwvs orTaWala hesis generatoris
mdgradobis darRvevas. engurhesis generatoris brunTa ricxvi
praqtikulad ar icvleba, xolo orTaWalesis ki izrdeba.

149
nax.5.2.

150
 kuTxe orTaWalhesis da engurhesis generatorebs Soris ganuwyvetliv
izrdeba (nax 5.3). Tu mS gamovrTavT ara 0,5 wamSi, aramed ufro swrafad,
magaliTad 0,2 wamSi miviRebT gansxvavebul suraTs. amJamad mdgradoba ar
irRveva. OrTaWalesis generatoris brunTa ricxvi ramodenime rxevis
Semdeg isev sinqronulis toli xdeba. e.i. generatorebis paraleluri
muSaobis piroba ar irRveva (nax.5.4).

nax.5.3. nax.5.4.

ganxilul magaliTSi Cven vnaxeT rogor aris damokidebuli erTi

generatoris (orTaWala hesis) mdgradoba mS-is xangrZlivobaze.

magram mdgradi paraleluri muSaoba SeiZleba dairRves ara marto

erT generatorsa da sistemas Soris, aramed sistemis or nawils Sorisac.

Tu raime mizeziT gamoirTveba 500kv Zabvis eleqtro gadacemis xazi

151
 imereTi , romelic akavSirebs
engurhes zestafonis qvesadgurTan
da Tanac am xazze simZlavris 650
mgvt-is tolia, maSin mdgradoba
dairRveva saqarTvelos sistemis im
nawilsa romelic mdebareobs
zestafonidan dasavleTiT da im
nawils Soris, romelic zestafonis
aRmosavleTitaa.

imereTi -s gamorTvis Semdeg

sistemis es nawilebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli rCebian 220 kv qseliT,
romelic ver uzrunvelyofs 650 mgvt simZlavris gararebas. dasavleT

nax.5.5 nawilSi mdebare generatorebis

brunTa ricxvi gaizrdeba, aRmosavleT nawilSi ki mdebare generatorebis
brunTa ricxvi ki Semcirdeba (nax.5.5). sistemis orive nawili iwyebs
muSaobas asinqronulad. amis maCvenebelia eleqtro gadacemis xazze

( kolxida-1-ze) simZlavris ryeva

sididiT da mimarTulebiT
(nax.5.6). aseT reJimSi
eleqtruli sistema ver
imuSavebs, es gadacemis xazi uda
gamoirTos. amis Sedegad sistema
gaiyofa or damoukidebul
nawilad. am nawilebSi
mdgradobis SenarCunebis
sakiTxi calke Seswavlis
sagania.

nax.5.6.

152
 Tavi VI

dinamikuri mdgradobis gaZlierebis saSualebebi da procesebi

eleqtruli manqanebis CarTvis dros

$1 avtomaturi ganmeorebiTi CarTva

mokled Sertvebis daaxlovebiT 80% gamowveulia atmosferuli

gadametZabvebiT da gamoixateba sayrdensa da sadens Soris rkalis
anTebiT. Tu gadacemis xazs gamovrTavT, rkali Caqreba. raRac drois
gavlis Semdeg moxdeba rkalis areSi haeris deionizacia da haeris
saizolacio Tvisebebi aRdgeba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba xazi isev
CavrToT da Tu is meqanikurad ar dazianda, misi normaluri muSaoba
gagrZeldeba. xazis ganmeorebiT CarTva mS Sedegad gamorTvis Semdeg
xdeba avtomaturad. ganmeorebiTi CarTvis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Seegad
gamoirkva, rom dazianebis
(rkalis) likvidacia
xazis gamorTviT xdeba
80-90% SemTxvevaSi.
avtomaturi ganmeorebiTi
CarTvis (agC) gamoyeneba
mkveTrad zrdis
dinamikur dgradobas, miT
umetes iseT SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac agC-s gareSe misi
SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia.
ganvixiloT umartivesi
sistema, romelSic
energiis gadacema xdeba
erTjaWva xaziT (nax.6.1).

153
 nax.6.1.

gadacemis xazze mS-is SemTxvevaSi simZlavris maxasiaTebeli mkveTrad

ecema da generatoris rotori iwyebs aCqarebas.

reluri dacvisa da amomrTvelis moqmedebis drois gavlis Semdeg

dazianebuli xazi amoirTveba. kavSiri sadgursa da sistemas Soris
dairRveva da gadacemuli simZlavre daecema nulamde ( nax 6.1). rodesac
gaivlis deionizaciisaTvis saWiro dro, xazi CairTveba agC-s saSualebiT
da paraleluri muSaoba aRdgeba normaluri simZlavris maxasiaTebliT.
Tu aRmoCnda, rom damuxruWebis farTobi meti an tolia farTobisa,

maSin avtomaturi ganmeorebiTi CarTva aRmoCndeba warmatebiTi,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ara. cxadia, rom agC-s warmatebiT muSaobaze
gavlenas axdens turbinis simZlavris sidide.

-is gazrda amcirebs damuxruWebis farTobs da zrdis aCqarebis

farTobs. amitom gadacemuli simZlavre raRac das, romlis dros kidev
sruldeba piroba . es aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa.

agC-s aqvs garkveuli SezRudva. jer CairTveba erTi amomrTveli, vTqvaT

B2. Semdeg sinqronizmis kontrolis mowyobiloba amowmebs ramdenad
gansxvavebulia da Zabvebi da da sixSireebi (nax6.2).

nax.6.2.

CarTvis momentSi, magaliTad 500 kv Zabvis xazebisaTvis, generatoris da

sistemis sixSireebi ar unda gansxvavdebodnen 0,1 hercze metad, maT
Soris -kuTxe ar unda aRematebodes 12 gradus da gansxvaveba ZabvaSi
ki - 40 kv-s. am pirobis Sesrulebas SeiZleba dasWirdes gacilebiT meti
dro, vidre es deionizaciisaTvis saWiroa.

154
 magaliTad, ganvixiloT agC-s moqmedeba, roca dasavleT da
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erTmaneTTan akavSirebs el. gadacemis xazi
qarTli-2 . es xazi akavSirebs 500 kv Zabvis zestafonis qvesadgurs
qsanis qvesadgurTan (nax.6.3). gardamavali procesis modelireba
xorcieldeboda programa PSS/E-s saSualebiT. erTfaza mS Sedegad xazi
gamoirTo da isev CairTo deionizaciisaTvis saWiro drois

nax.6.3.

gasvlis Semdeg. jer CairTo B2 amomrTveli da xaZi dadga Zabvis qveS.

zestafonis qvesadgurSi sinqronizmis kontrolis mowyobiloba
akontrolebs Zabvas, sixSires da kuTxes gamorTuli B1 amomrTvelis
orive mxares. modelirebam gviCvena, rom mxolod 53 wamis Semdeg, Zabvis
da siCqaris regulatorebma ise daaregulires Zabva da sixSire, rom
SesaZlebeli gaxda B1 amomrTvelis CarTva. Zabvebis sxvaoba amomrTvelis
orive mxares Soris moyvanilia
nax 6.4-ze. sistemis ori nawilis
sixSireebis sxvaoba ki
naCvenebia nax.6.5-ze.

xazis CarTvis Semdeg warmoiqmna

aqtiuri simZlavris rxeva,
romelic sakmaod swrafad
miilia (nax.6.6-a). SedarebisaTvis

155
amave naxazze moyvanilia am xazSi gamavali simZlavris

nax.6.4. rxeva, Tu xazi CairTveba

sinqronizmis kintrolis gareSe (nax.6.6-b).

nax.6.5. nax.6.6.

agC moqmedeba gacilebiT warmatebulia im SemTxvevaSi, roca sistemis

or nawils Soris kavSiri ganxorcielebulia ara erTi, aramed ori an
meti xaziT. davubrundeT Cvens magaliTs, da vnaxoT, Tu ra Sedegs
miviRebT, roca sistemis nawilebs Soris garda 500 kv Zabvis xazisa,
CarTulia q/s xaSuridan gamavali 220 kv Zabvis xazi (nax.6.7).

156
 nax.6.7.

500 kv Zabvis xazis gamorTvis Semdeg kavSiri sistemis or nawils

Soris ar wydeba. amis gamo sixSire sistemis dasavleT nawilSi
praqtikulad igivea, rac sistemis aRmosavleT nawilSi (nax 6.8).

nax.6.8. nax.6.9.

simZlavris rxeva 500 kv Zabvis xazze umniSvneloa (nax.6.9). q/s xaSuridan

gamavali 220 kv Zabvis xazi, agC-s amuSavebamde itvirTeba (nax.6.10) da misi
tvirTi 500kv Zabvis xazis CarTvis Semdeg ubrundeba sawyis mniSvnelobas
(nax.6-10).

157
 nax.6.10.

maRali Zabvis gadacemis xazebs, rogorc wesi aqvT Ffaz-faza marTvis

mqone amomrTvelebi. vinaidan
mS-s saerTo ricxvis 65-70 %
modis erTfaza mS-ze,
SesaZlebelia gamoirTos
xazis ara samive faza,
aramed mxolod dazianebuli.
erTjaWva xazis SemTxvevaSi,
muSaobaSi rCeba ori faza da
kavSiri sistemis nawilebs
Soris ar ikargeba. Tu
ganvixilavT nax6.1-ze naCveneb
sqemas, davinaxavT, rom erTi
dazianebuli fazis
gamorTvis Semdeg (a kuTxis
miRwevisas mS gamorTvis
momentSi), simZllavris

nax.6.11. maxasiaTebeli ar Semcirdeba

nulamde da simZlavris gadacema gagrZeldeba sakmaod maRali
maxasiaTebliT (nax.6.11). rodesac kuTxe gaxdeba b s toli, agC CarTavs
gamorTul fazas da sistemis normaluri muSaoba aRsdgeba.

$2 Zabvis forsireba

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo mS s dros generatoris simZlavre mkveTrad

mcirdeba. amis gamo generatoris lilvze warmoiqmneba didi
158
amaCqarebeli momenti. simZlavris diagramaze es gamoisaxeba simZlavris
maxasiaTeblis mkveTri dacemiT da simZlavris didi nazrdis warmoqmniT.
mTel rig SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi aCqarebis farTobi gamodis gacilebiT
didi damuxruWebis farTobze, ese igi rotoris aCqarebuli moZraobis
dros SeZenili kinetikuri energia ver ixarjeba bolomde. mS dros
simZlavris maxasiaTeblis gazrda SeiZleba em Zalis gazrdiT. rogorc
viciT, em Zala agZnebis denis proporciulia - . ese igi mis

gasazrdelad saWiroa gavzardoT agznebis deni.

agznebis denis gadideba mS s dros xdeba agznebis Zabvis forsirebiT

(nax 6.12). Fforsireba xorcieldeba (S.r.) Sunturi reostatis K
kontaqtebis SerTviT. mS-s SemTxvevaSiK kontaqtebi ikvrebada amgznebis

agznebis gragnils miewodeba

nax.6.12
qveamgznebis sruli Zabva. amis
Sedegad iwyeba Zabvis zrda

(nax 6.13).

vinaidan (6.1)

SeiZleba CavweroT Semdegnairad

nax.6.13.

159
aseTi gamosaxuleba Cven ukve Segvxda winw paragrafebSi. aq

amgznebis Weruli anu maqsimaluri Zabvaa.

vinaidan rotoris gragnils gaaCnia sakmaod didi induqciuroba,

agznebis deni da misi proporciuli em Zalis zrda Tan SedarebiT

dagviandeba. gavarCioT, Tu rogor warimarTeba gardamavali procesi

Zabvis forsirebis garaSe da Zabvis forsirebiT.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi (nax.6.14) procesi warimarTeba CvenTvis ukve

cnobili saxiT. mS-is
Sedegad muSa wertili
gadava mSs
maxasiaTebelze, Semdeg
ki dazianabuli xazis
gamorTvisas avariis
Semdgomi reJimis
maxasiaTebelze.
naxazidan Cans, rom
aCqarebis FfarTobi

gacilebiT didia

nax.6.14. damuxruWebis farTobze

da mdgradoba dairRveva. Zabvis forsirebis SemTxvevaSi (nax.6.15) procesi
warimarTeba Semdegnairad:
mS-is dawyebis Semdeg, raRac
dayovnebiT, em Zala iwyebs
zrdas. amis gamo muSa
wertili gadava ufro da
ufro maRal
maxasiaTeblebze, .
dazianebuli xazis amorTvis
Semdeg simZlavris

160
Sesabamisi maxasiaTebeli gamova ufro maRali, vidre

wina SemTxvevaSi (d wertili). Zabvis forsireba isev moqmedebs,

em Zala isev izrdeba da muSa wertili gadadis kidev ufro maRal
maxasiaTebelze . bolos da bolos em Zala miaRwevs Tavis

Werul mniSvnelobas da maxasiaTebeli aRar

nax.6.15. Seicvleba (e wertili).

rogorc vxedavT, aq ukve damuxruWebis farTobi gamodis sakmaod didi.

mdgradoba rxevebis pirvel ciklSi ar irRveva. rodesac aCqarebis da
damuxruWebis farTobebi gautoldebian erTmaneTs, magaliTad k
wertilSi, kuTxis dros, rotoris kuTxuri siCqare gautoldeba
sinqronuls.

vinaidan generatoris simZlavre metia turbinis simZlavreze, daiwyeba

rotoris damuxruWeba, kuTxuri siCqare da kuTxe daiwyebs Semcirebas,
muSa wertili k wertilidan wamova e wertilis gavliT a/ wertilisaken.

a/ wertilSi kuTxuri siCqare naklebia sinqronulze da kuTxis Semcireba

gagrZeldeba. amasTan, xdeba Zabvis ganforsireba, vinaidan mS ukve
amorTulia da aseTi gazrdili em Zala gamoiwvevs Zabvis dauSvebel
gazrdas.
ganforsirebis
Sedegad muSa
wertili gadava
ufro dabal
maxasiaTebelze da
sabolood
moxvdeba erTjaWva
gadacemis
Sesabamis

nax.6.16. maxasiaTebelze m
wertilSi. davuSvaT kuTxem Sewyvita Semcireba da daiwyo misi zrda. ese
igi daiwyo rxevebis meore cikli. Tu ganforsireba ar moixsna
droulad, mdgradoba SeiZleba dairRves rxevebis meore ciklSi, nax.6.16,
161
2 -mrudi. amave naxazze mrudi 1 Seesabameba SemTxvevas forsirebis
gareSe, 3 mrudi ki- forsirebas drouli ganforsirebiT. PSS/E
programis saSualebiT movaxdineT saqarTvelos eleqtruli sistemis
dinamikuri mdgradobis modelireba nax.5.2-ze moyvanili sqemis mixedviT.
ganixileboda mS orTaWala hesis sageneratoro salteebTan axlos.
pirvelad, am generatoris Zabvis forsireba ar iyo modelirebuli.

mS-am gamoiwvia generatoris dinamikuri mdgradobis darRveva, nax.6.17,

mrudi-1. generatoris brunTa ricxvi, normaluri 125 bruni/wuTidan
gaizarda 200 brunamde wuTSi. am SemTxvevaSi dacva gamorTavs
generators, rogorc
ki brunTa ricxvi
gaaWarbebs dasaSveb
180 br/wT. Semdeg,
maTematikur modelSi
gaTvaliswinebuli
iqna Zabvis forsireba.

zemoT aRwerili

fizikuri movlenebis

nax.6.17. gamo, generatoris

dinamikuri mdgradoba SenarCunda, nax.6.17. mrudi-2. am SemTxvevaSi brunTa

ricxvi gaizarda mxolod 136 brunamde wuTSi.

$3 sixSiriT avtomaturi gantvirTva

gardamavali procesis sasurveli mimarTulebiT marTvisaTvis, eleqtrul

sistemebSi gamoiyeneba egre wodebuli sasistemo avtomatikis sxvadasxva
mowyobilobebi. aseT mowyobilobebs miekuTneba sixSiriT avtomaturi
gantvirTva (sag). sag-i warmoadgens sixSirul reles, romelic moqmedebs
sixSiris garkveul sididemde Semcirebisas da TiSavs ama Tu im
datvirTvas. Cven viciT, rom sixSiris Semcireba gamowveulia sistemaSi
162
 aqtiuri simZlavris deficitiT, rac Tavis mxriv SeiZleba iyos
gamowveuli an datvirTuli generatoris (generatorebis) gamorTviT, anda
mezobeli sistemidan aqtiuri simZlavris Semodinebis SewyvetiT. avariis
Sedegad sistemis orad gayofis SemTxvevaSi, misi erTi nawili aseve
SeiZleba aRmoCndes deficituri da am nawilSi sixSire daiwyebs

Semcirebas. sagis moqmedeba ganvmartoT Semdegi martivi magaliTiT,

romlis sqema mocemulia nax.6.18-ze. sadgurebis generatorebi kvebaven

P1-P17 datvirTvebs.

Tu ar miviRebT
mxedvelobaSi
sistemis elementebSi
aqtiuri simZlavris
danakargebs, SeiZleba
davweroT, rom
generatorebis
jamuri tvirTi
datvirTvis tvirTis
tolia

nax.6.18.

Tu yvela generators warmovidgenT erT ekvivalentur generatorad da

yvela datvirTvas- rogorc erT ekvivalentir datvirTvas, maSin aseTi
generatoris iZulebiTi moZraobis diferencialuri gantoleba iqneba

163
aq sistemis generatorebis jamuri inerciis mudmivaa;

ekvivalenturi generatoris turbinis simZlavre;

ekvivalenturi datvirTvis tvirTia;

ekvivalenturi generatoris srialia.

SevitanoT srialis mniSvneloba 6.3-Si da gveqneba

davuSvaT, G1 generatori dazianda da gamoirTo reluri dacviT. amis

Sedegad ekvivalenturi generatoris turbinis simZlavre naklebi
gaxdeba datvirTvis jamur tvirTze. Mmagram generatorebis eleqtruli
simZlavre ar SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos datvirTvis simZlavrisagan.

gamodis rom, turbinis simZlavris garda generatorma unda gardaqmnas

eleqtrul simZlavred Tavisi brunvis kinetikuri energiis nawili.

generatoris kinetikuri energia ki misi brunTa ricxvis kvadratis

proporciulia. kinetikuri energiis gardaqmna eleqtrulad, gamoiwvevs
generatoris brunTa ricxvis, anu sixSiris Semcirebas. es Cans 6.4
gamosaxulebidanac. Tu -ze, sixSiris warmoebuli iqneba
uaryofiTi, rac niSnavs, rom sixSire mcirdeba.

vTqvaT, yvela datvirTvis amomrTvelebTan arsebobs sixSiriT

avtomaturi gantvirTvis rele. es rele imoqmedebs Tu sistemis sixSire
Semcirdeba am reles amoqmedebis sidideze qveviT. vTqvaT agreTve, rom

P1,P4,P7 da P15 datvirTvebis releebi iwyeben muSaobas, Tu sixSire

naklebia 48,8 hercze. P2,P3,P9,P14,P17 da P10 datvirTvebis releebi ki
maSin, roca sixSire naklebis 48,5 hercze da danarCeni datvirTvebis
releebi imoqmedeben maSin, roca sixSire naklebia 48,2 hercze.

164
 G1 generatoris gamorTvis Semdeg sistemis sixSire daiwyebs
Semcireba da rogorc ki is gaxdeba 48,8 ercis toli, gamoirTveba

P1,P4,P7 da P15 datvirTvebi da sxvaoba Semcirdeba. es gamoiwvevs

sixSiris warmoebulis absoluturi mniSvnelobis Semcirebas da sixSiris
Semcireba gagrZeldeba ufro mdored. Tu, amasobaSi turbinebis siCqaris

regulatorebi ver moaswreben -s gazrdas ise, rom Sesruldes piroba

, da sixSire Semcirda 48,5 hercamde, maSin gamoirTveba

P2,P3,P9,P14,P17 da P10 datvirTvebi da amis Sedegad piroba

Sesruldeba. sixSiris Semcireba SeCerdeba da damyardeba avariisSemdgomi
reJimi 50 hercze dabali sixSiriT. amis Semdeg siCqaris regulatorebi
kidev gazrdian ekvivalenturi turbinis simZlavres da gazrdian
sixSires 50 hercamde. es procesi mimdinareobs garkveuli milevadi
ryevebiT.

vnaxoT, Tu rogor mimdinareobs es procesi realur sistemaSi.

davubrundeT isev nax 6.2-ze naCveneb sqemas. vTqvqT avariis Sedegad
gamoirTo 500kv Zabvis gadacemis xazi imereTi (enguri-zestafoni).
engurhesze 500/220kv Zabvis avtotransformatori gamorTulia da
engurhesis 530 mgvt simZlavre gaicema sistemaSi mxolod am xaziT.
sistemis jamuri generacia am dros iyo 1600 mgvt-s toli. imereTis
gamorTvis Sedegad,
sistemaSi warmoiqmneba
530 mgvt-s toli
meqanikuri simZlavris
(turbinebis
simZlavris) deficiti.
sixSire mcirdeba da
sag-ebi iwyeben
muSaobas. nax 6.19
moyvanilia sixSirisa

165
da q/s marneulis tvirTis grafikebi. rodesac sixSire Semcirdeba 48,6
hercamde marneulis q/s- Si gamoirTveba 5 mgvt tvirTi, 48,2 hercis dros
damatebiTad

nax.6.19. amoirTveba kidev

3 mgvt da roca sixSire Semcirdeba 48 hercamde gamoirTveba kidev 7 mgvt.
amrigad, marto q/s marneulSi sag-ebma moxsnes 15 mgvt. analogiuri
situaciaa sxva qvesadgurebSi. nax. 6.20-ze moyvanilia xramhesi-1-is
erTerTi generatoris turbinis meqanikuri simZlavris grafiki.

sixSiris SemcirebasTan erTad siCqaris regulatori zrdis turbinaSi

miwodebuli wylis
raodenobas da turbinis
simZlavre 14 mgvt-dan
izrdeba 17,4 mgvt-mde.
SemdgomSi sixSire
izrdeba da roca is
gadaaWarbebs 50 hercs,
siCqaris regulatori
iwyebs wylis miketvas.
turbinis momenti
mcirdeba da generatoris
axali reJimi myardeba 9,6
mgvt-s doneze . sixSiris
zrda 50 hercis zeviT

nax.6.20. aixsneba imiT, rom

sag-ebma gamorTes ara 530 mgvt deficitis toli, aramed ufro meti
tvirTi.

$4 sixSiriT da sixSiris warmoebuliT avtomaturi gantvirTva

sixSiris sididiT moqmedi sag-ebis garda arsebobs sag-i,

romlis moqmedeba agebulia erTdroulad sixSirisa da misi
warmoebulis sidideze. aseTi rele imuSavebs, Tu erTdroulad sruldeba
ori piroba:

166
1. sixSire naklebia garkveul sidideze ;
2. sixSiris warmoebuli absoluturi sididiT metia raRac sidideze.

sistemis sixSiris Semcirebis siCqaris (warmoebulis) sidide

damokidebulia meqanikuri simZlavris deficitis sidideze, rac
naTlad Cans 6.4 gantolebidan.

Cveulebrivi sag-ebis SemTxvevaSi, sixSire unda Semcirdes 48,8

hercamde, rom sag-ebma daiwyon muSaoba. am droisaTvis generatorebis
kinetikuri energia da Sesabamisad brunTa ricxvi mniSvnelovnad aris
Semcirebuli. didi deficitis warmoqmnisas sixSiris Semcireba
mimdinareobs sakmaod swrafad. misi warmoebuli aRwevs hercs
wamSi. es iwvevs sixSiris iseT mniSvnelovan Semcirebas, rom xSirad
xdeba tvirTis ufro didi sididis gamorTva, vidre es saWiroa.

gardamavali procesis sasurveli mimdevrobiT warmarTvisaTvis

ukeTesia, rom sag-i iwyebdes muSaobas avariis dawyebis pirvelive
stadiaze, roca sixSire 49,5 hercis farglebSia da misi warmoebuli

akmayofilebs pirobas . Cveulebrivi sagebi dadgmulia

datvirTvis mierTebis wertilebSi, ise rom maTi moqmedeba gamorTavs

sistemis jamuri datvirTvis 60-70% im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sixSire
Semcirdeba 46,8 hercamde. sixSiris warmoebuliT momuSave sag-i
moicavs datvirTvis 30-35%-s da rogorc ukve vTqviT, moqmedebs
simZlavris didi deficitis dros.

aseTi sag-is moqmedeba mkveTrad amcirebs sxvaobas da sixSiris

Semdgomi Semcireba mimdinareobs sakmaod mdored.

Tu Cvens mier ganxiluli

magaliTSi SeviyvanT sag-
1-s, romelic gamorTavs
jamuri datvirTvis 32%-
s, imave deficitis
SemTxvevaSi, rac iyo
ganxiluli wina
paragrafSi, davinaxavT,

167
 rom sixSire icvleba sul sxvanairad (nax.6.21). wina SemTxvevaSi
sixSire Semcirda 48 hercamde, exla ki mxolod 49 hercamde. nax.6.22-ze
naCvenebia q/s didube -s datvirTvis cvlilebis grafiki. naxatidan
Cans, ro tvirTi moixsna avariis dawyebidan 0,2 wamSi. sixSiris
stabilizacia 50 hercis farglebSi moxda 17 wamSi, im dros, roca
Cveulebrivi sag-ebis

nax6.21.

SemTxvevaSi, 25 wamis Semdegac is jer ar iyo damyarebuli (nax.6.20).

eleqtrul sistemebSi erTdroulad iyeneben orive tipis sag-s.

nax.6.22.

$5 mudmivi denis CanarTi

ori mezobeli sistemis gaerTianeba erT did sistemad

sistemaTaSorisi maRali Zabvis gadacemis xazebis saSualebiT qmnis,
rogoc teqnikur aseve iuridiul problemebs. mezobel sistemebSi
168
SesaZlebelia iyos sixSiris regulirebis mimarT gansxvavebuli
moTxovnebi. am SemTxvevaSi simZlavris gadadineba erTi sistemidan
meoreSi iqneba cvladi, damokidebuli
ufro mZlavri sistemis sixSireze.
avaria erT sistemaSi gamoiwvevs
ryevebs meoreSi da didia axinqronuli
reJimis warmoqmnis albaToba.
imisaTvis, rom ori sistema
daukavSiroT erTmaneTs cvladi denis
gadacemis xaziT, e.i. vamuSavoT es
sistemebi sinqronulad, saWiroa, rom,
qveynebis energetikuli kanonmdebloba,
eqspluataciis wesebi da regulirebis
teqnikuri saSualebebi iyos identuri.
es moiTxovs Zalian didi mioculobis
samuSaos Catarebas da did finansur
danaxarjebs. meore mxriv ar ixsneba
erT sistemaSi momxdari avariis gavlena meore sistemis muSaobaze.
problemis gadawyveta SeiZleba, Tu sistemebs davakavSirebT erTmaneTTan
an mudmivi denis xaziT, anda mudmivi denis CanarTiT. mudmivi denis
CanarTi Sedgeba R tiristoruli gammarTvelisagan da I inventorisagan
(nax.6.23). tiristorebis gaxsnis kuTxis regulirebiT SesaZlebelia
davamyaroT P siZlavris gadadineba erTi sistemidan meoreSi.

am simZlavris sidide ar aris damokidebuli sistemebis muSaobis

reJimebze, Zabvis an
sixSiris

nax.6.23.
gadaxraze. sistema 1
saTvis

169
 nax.6.24.

es simZlavre warmoadgens mudmiv datvirTvas, sistema 2-saTvis ki mudmiv

generacias. avaria erT sistemaSi ar igrZnoba meoreSi da piriqiT.
tiristorebis kuTxis regulirebiT SesaZlebelia ara marto
simZlavris sididis Secvla, aramed misi mimarTulebis. am SemTxvevaSi R
gammarTveli muSaobs rogorc inventori, I inventori ki muSaobs rogorc
gammarTveli.

davubrundeT wina
paragrafSi ganxilul
magaliTs, da vnaxoT, Tu
ra gavlena aqvs 500kv
Zabvis gadacemis xazis
(imereTis) gamorTvas
TurqeTis eleqtrul
sistemaze. am magaliTSi
saqarTvelos da TurqeTis
sistemebi SeerTebulebi
arian mudmivi denis

nax.6.25.
CanarTiT (nax.6.24). avariis
wina reJimSi TurqeTSi

170
gaicemoda 100mgvt simZlavre. imereTis gamorTvis Semdeg, saqarTvelos
eleqtrul sistemaSi warmoiqmna simZlavris deficiti da sixSirem daiwyo
Semcireba. TurqeTis sistemam es avaria ver igrZno da misi sixSire darCa
ucvleli

msgavsi suraTi gvaqvs

nax.6.26

Zabvebis mxrivac (nax.6.26). miuxedavad imisa, rom axalcixis qvesadgurSi

Zabva icvleba 500-476 kv-is farglebSi, TurqeTSi, qvesadguri borCxas
salteebze Zabva ucvlelia (nax.6.26). amasTan erTad, TurqeTSi gacemuli
simZlavre ucvlelia. ganvixiloT zestafoni-axalcixes sistemis
monakveTi (nax.6.27). gadacemis xazis, imereTis gamorTvis Semdeg,
mudmivi denis CanarTi, eseigi TurqeTi, ikvebeba qvesadguri
zestafonidan 500 kv Zabvis xaziT qarTli-2 -T da zestafonos
at avtotransformatoriT (nax6.27). gardamavali procesis
ganmavlobaSi qarTli-2 -is da at -s tvirTi iryeva (nax6.27 da
nax.6.28), magram maTi jami
drois nebismier momentSi
tolia 100 mgvt-s.

avariiswina reJimSi
simZlavre gaedineboda
zestafonis 500 kv Zabvis
salteebidan sistemaSi da
axalcixeSi. imereTis
gamorTvis Semdeg ki
simZlavre Semoedineba
zestafonSi saqarTvelos
sistemidan qarTli-2 -iT
da at -Ti. Semodinebis

nax.6.27. mimarTulebis Secvla

asaxulia naxatebze minus niSniT.

171
nax.6.28. nax.6.29.

172
 Tavi VII

gardamavali procesebi generatorebis sinqronizaciisa da

Zravebis gaSvebis dros

$1 gardamavali procesi generatoris zusti sinqronizaciis SemTxvevaSi

cnobilia, rom generatoris sistemaSi CarTva zusti sinqronizaciis

meTodiT moiTxovs sami pirobis Sesrulebas. a amomrTvelis (nax.7.1)
CarTvis momentSi saWiroa, rom:

1. Zabva generatoris momWerebze da im saltis Zabva, romelzedac

xdeba generatoris mierTeba iyos toli;
2. ganaratoris Zabvis faza da salteebis Zabvis faza unda iyos toli;
3. generatoris sixSire da sistemis sixSireebi iyos toli.
sinqronizaciis procesi mimdinareobs Semdegnairad: wylis
miwodebis regulirebiT miaRweven
imas, rom generatoris brunTa ricxvi
(sixSire) axlos iqneba
sinqronulTan, . agznebis denis

regulirebiT generatoris Zabvas

gautoleben sistemis Zabvas. S

sinqronoskopiT Seamowmoben
kuTxes generatoris

Zabvis veqtorsa da sistemis Zabvis veqtors Soris. roca es

kuTxe gaxdeba daaxlovebiT nulis toli,

173
 nax.7.1. CarTaven a amomrTvels. Zabvebis da
sixSiris kontroli xdeba faris xelsawyoebis saSualebiT, da
moriges ar SeuZlia Seasrulos zemoTCamoTvlili sami piroba
absoluturi sizustiT. amomrTvelis CarTvis momentSi yovelTvis
arsebobs garkveuli gansxvaveba Zabvebis, sixSireebis da kuTxeebis
sidedeebs Soris. Cveni mizania vnaxoT, Tu rogori gavlena aqvs am
gansxvavebebs CarTvis procesze.
davuSvaT, rom sistemis da generatoris Zabvebi

erTmaneTis tolia. tolia agreTve maTi sixSireebi. am SemTxvevaSi

gardamavali procesi gamowveuli iqneba mxolod Zabvebis fazebis

nax.7.2.
utolobiT. Tu amomrTvelis CarTva xdeba im momentSi, roca kuTxe
generatoris da sistemis Zabvis veqtorebs Soris 110-ia, statoris
deni gaizrdeba biZgiseburad da ramodenime rxevis Semdeg miileva
Nnax.7.2-b. es
deni
gamoiwvevs
generatoris

174
 eleqtromagnitur moments, romelic aseve mcirea da male miileva
nax.7.3-b. momentis aseTi biZgebi generatorisaTvis saSiSi ar aris.
magram CarTvis

nax.7.3.

momentSi fazebs Soris kuTxis ufro didi sidide gamoiwvevs momentis

ufro did biZgs. es biZgi maqsimaluria, roca CarTvis momentSi
generatoris

Zabvis veqtori da sistemis Zabvis veqtori mimarTulia sawinaaRmdegod,

e.i. maT Soris kuTxe 1800-ia. am SemTxvevaSi statoris deni aRwevs Zalian
did sidides, nax.7.2-a. es deni orjer aRemateba samfaza mS-is dens da
aseTi didi deni saSiSia rogorc TviT generatorisaTvis, aseve
amomrTvelisaTvis, denis transformatorisaTvis da sxva. es deni iwvevs
momentis did ryevebs (nax7.3-a), romelmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios
generatoris meqanikuri dazianeba.

davuSvaT, exla, rom generatoris da sistemis sixSireebi tolia da

CarTva xdeba Zabvebis fazebs Soris mcire kuTxis SemTxvevaSi. vnaxoT,
Tu rogor warimarTeba CarTvis procesi, Tu . am SemTxvevaSi

generatoris deni iqneba induqtiuri xasiaTis da es deni ar gamoiwvevs

moentis ryevas. momentis ryeva iqneba gamowveuli mxolod Zabvebis fazebs
Soris gansxvavebiT nax.7.4.

175
 nax.7.4.

$2 generatoris CarTva TviTsinqronizacis meTodiT

zusti sinqronisaciiT generatorebis CarTva sistemaSi

moiTxovs garkveul dros, romelic saWiroa Zabvebis da sixSireebis
gasaTanabreblad. zust sinqronizacias iyeneben mZlavri
generatorebis CasarTvelad. saSualo da mcire simZlavris
generatorebi SeiZleba CairTos sistemaSi sxva meTodidac, kerZod
TviTsinqronizaciis gziT.
TviTsinqronizaciiT CarTva mimdinareobs Semdegnairad:
sinqronuli generatori, romlis agznebis gragnili damoklebulia
aqtiuri winaRobiT, mohyavT brunvaSi, risTvisac iwyeben
mimmarTveli aparatis gaRebas. rodesac brunTa ricxvi gaxdeba
sinqronulze cotaTi naklebi, ese igi sriali ,
CarTaven generatoris amomrTvels da miaerTeben mas sistemasTan.
CarTvis momentSi generatori, romlis rotori damoklebulia
aqtiuri winaRobiT, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc asinqronuli
manqana. uxeSad SeiZleba
CavTvaloT, rom
generatori anviTarebs
asinqronul
simZlavres (moments).
vinaidan sriali

176
 uaryofiTia, es simZlavrec uaryofiTi anu Zravuli iqneba.
generatori muSaobs Zravul reJimSi da moixmars aqriur simZlavres
sistemidan (nax.7.6). asinqronuli momentis gavleniT generatoris
sriali kidev ufro Semcirdeba da misi brunTa ricxvi kidev ufro
miuaxlovdeba sinqronuls. am dros agznebis gragnils
miawodeben agznebis nominalur Zabvas. vinaidan rotoris gragnils
aqvs didi induqtiuri winaRoba, agznebis deni gaizrdeba sakmaod
mdored (nax7.7). agznebis denis zrdasTan gaiZrdeba misi em Zala da
Sesabamisad misi simqronuli simZlavre (momenti). am momentis
gavleniT, ramodenime

nax.7.5 ryevis Semdeg generatori

iwyebs muSSaobas sistemasTan sinqronulad. nax.7.5-ze naCvenebia
srialis grafiki TviTsinqronizaciis dros.

nax.7.7

nax.7.6.

TviTsinqronisaciis xerxis Rirsebas warmoadgens generatoris CarTvis

teqnologiis da misi avtomatizaciis simartive, agreTve generatoris
swrafi CarTvis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba sixSirisa da Zabvis
ryevis dros.

177
 statoris gragnilSi sakmao sididis eleqtrodinamiuri Zalebis gamo
uSualo gacivebis mqone generatorebisaTvis TviTsinqronizaciis xerxis
gamoyeneba SeiZleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu generatoris CarTvisas
kmayofildeba piroba

sadac I/ gardamavali denis sawyisi sididea, U generatoris xazuri Zabva,

X/d generatoris gardamavali winaRoba, Xs sistemis ekvivalenturi

winaRobaa da - generatoris nominaluri denia.

generatoris TviTsinqronisaciis xerxiT qselSi CarTvas Tan sdevs

Zabvis daweva ( vinaidan CarTvis sawyisi deni sakmaod didia), amitom am
xerxis gamoyeneba ar aris mizanSewonili im generatorebisaTvis
romlebic sxva generatorebTan muSaoben sageneratoro Zabvis Semkreb
salteeze.

mZlavri blokuri sadgurebisaTvis TviTsinqronizaciis xerxis

gamoyeneba dasaSvebia, magram aseTi sadgurebis Tburi blokis gaSvebis
dro imdenad didia, rom eleqtruli blokis CarTvis drois simcire aRar
iZleva saWiro efeqts. amJamad, normalur pirobebSi, yvela
eleqtrosadgurebze, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba zusti sinqronizaciis
xerxi. TviTsinqronisacias gamoiyeneben avariul pirobebSi, sarezervo
hidrogeneratorebis CasarTavad.

$3 generatoris eleqtromeqanikuri gaSveba

mcire simZlavris hidrogeneratorebis qselSi CarTva SesaZleba

moxdes 5-6 wamSi, Tu gamoviyenebT egre wodebul eleqtromeqanikur
gaSvebas. am SemTxvevaSi generatoris qselSi CarTva da turbinis
mimmarTveli aparatis gaReba xdeba erTdroulad. generatoris amgznebi
unda iyos mierTebuli rotoris agznebis gragnilTan, magram agznebis
miwodeba unda xdebodes mxolod maSin, rodesac generatoris brunTa
ricxvi gaxdeba sinqronul brunTa ricxvze odnav naklebi.

178
vimaidan generatoris brunTa ricxvi naklebia sinqronulze, warmoiqmneba
Zravuli xasiaTis asinqronuli momenti. es momenti turbinis momentTan
erTad aaCqarebs generators. rodesac brunTa ricxvi miuaxlovdeba
sinqronuls, CairTveba agzneba da daiwyeba sinqronuli momentis
(simZlavris) zrda. sinqronuli momentis gavleniT brunTa ricxvi
gadaaWarbes sinqronuls da ramodenime rxevis Semdeg generatori Seva
sinqronizmSi. nax. 7.8-ze naCvenebia generatoris srialis damokidebuleba

droze. gaCerebuli generatoris srislia . rodesac,

generatoris aCqarebis Sedegad sriali miuaxlovda nuls, t1 drois

momentisaTvis (nax7.8), CairTveba agzneba.

generatoris sinqronuli momenti iwyebs

zrdas, generatori Sedis sinqronizmSi da
myardeba reJimi mimmarTveli aparatis
gaRebis Sesabamisad (nax7.9).

nax.7.8. nax.7.9.

$4 eleqtruli Zravebis gaSveba

sinqronuli da asinqronuli Zravebis CarTva qselSi TavisTavad

gardamavali procesia. am procesis dros Zravebis brunTa ricxvi

179
nulidan unda miaRwios nominalurs. amasTan erTad, cxadia, arsebobs
eleqtromagnituri gardamavali procesic.
Zravebis gaSvebisas warmoqmnili gardamavali procesebis Seswavla
saWiroa imisaTvis, rom davadginoT gaSvebis xangrZlivoba, Zravebis
gaxureba da Zravebis gaSvebiT gamowveuli Zabvis cvlileba qselSi.
ukanaskvneli garemoeba mniSvnelovania sistemis mdgradobis
TvalsazrisiT. marTlac, Tanamedrove warmoebis eleqtruli datvirTvis
ZiriTad nawils warmoadgenen asinqronuli da sinqronuli Zravebi.
Zravis CarTvisas warmoiqmneba didi gamSvi deni, romelic Zravis
nominalur denze 5-7 jer metia. Ddidi simZlavris Zravebis gaSvebisas es
deni iwvevs Zabvis vardnas, romelic uaryofiTad moqmedebs sxva
momxmareblebis normalur muSaobaze.
imisaTvis, rom Seamciron gamSvi denebi da ar dauSvan sistemis
mimdebare nawilSi Zabvis saSiSi Semcireba, mimarTaven Zravebis CarTvis
sxvadasxva xerxs. pirdapir gaSvebasTan SedarebiT, rodesac gaCerebul
Zravs uSualod rTaven muSa Zabvaze, egreT wodebul
avtotransformatorul da reaqtorul gaSvebas aqvs is upiratesoba, rom
gamSvi deni mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba. nax.7.10-a-ze naCvenebia reaqtoruli
gaSvebis sqema. jer
CairTveba a2
amomrTveli da Zravs
miewodeba
Semcirebuli Zabva,
vinaidan reaqtorSi
gamSvi deni iwvevs
did Zabvis vardnas.
rodesac Zravis
kuTxuri siCqare
miuaxlovdeba
nominalurs (sriali
Semcirdeba), CairTveba
a1 amomrTveli da
reaqtori daSuntdeba.

180
 nax.7.10. amis Semdeg Zravi ikvebeba
sruli ZabviT.
avtotransformatoruli gaSveba (nax.7.10-b) xorcieldeba
Semdegnairad. jer CairTveba a2 da a3 amomrTvelebi. Zravs miewodeba
Semcirebuli Zabva. brunTa ricxvis gazrdis Semdeg, CairTveba a1 da
gamoirTveba a3 amomrTveli. avtotransformatoris wredi gaixsneba da
Zravi rCeba CarTuli srul Zabvaze. ganvixiloT ufro detalurad
asinqronuli Zravis gaSveba ureqtorod da reaqtoriT.
asinqronuli Zravis eleqtromagnituri (mabruni) momentis
damokidebuleba srialze naCvenebia nax.7.11. amave naxatze naCvenebia im
meqanizmis mamuxruWebeli momenti, romelsac abrunebs Zravi.

gaCerebuli Zravis sriali 1-is tolia. CarTvis momentSi Zravi anviTarebs

mabrun moments, romelic
sididiT metia meqanozmis
mamuxruWebel momentze. Zravi

iwyebs aCqarebas, misi brunTa ricxvi

izrdeba, sriali ki mcirdeba.
sxvaoba jer izrdeba, aRwevs
maqsimums da mere ki mcirdeba.
rodesac Zravis momenti da
nax.7.11. meqanizmis momentebi gautoldebian
erTmaneTs (a wertilli), Zravi miaRwevs nominalur brunTa ricxvs,
sriali ki Semcirdeba da gaxdeba -is toli.
asinqronuli Zravis eleqtromagnituri momentis damokidebuleba
srialze da Zabvaze gamartivebulad gamoisaxeba Semdegi formuliT

Zravis brunviTi moZraobis amsaxavi diferencialuri gantolebaa

am gantolebebSi:
- qselis Zabvaa;
181
 -Zravis reaqtiuli da aqtiuri winaRobebia;
-srialia da
- Zravis da meqanizmis inerciis mudmivaa.

Cven viciT, rom CarTvis momentSi

srali udris 1-s, misi mabruni momenti
ki gamoiTvleba (7.1) formuliT. Tu
cnobilia meqanizmis mamuxruWebeli

momenti, maSin ricxviTi integrirebis

meTodebis gamoyenebiT, SesaZlebelia (7.2)
diferencialuri gantolebis amoxsna. es
nax.7.12.
ki gvaZlevs Zravis brunTa ricxvis damokidebulebas droze
.
es damokidebuleba naCvenebia nax.7.12-ze, mrudi-1. amave naxatze, (mrudi-2)
naCvenebia amave Zravis brunTa ricxvis cvlilebis grafiki reaqtoruli
gaSvebis SemTxvevaSi.
nax.7.13-ze moyvanilia
Zravis eleqtromagnituri
momentis cvlilebis grafiki.
Tu SevadarebT Zravis gaSvebis
or xerxs erTmaneTs,
davinaxavT, rom reaqtoruli
gaSvebisas brunTa ricxvi
izrdeba SedarebiT nela,
nax.7.13. samagierod misi
eleqtromagnituri momenti da Sesabamisad deni (nax.7.13, mrudi -2),
gacilebiT naklebia vidre pirdapiri gaSvebis dros (mrudi-1). nax.7.14
naCvenebia Zravis momentis damokidebuleba srialze ureaqtoro, da
reaqtoruli gaSvebis dros. rogorc vxedavT, reaqtori bc monakveTiT
amcirebs gamSvi momentis sidides da
nax.7.14 Sesabamisad dens.

182
danarTi 1

fardobiTi erTeulebis sistema

eleqtromeqanikuri gardamavali procesebis angariSi bevrad

martivdeba, Tu reJimisa da Canacvlebis sqemis parametrebs gamovsaxavT
fardobiT erTeulebSi. nebismieri fizikuri sididis fardobiTi
mniSvneloba warmoadgens am sididis fardobas Cvens mier arCeul
samasStabo sididesTan. magaliTad, transformatoris UmS mokled
SerTvis Zabvis sidide cnobarebSi moyvanilia transformatoris
nominaluri Zabvis procentebSi. erTi SexedviT, es arafers ar aadvilebs,
magram Tu davakavSirebT mokled SerTvis Zabvis sidides
transformatoris winaRobasTan, davinaxavT fardobiTi erTeulebis
garkveul upiratesobas.
rogorc cnobilia, transformatoris mokled SerTvis Zabva tolia im
Zabvisa, romelic unda movdoT transformatoris pirvelad gragnils
damoklebuli meoreuli gragnilis dros, ise rom, transformatorSi
gaiaros nominalurma denma.

gavyoT am tolobis orive mxare transformatoris Un nominalur Zabvaze.

(d-1)

183
tolobis marcxena mxare gvaZlevs mokled SerTvis Zabvis fardobit
sidides UmS*. tolobis marjvena mxare ki SeiZleba CavweroT Semdegnairad

. wilads aqvs winaRobis ganzomileba da am

winaRobas pirobiT transformatoris nominalur winaRobas uwodeben. e.i.

= . maSin (d-1) tolobis marjvena mxares gvaqneba

transformatoris fardobiTi winaRoba Zt* = Zt/ Ztn da

(d-1) toloba miiRebs Semdeg saxes UmS* = Zt*. gamodis, rom
transformatoris mS Zabvis sidide fardobiT erTeulebSi (uganzomilo
erTeulebSi) udris transformatoris winaRobas fardobiT
erTeulebSi. es saSualebas iZleva cnobarebSi ori sididis magivrad
moviyvanoT mxolod erTi, UmS*.
mZlavri transformatorebisaTvis XtRt da amitom sakmao sizustiT
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom UmS* = Xt*.
analogiurad, cnobarebSi mocemulia generatorebis fardobiTi

winaRobebi da ase Semdeg. am SemTxvevaSi es winaRobebi

miRebulia saTanado sidideebis SefardebiT Zng= Ung/ Ing winaRobaze,

e.i. yvela transformatoris an generatoris fardobiTi winaRobebi
warmoadgenen mocemuli transformatoris an generatoris raRac
fiqtiuri Zn= Un/ In winaRobis nawils. maSasadame, masStabur erTeulad
yvela generatorisaTvis an transformatorisaTvis aRebulia misi
nominaluri Zabvis fardoba mis nominalur denTan. aseTi mdgomareoba
xelsayrelia cnobarebis Sedgenis dros, magram sistemis Canacvlebis
sqemis Sedgenisas misaRebi ar aris. sistemis Canacvlebis sqemis yvela
winaRoba aRebuli unda iyos erT masStabSi. amitom Cven SegviZlia
SevarCioT Ub da Sb raRac nebismieri mniSvnelobebi. maSin bazisuri deni
unda vipovoT formulidan Ib= Sb /( Ub ). bazisuri winaRoba ki iqneba

Zb= Ub/ Ib= U2b/ Ib Ub= U2b/ Sb.

imisaTvis, rom cnobaridan aRebuli sidideebi gadaviyvanoT Cven mier
SerCeuli bazisuri sidideebis Sesabamis fardobiT erTeulebSi, saWiroa:
1. aviRoT cnobarebidan , ( an UmS*) , Un da Sn;

184
 2. gadaviyvanoT es winaRoba omebSi Zt (omi) = UmS* U2n / Sn;
3. omebSi miRebuli Zt gavyoT Zb-ze.
Zt*(b) = Zt (omi)/ Zb = UmS* U2n Sb. / U2b Sn . (d-2)
cxadia, rom (d-2) gamosaxulebaSi Zabvebi da simZlavreebi gamosaxuli
unda iyos erTnair erTeulebSi. magaliTad: Zabva-kilovoltebiT, sruli
simZlavre megavoltamperebiT.
Tu sqema Seicavs transformatorebs, maSin misi yvela winaRoba unda
iyos dayvanili Zabvis erT safexurze im transformatorebis
transformaciis koeficientebis saSualebiT, romlebic
CarTulia dasayvani winaRobisa da Cvens mier arCeuli ZiriTadi Zabvis
safexurs Soris.

analogiurad, fardoboT erTeulebSi gadagvyavs Zabvebi, denebi,

simZlavreebi. magaliTad, Tu sistemis raime wertilSi Zabva aris
kilovolti, fardobiT erTeulebSi miviRebT

, analogiurad : da ase Semdeg.

denebi da Zabvebic unda daviyvanoT Zabvis erT, Cvens mier ukve arCeul
safexurze.
sxva, araeleqtruli sidideebic xelsayrelia gvqondes fardobiT
erTeulebSi. bazisur drod aiReba is dro, romelis ganmavlobaSi
sinqronuli kuTxuri siCqariT mbrunavi veqtori mobrundeba 1 radianiT,

e.i. wm. maSin dro fardobiT erTeulebSi iqneba

radiani.

generatoris inerciis mudmiva udris

aq (kgm2) generatoris da turbinis mqnevara momentia ;

n generatoris brunTa ricxvi wuTSi;
-generatoris sruli simZlavre kva-biT.

185
bazisur simZlavreze inerciis mudmiva daiyvaneba Semdegnairad

1. .. -2006.
2. .., .., .., ..
.- 2008
3. .. . .; .: -. ,
1948.

4. . .
. - .: , 1985.
5. /
. . . . - .: , 1966.
6. . ., . .
. - .: , 1978.
7. . .
. - .: , 1975.
8. . .
. .: , 1970.
9. :
/ . . . . - .: ,
1982, 244 .
10. . .
. . .
. - 1999.

186
11. . . . . .,
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12. . . . .
. ., , I960. 312 . .
13. . . . . .,
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14. . -
. . ., - , 1962. 624 . .
15. . . .
., , 1960. 392 . .
16. . ., . . .
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17. .
. . ., , 1959. 272 . .
18. .., ,

,,1960;

19. ..,

,,1961;

20. .., ,,1967;

21. ..,..,

,,1966;

22. ..,

,,1963.

23. .., .., ,

,1953;
24. ..,..,.., ..,
,, 1940;
25. .., ..,
, ,1964;
26. .., ,
, ,1981;
187
27. ..,
, , 1978;
28. .. , ,,1950;
29. ..,
,
,,1956;
30. .., ..,
,
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31. .., ,,1979;
32. ..,
, , ,1972;
33. ..,..,
, ,1955,4;
34. m.ruxvaZe, eleqtromeqanikuri gardamavali procesebi eleqtrul
sistemebSi, ganaTleba, 1991;
35. m.ruxvaZe, eleqtrul sistemebSi mokle SerTvis denebis
gaangariSebis meTodebi, Tbilisi, teqnikuri universiteti,2005;
36. g.maxaraZe, m.ruxvaZe,u.uCaneiSvili gardamavali procesebis
analizi saqarTvelos energosistemis aRmosavleT nawilSi,
Sromebi N#4(462), teqnikuri universiteti, 2006;
37. a.koxtaSvili, m.ruxvaZe, saqarTvelos energosistemis mbrunavi
rezervis Sesaxeb, energia,#2(46),2008.

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189