459
Termoregulacia
xerxemlian cxovelTa (maT Soris - adamianis)
organizmi mudmivad warmoqmnis siTbos, romliTac
sxeulis gaTbobaa uzrunvelyofili. adamianis
kuTri siTbotevadoba (1oC-iT gaTbobisaTvis saWiro
siTbos raodenoba) saSualod 0.83 kkal-s Seadgens ma-
sis yovel kilogramze; Sesabamisad, 70 kg masis ada-
mianis sxeulis temperaturis 1oC-iT gasazrdelad
58.1 kkal siTboa saWiro. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
siTbos warmoqmnis procesebTan erTad siTbos
gacemac rom ar mimdinareobdes, adamianis sxeuli
yovel saaTSi 1.24oC-iT gaTbeboda. ase ki mitom ar
xdeba, rom siTbos produqcia wonaswordeba misi
gacemis procesebiT, rasac temperaturuli bal-
ansi ewodeba. misi safuZveli aris siTbos warmo-
qmnisa da gacemis mmarTveli procesebis er-
Toblioba - Termoregulacia.
sxeulis optimaluri biologiuri temperatu-
ris uzrunvelyofis meqanizmTa da reJimTa mixed-
viT ganarCeven poikiloTermul, homoioTermul
da heteroTermul organizmebs.
poikiloTermul organizmebs (berZn. poiki-
los - cvalebadi) sxeulis temperaturis mudmiv do-
neze SenarCunebis unari ar gaaCnia, isini siTbos
mcire raodenobiT gamoimuSaveben.
homoioTermuli organizmebi (berZ. homeo -
msgavsi, erTnairi), maT Soris - adamianic, sxeulis
SedarebiT mudmivi temperaturiT gamoirCeva, ro-
melic dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo far-
glebSi icvleba. am mudmivobis SenarCunebas gare-
mos temperaturis ryevebis pirobebSi izoTermia
ewodeba.
heteroTermuli organizmebis (berZn. hete-
ros - sxvanairi) sxeulis temperaturis rxevebi
aWarbebs sazRvrebs, romlebic homoioTermul
cxovelTaTvisaa tipiuri. es damaxasiaTebelia on-
togenezis adreuli etapebisTvis, zogierTi homo-
ioTermuli cxovelis zamTris Zilis periodisT-
vis da, agreTve, Zalian mcire zomis ZuZumwovre-
bisa da frinvelebisTvis.
cxovelis organizmSi sasicocxlo procesebis
mimdinareobis SesaZlebloba SezRudulia Sinaga-
ni garemos temperaturis rxevaTa garkveuli far-
glebiT - 0-dan 45-50oC-mde. umaRlesi ZuZumwo-
vari cxovelebis Sinagani garemos tempera-
turuli rxevebiis diapazoni ufro viwroa
_ 25 oC-dan 43 oC-mde; am farglebs gareT sicocx-
le SeuZlebelia. temperaturis faqtori gansazR-
vravs fermentul procesTa, Sewovis, agznebis ga-
tarebisa da kunTis SekumSvis mimdinareobis siC-
qares da sxv. ; magaliTad, Tu bayayis sxeulis tem-
peratura uaxlovdeba nuls, mas naxtomis gakeTe-
ba mxolod 12-15 sm-is manZilze SeuZlia; am cxove-
lis sxeulis temperaturis 20-26oC-mde momatebi-
sas ki naxtomis manZili 1 metramde izrdeba .
sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnis temperatura
adamianis sxeulis zedapirul da Rrma ubneb-
Si temperatura gansxvavebulia. sxeulis Sida na-
wilebs, romelic misi masis daaxloebiT 50%-s Se-
adgens, `birTvi~ uwodes . mas, garkveuli pirobi-
TobiT, miakuTvneben tvins da Sinagan organo-
ebs. `birTvis~ temperatura SedarebiT stabilu-
ria. magaliTad, marjvena winagulis sisxlis tem-
peratura, temperatura saylapavis qveda mesamed-
Si gulis maxloblad mTlianobaSi umniSvnelod
icvleba da 36,7-37oC-is farglebSia. amasTan, `bir-
Tvis~ sxvadasxva ubnis maCveneblebi SeiZleba gan-
sxvavdebodes 0,2-1,2oC-iT. temperaturis gradi-
enti Tavis tvinSic ki arsebobs- centraluri nawi-
lidan qerqamde.
klinikuri miznebisTvis `birTvis~ temperatu-
ris Sefaseba xorcieldeba sxeulis gansazRvrul,
46 0

advilad misawvdom ubnebSi, sadac temperatura gacemis sididiT.

praqtikulad ar gansxvavdeba `birTvis~ tempera-
turisgan. aseT ubnebs warmoadgens swori nawla-
vi, piris Rru, iRliis foso. unda aRiniSnos,
rom piris Rrus (oraluri, enisqveSa) temperatu-
ra, Cveulebriv, 0,2-0,5oC-iT, xolo aqsiluri (iR-
liis fosos midamos) - 0,5-0,8oC-iT naklebia req-
talurze . janmrTeli adamianis aqsiluri tem-
peratura 36,0-36,9 oC-is tolia (sur.16-1).
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi adamianis sxeulis
temperatura meryeobs 0,3-1,5oC-is diapazonSi, uf-
ro xSirad - 1,0oC-isa. am rxevebs endogenuri ritmi
pirobadebs; igi ganisazRvreba organizmis sakuTa-
ri `biologiuri saaTiT~ da sinqronizebulia
dRe-Ramis reJimSi (ix. sur.16-2). temperaturis
dRe-Ramur (cirkadul) cvlilebaTa ritms sxva
ritmebic emateba, maT Soris - ufro xangrZlivpe-
riodebianic. maTgan yvelaze cnobili, mkveTrad ga-
moxatuli da klinikur-sadiagnostiko Rirebuleb-
is mqone aris menstruaciul ciklTan sinqro-
nizebuli temperaturis cvlilebis ritmi (ix. ba-
zaluri temperaturis testi, am Tavis bolos).

sur. 16-1. adamianis sxeulis zedapiris temperaturis

topografia
sur. 16-2. adamianis organizmis reqtaluri
temperaturis dRe-Ramuri meryeoba
2,5 sm da meti sisqis, sxeulis `garsad~ wode-
buli sxeulis zedapiruli Sris temperatura sxva-
dasxva ubanSi sakmaod gansxvavebulia. garemos
sxvadasxva temperaturisas, zogjer, `garsis~ mar-
jvena da marcxena ubnebis temperaturis asimet-
riac ki SeiniSneba.
garemos komfortuli temperaturis (ix. qve-
moT) pirobebSi gaSiSvlebuli adamianis kanis saSu-
alo temperatura 33-34oC-s Seadgens . am dros ter-
fis kanis temperatura mniSvnelovnad naklebia
qveda kidurebis proqsimalur ubanTa temperatu-
raze da kidev ufro meti xarisxiT - tanisa da Ta-
vis temperaturaze. terfis midamoSi kanis tempe-
ratura komfortul pirobebSi SeiZleba 24-28oC
iyos , garemos temperaturis cvlilebisas ki - 13-
53oC-is diapazonSi, rac ori faqtoriT ganisazRv-
reba- garemos temperaturiT da terfis kanis sis-
xlmomaragebiT. sur. 16-3. siTbos warmoqmnis da gacemis gzebi
sxvadasxva cxovelis sxeulis zomebis uzar-
mazari variaciis miuxedavad, ZuZumwovarTa um- sxeulis temperatura ganisazRvreba ori pro-
ravlesobis sxeulis temperatura 36-39oC-is di- cesis - siTbos produqciisa da siTbos gacemis
apazonSia. metabolizmis ( da siTbos produqci- TanafarobiT. roca isini daubalansebelia, Termo-
is) intensivoba xom ganisazRvreba rogorc sxe- regulaciis funqciuri sistemis procesebi adap-
ulis masiT, aseve sxeulis zedapiridan siTbos taciurad cvlis siTbos warmoqmnas (qimiuri

Termoregulacia) da siTbos gacemas (fizikuri
Termoregulacia). amiT uzrunvelyofilia orga-
nizmis Sinagani garemos temperaturuli konstan-
tas SedarebiTi stabiluroba, rasac k.bernarma `Ta-
visufali, damoukidebeli cxovrebis~ safuZveli
uwoda.
gaSiSvlebuli adamianis sxeulis temperatu-
ra garemos temperaturis 21-53oC-is farglebSi
cvlilebebisas stabilurobas mxolod ramdenime
wuTis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs.
sur.16-3 -ze siTbos produqciisa da siTbos
gacemis meqanizmebi sqematuradaa mocemuli,
qvemoT ki Sesabamisi fiziologiuri procesebi iq-
neba ganxiluli.
siTbos produqcia
qimiuri Termoregulacia metabolur, egzo-
Termul reaqciaTa intensivobis cvlilebebia, ro-
melTa Sedegad siTbo warmoiqmneba (Termoge-
nezi). adamianis organizmze sicivis zemoqmedebi-
sas Termogenezma SeiZleba 3-5-jer moimatos.
ganasxvaveben SekumSviT da araSekumSviT
siTbos warmoqmnas (Termogenezs).
SekumSviTi siTbos warmoqmna dakavSirebulia
ConCxis kunTebis nebiT da uneblie SekumSvebTan.
nebiTma SekumSvebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios
siTbos warmoqmnis mravaljeradi mateba; am dros
siTbos konveqciis gaZlierebis xarjze siTbos ga-
cemac imatebs(ix. qvemoT). aqedan gamomdinare, ne-
biTi kunTovani SekumSvebi siTbos warmoqmnis Zali-
an araekonomiur formas warmoadgens .
siTbos “uneblie” warmoqmnis erT-erT saxes
warmoadgens kankali - kunTebis SekumSvis speci-
fikuri tipi, romelic uviTardeba adamians orga-
nizmis garemos temperaturis mniSvnelovani Semci-
rebisas da romelic ramdenjerme zrdis siTbos
produqcias. kunTebis nebiTi SekumSvisas siTbos
warmoqmnisgan gansxvavebiT, siTbos warmoqmna kan-
kalis dros siTbos produqciis ufro ekonomiur
saSualebaa, radgan kankalisas maRalzRurblovani
mamoZravebeli erTeulebis kumSviTi aqtiurobis
gansakuTrebuli tipi uzrunvelyofs kunTis Sekum-
Svis TiTqmis mTeli energiis gadasvlas siTbur ener-
giaSi.
uneblie siTbos warmoqmnis sxva saxes warmo-
adgens Termomaregulirebeli tonuri SekumSvebi
(Termoregulaciuri tonusi ), romlebic viTar-
deba zurgis, kisrisa da zogierTi sxva midamos kun-
TebSi. siTbos warmoqmna am dros daaxloebiT 40-
50%-iT izrdeba . ConCxis kunTebis Termomaregu-
lirebeli tonuri SekumSvebi iwyeba komfortis
461
donesTan SedarebiT garemos temperaturis daax-
loebiT 2oC-iT Semcirebisas. aseTi SekumSvebi dak-
biluli tetanusis xasiaTisaa da axlosaa xSir
erTxelobriv SekumSvaTa reJimTan. Termoregula-
ciuri tonusi siTbos warmoqmnis gaZlierebis uf-
ro natif saSualebas warmoadgens , vidre ori ze-
moaRniSnuli. sicivis mravaljeradi, perioduli
moqmedebisas viTardebaqsovilovan struqturaTa
cvlilebebi (daptaciis struqturuli kvali, f.z.
meersoni) da organizmis reaqcia mZafr gaciveba-
ze ufro efeqturi xdeba. amgvar struqturul
gardaqmnaTa erT-erT gamovlinebas warmoadgens
ConCxis kunTebSi ZiriTadi tonuri funqciis Sem-
srulebel wiTel (nel) boWkoTa wilis gazrda.
araSekumSviTi Termogenezi , aseve, warmo-
adgens qimiuri Termoregulaciis meqanizms, rome-
lic mniSvnelovnadaa gamoxatuli sicivesTan adap-
tirebul organizmSi. siciveSi siTbos warmoqmnis
namatis uzrunvelyofaSi aseTi meqanizmis wili Se-
iZleba 50-70%-s Seadgendes. igi sxvadasxva qsovil-
Si viTardeba . magram am gziT siTbos warmoqmnis
specifikur substratad ruxi cximovani qsovi-
li iTvleba , romlis amokveTis Semdeg organizmis
mdgradoba sicivis mimarT arsebiTad qveiTdeba.
ruxi cximovani qsovilis masam, romelic, Cveuleb-
riv, sxeulis masis 1-2%-s Seadgens, sicives-
Tan adaptaciisas SeiZleba moimatos sxeulis ma-
sis 5%-mde. am qsovilis masis erTeulis energe-
tikuli cvlis done samjer da metad aWarbebs mo-
muSave kunTebis dones; masSi cximovan mJavaTa da-
Jangvis siCqare 20-jer aRemateba igive maCvenebels
TeTr cximovan qsovilSi.
ruxi cximovani qsovilis Termomaregulirebe-
li roli bolomde garkveuli ar aris. varaudoben,
rom is warmoadgens JangviTi reaqciebis substra-
tis - Tavisufal cximovan mJavaTa mdidar wya-
ros. am reaqciebis siCqare sicivis pirobebSi izr-
deba. sicivis moqmedebisas sakuTriv rux cximo-
van qsovilSi, miuxedavad am qsovilze arsebuli
kanis temperaturis Semcirebisa, sisxlis mimoqce-
va da nivTierebaTa cvla aqtiurdeba, temperatu-
ra imatebs. aqedan warmoiSva sadReisod popula-
ruli hipoTeza ruxi cximovani qsovilis kalori-
ferul rolze: sicivis moqmedebisas is aTbobs
axlomdebare msxvil sisxlZarRvebs, romlebic
sisxls Tavis tvinisken agzavnis. zrdasrul adami-
anSi ruxi cximovani qsovili lokalizebulia
kisris da beWTaSoris midamoSi, SuasayarSi
aortis, msxvili venebis da simpaTikuri wve-
lis siaxloves . dadgenilia, rom zamTarSi im ada-
mianebSi, romlebic Senobis gareT muSaoben, ruxi
cximovani qsovili hipertrofirebuli da ufro
46 2
aqtiuria, vidre zafxulSi.
mozrdili adamianis organizmSi ruxi cximo-
vani qsovilis maragi didi araa da, amitomac, am gziT
siTbos produqcia saSualod 10-15%-iT imatebs.
mcirewlovani bavSvebis organizmSi ruxi cxi-
movani qsovili didi odenobiTaa; amitom, maTSi qi-
miuri Termogenezi efeqturia; axalSobilebis
organizmSi ki es meqanizmi wamyvania sxeulis nor-
maluri temperaturis SenarCunebisaTvis.
garemos dabali temperaturis pirobebSi
organizmis temperaturis mudmivobas Semdegi
ZiriTadi meqanizmebi uzrunvelyofs:
- kanis sisxlZarRvebis mniSvnelovani
spazmi, gamowveuli ukana hipoTalamusis stimu-
laciiT;
- piloereqcia (Tmis aweva), gamowveuli simpa-
Tikuri aqtivaciiT, ris Sedegadac kanze ~haero-
vani fena~ warmoiqmneba da efeqturi Termoregu-
lacia xorcieldeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tmis
folikulze da irgvliv sisxlZarRvebze simpa-
Tikuri efeqtebi alfa- da beta-adrenorecep-
torebiT realizdeba. alfa1- da alfa2- adrenore-
ceptorebis agzneba folikulis muskulaturis
SekumSvas iwvevs (`batis kanis~ fenomeni), beta2 -
adrenoreceptorebisa ki - kumSvadi efeqtis
Sekavebas, folikulis irgvliv vazodilatacias da
Tmis amwevi kunTebis modunebas;
- Termogenezis gaZliereba.
siTbos gacemis meqanizmebi
siTbos gacema xorcieldeba siTbos SigniTa da
gareTa nakadis saSualebiT.
SigniTa nakadis (siTbos warmoqmnis wyaroe-
bidan sxeulis zedapiris mimarTulebiT) naxevar-
ze meti uzrunvelyofilia sisxliT, konveqci-
is gziT; danarCeni siTbo sxva qsovilebiT gatar-
deba. qsovilis siTbos gamtaroba ki damokidebu-
lia cximovani ujredisis sisqesa da raodenobaze
da, agreTve, am SreSi sisxlis mimoqcevis doneze.
sisxlis mimoqcevis roli ganisazRvreba misi
mniSvnelovani varirebis SesaZleblobiT sisxl-
ZarRvTa sanaTuris da arteriul-venuluri anas-
tomozebis cvlilebebis xarjze.
sxeulis zedapiruli ubnebis sisxlmomarage-
bac sakmaod mniSvnelovan Termomaregulirebel
rols asrulebs, ganapirobebs ra siTbos gareTa
nakads. TiTebis kanis sisxlZarRvTa `TamaSs~ Se-
uZlia masSi sisxlis mimoqcevis Secvla 100-jer.
sruli vazodilataciisas siTbos gacema SeiZleba
gaizardos 8-jer, sruli vazokonstriqciis dones-
Tan SedarebiT.
amas garda, qsovilTa siTbos gamtaroba gani-
sazRvreba sisxlZarRvTa ukudinebiTi siste-
mis gamoyenebiT, romelic arsebobs, magaliTad, ki-
durebSi. ase, sicivis pirobebSi venuri sisxli mie-
dineba, ZirTadad, ara zedapiruli venebiT, ro-
gorc es siTbos pirobebSi xdeba, aramed Rrma ve-
nebiT; Sedegad venuri sisxli Tbeba paralelurad
gamavali arteriebis sisxliT da ar civdeba ise, ro-
gorc sisxlis zedapiruli dinebisas moxdeboda
(ix. , aseve, gamoyofis sistemis fiziologia).
Tumca, sicivis moqmedebisas sxeulis zedapi-
rul SreebSi sisxlis mimoqcevis Semcirebam SeiZle-
ba am qsovilTa sisxlmomaragebis darRveva da mo-
yinva gamoiwvios . aseT efeqtebs ewinaaRmdegeba si-
civis moqmedebis dros periodulad ganviTarebadi
vazodilatacia, rac ufro kargad aqvT gamoxatuli
sicivesTan adaptirebul adamianebs.
gansazRvrul damcvelobiT rols organizmze
garemos arakomfortuli temperaturis moqmede-
bis pirobebSi asrulebs kanqveSa cximovani uj-
redisi, romelic siTbos sxva qsovilebTan Seda-
rebiT 3-jer naklebad atarebs. es roli gansakuT-
rebiT didia sxeulis gacivebisas: dadgenilia pir-
dapiri kavSiri organizmSi cximis procentul Sem-
cvelobasa da sxeulis temperaturas Soris sici-
vis pirobebSi.
siTbos gareTa nakadis uzrunvelyofilia
misi konveqciiT, gatarebiT, gamosxivebiT da
aorTqlebiT.
Tu kani garemomcvel haerze ufro Tbilia, vi-
Tardeba bunebrivi konveqcia, e.i. kaniT gamTbari
haeris fen(eb)is gadaadgileba da misi Canacvleba
ufro civi haeriT. forsirebuli konveqcia, romel-
sac adgili aqvs sxeulis an haeris Zlieri moZrao-
bisas, mniSvnelovnad zrdis siTbos gacemis inten-
sivobas.
adamianis yofnisas wyalSi, romlis tempera-
tura neitralurze (adamianTa umravlesobisTvis
wylis aseTi temperatura 31-36oC-ia) naklebia, siT-
bos gareTa nakadma misi gatarebis xarjze SeiZ-
leba 2-4-jer moimatos : wylis siTbos gamtareblo-
ba xom 25-jer aRemateba haeris siTbos gamtareb-
lobas. Tumca, wyalSi adamianis sxeulis mier siT-
bos gacemis ZiriTad meqanizms mainc konveqcia war-
moadgens. mis xarjze gamdinare wylis gamagrile-
beli moqmedeba 50-100-jer aRemateba haeris amg-
var zemoqmedebas. Tu wylis temperatura axlosaa
nulTan (`yinulovani wyali~), maSin adamianis sxeu-
li saaTSi 6oC-iT civdeba; 1 saaTSi SeiZleba sikv-
dili dadges.
curvisas wyalSi, romlis temperatura nakle-
bia komfortis doneze, mniSvnelovnad imatebs
siTbos gacema konveqciiT. organizmSi cximis Sem-

cvelobis momatebam SeiZleba Seamciros es efeq-
ti. ase, 16oC temperaturis wyalSi fizikuri aqti-
voba sxeulis mciremasian adamianebSi sxeulis ga-
civebas aCqarebs , xolo msuqan adamianebSi sxeu-
lis temperaturas ar cvlis.
siTbos gacema gamosxivebiT ganpirobebulia
infrawiTeli sxivebiT, romelTa talRis sigrZe 5-
20 mkm-ia. maT gamoasxivebs kani misgan gansazRvrul
manZilze ufro naklebi temperaturis mqone sag-
nis arsebobisas. gaSiSvlebul adamians aseTi gziT
siTbos 60%-mde dakargva SeuZlia .
garemos komfortuli temperaturis pirobeb-
Si adamianis sxeulis mier siTbos gacemis daaxlo-
ebiT 20% xorcieldeba aorTqlebiT. es gza siT-
bos gacemis erTaderTi saSualebaa garemoSi,
romlis temperatura sxeulis temperaturis
tolia. wylis 1 l-is aorTqlebiT adamians im siT-
bos mesamedis gacema SeuZlia, romelic mosve-
nebis pirobebSi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi gamomu-
Savdeba. oflis gamoyofis siCqaris mateba cxel
havasTan adaptaciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi meqa-
nizmia.aseT pirobebSi drois xanmokle periodSi
oflis raodenoba SeiZleba aRwevdes wuTSi 60
ml-ze mets. aseTi mdgomareobisadmi adaptaci-
isas oflSi eleqtrolitebis Semcveloba mniSv-
nelovnad iklebs, Zlierdeba wyurvilis SegrZ-
neba, rac wylis balansis SenarCunebas uwyobs
xels .
ga re mos m a Ra li t em pera t u ri s a dmi
cudad adaptirebuli adamianebis organizmSi
1 l/sT ofli gamoiyofa, kargad adaptirebul
organizmSi ki - 3 l/sT-mde. amasTan, oflis
aorTqlebiT SeiZleba 10-jer meti siTbo gaic-
es, vidre igi mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi war-
moiqmneba.
garemos maRali temperaturisadmi kargad
adaptirebuli adamianebi ofliT nakleb
marilebs kargaven, ris gamoc siTxis balansi da
temperaturuli homeostazi maT organizmSi
ufro keTilsaimedoa.
adamianis sxeulis zedapirze 4 000 000-mde
saofle jirkvalia , maTgan 3/4 merokrinuli (sx-
vagvarad - egzokrinuli, an ekrinuli) jirkvlebia,
danarCeni ki - apokrinuli. sekretis gamomyofi es
warmonaqmnebi asimetriuladaa ganawilebuli sx-
eulze da gansxvavdeba anatomiur-topografiuli
ganlagebiT, qimiuri SedgenilobiT, warmoqmnili
siTxis gamoyofis adgiliT.
normaluri oflwarmoqmna fiziologiuri
dacviTi meqanizmia Sinagani an/da garegani garem-
os temperaturis momatebaze, romelic wylis
aorTqlebis gziT sxeulis kanis zedapiris
463
gagrilebas ganapirobebs. ofli Termoregulaciis
meqanizmis saboloo produqtis warmoadgens bev-
ri biologiuri saxeobisaTvis.
ofli saofle jirkvlebis mier gamoyofili
marilebisa da organuli nivTierebebis wy-
alxsnaria. adamianis ofls damaxasiaTebeli suni
aqvs, Tumca aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom
sakuTriv axladgamoyofil ofls suni ar aqvs.
suni mogvianebiT, kanze baqteriebis gamravlebis
Sedegad Cndeba.
Cveulebriv, oTaxis temperaturaze dRe-Rame-
Si adamiani 400-600 ml ofls gamohyofs; garemos
temperaturis momatebisas, an Zlieri fizikuri
datvirTvisas gamoyofili oflis raodenobam Sei-
Zleba 12 l-s miaRwios. garemos temperaturis 50°C-
ze metad gazrdisas 1 saaTSi, SesaZloa, 2 litram-
de ofli gamoiyos; aseTi maRali temperaturis
pirobebSi ofliT wylis dakargva maSinac ki xdeba,
rodesac organizmSi wylis maragi ar /ver ivseba. es
ki organizmis gauwylovanebis (da amitom - mrava-
li fiziologiuri procesis darRvevis) mizezi Sei-
Zleba gaxdes. oflis pH 3,8-6,2-is farglebSia; of-
lis mJave reaqcia zrdis kanis baqtericidul
Tvisebebs.
merokrinuli jirkvlebi sxeulis kanis mTel
zedapirzea gafantuli, gansakuTrebiT bevria xe-
lis da fexis gulebze, iRliis midamoSi, saxeze,
mkerdsa da zurgze. merokrinul jirkvlebSi war-
moqmnili ofli “winaswari sekreciis~ saboloo
produqtia, e.i. nivTierebaa, romelic merokrinu-
li jirkvlis spiralis gaswvriv ganlagebul epiTe-
lur ujredebSi warmoiqmneba. winaswari sekreciis
zogierTi komponenti (kerZod, natriumi) jirkv-
lis sadinarSi gavlisas reabsorbirdeba. amitom,
kanis zedapirze gaCenili ofli hipotonuri xs-
naria, romelic Seicavs natriums, qlors da wy-
als. oflSi, aseve, mcire raodenobiT aris kaliumi,
Sardovana, Sardis mJava, rZis mJava, SesaZloa - kal-
ciumi, fosfori da magniumi (mcire odenobiT), zo-
gierTi aminmJava, aqroladi cximovani mJavebi. war-
moqmnili ofli gamWvirvale, usuno siTxea, romel-
ic aorTqlebiT monawileobs siTbos gacemasa da sx-
eulis temperaturis regulaciaSi.
apokrinuli saofle jirkvlebi aris iRli-
isqveSa midamoSi, Sorisis midamoSi, sarZeve jirkv-
lebis zonaSi. apokrinuli jirkvlebis mRvrie,
blanti sekreti aRwevs Tmis folikulis sadinar-
Si. sekrets suni ar aqvs, magram igi kanis mikroor-
ganizmebis, maT Soris - saprofitulis, koloniza-
cias uwyobs xels da, SesaZloa, intensiuri sunis
wyaro gaxdes.
aRwerilia, aseve, Sereuli - apoekrinuli
46 4
saofle jirkvlebi (iRliisqveSa modamoSi da
Sorisze, perianusur arealSi). Sereuli jirkvle-
bi merokrinuli winamorbedebidan warmoiqmneba
sqesobrivi momwifebis periodSi. sxvaTaSoris,
Sereuli saofle jirkvlebis roli hiperhidroz-
Si (Warbi oflianoba) garkveuli ar aris. zogierTi
individis iRliisqveSa midamoSi saofle jirkvleb-
is 45% Sereuli tipisaa; dadgenilia, rom Sereul
jirkvlebs merokrinul jirkvlebze ramdenjer-
me meti odenobiT oflwarmoqmna SeuZlia.
apokrinuli da merokrinuli saofle jirkv-
lebis Tanafardoba iRliisqveSa midamoSi aris 1:1,
sxeulis sxva monakveTebze ki - 1:10.
mero- da apokrinuli saofle jirkvlebi post-
gangliuri simpaTikuri boWkoebiT inervird-
eba; merokrinulisaTvis mediatori acetilqolin-
ia, apokrinulisaTvis - kateqolaminebi (adrenali-
ni, noradrenalini). sxeulis sxvadasxva midamos
saofle jirkvlebi zurgis tvinis sxvadasxva seg-
mentidan inervirdeba: saxeze - gulmkerdis II-IV,
xelebze - gulmkerdis II-VIII, sxeulze - gulmker-
dis II-XII, fexebze - gulmkerdis X- welis II.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Guiton-is mixedviT,
merokrinuli jirkvlebi (simpaTikuri qolinergu-
li inervaciis miuxedavad) reagirebs sisxlSi
mocirkulire adrenalinsa da noradrenalinze.
merokrinuli oflwarmoqmna vns-is ori ganyo-
filebis paradoqsuli urTierTqmedebis magali-
Tia da aq bevri sakiTxi jer kidev Sesaswavlia. iTv-
leba, rom stresis, SiSisa da SfoTvis dros xelis
gulebidan da fexisgulebidan profuzuli of-
ldena am regionebis saofle jirkvlebis ormagi -
adenerguli da qolinerguli - inervaciis Sedegia.
adamianis organizmis Termoregulaciis
centri hipoTalamusSia ganTavsebuli da sxeu-
lis temperaturas merokrinul saofle jirkvleb-
Si oflwarmoqmniT da kanSi sisxlis mimoqcevis aq-
tivaciiT akontrolebs. centri ara marto sxeulis
temperaturis Secvlaze reagirebs, aramed, aseve,
hormonul stimulebze, pirogenebze, fizikur aq-
tivobasa da emociebze. amasTan, iTvleba, rom
emociebi da fizikuri aqtivoba Termoregulaciis
centrze limburi sistemis gziT moqmedebs.
xelisa da fexis gulebis midamoSi oflwarmo-
qna, pirvel rigSi, emociur stimulebze reagirebs,
iRliisqveSa midamoSi ki - Termoregulaciur faq-
torebsa da emociebze. aRsaniSnavia. rom xelisa da
fexis gulebis saofle jirkvlebi sxva merokrinu-
li jirkvlebisgan arafriT gansxvavdeba (mor-
fologiurad, inervaciiT, mediatoriT). amitom
safuZvels moklebuli ar aris Teoria imis Sesax-
eb, rom hipoTalamusSi aris damoukidebeli cen-
tri, romelic aregulirebs oflwarmoqmnas xelis/
fexis gulebze, zogjer - iRliaSic. Termoregu-
laciis ZiriTadi centrisgan gansxvavebiT, es cen-
tri aqtiurdeba Tavis tvinis qerqidan momavali
impulsebiT da ar reagirebs sxeulis temperatur-
is cvlilebaze. am mosazrebas aZlierebs is faqti,
rom Ramis Zilis dros da sedaciuri preparate-
bis miRebis fonze xelis/fexisgulebis midamoSi
da, rogorc wesi - iRliis midamoSic, ofli ar gam-
oiyofa.
kanis saofle jirkvlebis moqmedebis regu-
laciis da misi Sefasebis Sesaxeb unda aRiniSnos
da aRiweros kan-galvanuri refleqsi (kgr). igi
adre fsiqogalvanur refleqsadac iwodeboda,
magram am terminma fexi ver moikida. “kan-galva-
nuri refleqsi” garkveul pativs gamoxatavs lu-
iji galvanis (1737-1798) mimarT, vinc, rogorc cno-
bilia, daadgina “cocxali eleqtrobis arseboba”.
frangma eleqtroTerapevtma, gabriel
v.vigurom1879 wels pirvelad aRwera eleqtroder-
muli pasuxis fenomeni, kerZod, garegani gaRiz-
ianebis sapasuxod, 1-10 wamSi kanis winaRobis un-
eblie Secvla. me-19 saukunis bolos-meoces
dasawyisSi am fenomenis kvleva gagrZelda (frangi
Sarl fere, germeneli geotg stikeri, Svedi oto
veraguti). gamoCenil mecnierTa Soris, visac mniS-
vnelovani wvlili miuZRvis am fiziologiuri
fenomenis kvlevaSi aris qarTveli ivane Tarx-
niSvili (Tarxanovi; 1846-1908). faqtobrivad,
axla kan-galvanuri refleqsis kvlevis ori Ziri-
Tadi meTodi gamoiyeneba:1) TarxniSvilis mixedviT
(Tarchanoff-is fenomeni, 1889) -kanis eleqtruli
potencialebis registracia; 2) feres mixedviT -
kanis eleqtruli winaRobis registracia. orive
meTodi identur Sedegs iZleva; mxolod kanis win-
aRobis cvlilebis latenturi periodi metia, vi-
dre kanis biopotencialebis registraciisa.
i.TarxniSvilis mixedviT, kgr-is mizezi adami-
anis nervuli sistemis aqtivaciaa, rasac oflis
sekreciis gaZliereba da kanze galvanuri denis
aRmoceneba axlavs Tan. warmoqmnili oflis raode-
noba araerTi faqtoriT ganisazRvreba: garemos
temperatura, wyal-marilovani cvla, sisx-
lZarRvebis sanaTuri da, rac mTavaria, cns-is da
vns-is funqciuri mdgomareoba. cns-is moqmedebis
aqtivaciisas kanis saofle jirkvlebis funqcion-
irebis da, amavdroulad, kanis denebis gaZliereba
oflwarmomqmneli struqturebis erTdrouli
gaRizianebis Sedegia. kanis potencialebi aRmocen-
deba refleqsurad, romelTa rkalebi Tavis tvi-
nis qerqsa da qerqqveSa centrebSi ikvreba.
SemuSavebulia kanis potencialebis Teoria (v.

kofic-jonseni, x.iusinji), romlis Tanaxmadac epi-
dermisisa da dermis sazRvarze arsebobs di-
poluri ujredebi. maTi gamtaroba SigniT da gareT
mimarTul boloebze gansxvavebulia da maT
ZaluZT, koncentraciuli gradientis gadalaxviT,
natriumis ionebis Setana ujredSi (ix. oflis Se-
madgenloba). dadgenilia, rom kan-galvanuri reaq-
cia damokidebulia kanis fenebis araTanabar po-
larizaciaze. miRebul eleqtrul mruds erT-, an
orfaziani rxeva aqvs. kgr-is aRmavali nawili dakav-
Sirebulia simpaToadrenalinur aqtivaciasTan,
saofle jirkvlebis sadinarebis SevsebasTan of-
liT, misi nawilis “gadmosrolasTan” kanis zeda-
pirze da kanis temperaturis momatebasTan, xolo
daRmavali nawili - oflis SewovasTan sadinare-
bidan da, amitom, maT erTgvar “daCutvasTan”. kgr-
is amplituda oflis raodenobaze araa damokide-
buli. kgr korelirebs saofle jirkvlebis sim-
WidrovesTan: yvelaze maRalia xelisa da fexis
gulebze, Semdeg -iRliis fosoSi, Sublze da sxv.
kanis im ubnebSi ki, sadac saofle jirkvlebi ar
aris (tuCis kide, sxv.) kgr ar registrirdeba. eqs-
perimentuli kvlevebiT kurarizebul cxovelebze
dadgenilia, rom ganivzoliani muskulatura kgr-
Si ar monawileobs. atropinis mcire dozebiT mi-
iReba kgr-is (anu, eleqtrodermogramis) Semcire-
ba, didi dozebiT ki - daTrgunva. kgr-is aRmoceneb-
isaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, aseve, kanSi Semava-
li nervuli boWkoebis simWidrovesac. amasTan, ka-
nis winaRoba damokidebulia aramarto epidermi-
sis sisqeze, aramed misi tenianobis xarisxzec: ka-
nis dasvelebisas misi winaRoba 40%-iT mcirdeba.
kgr efeqturad gamoiyeneba fsiqofiziolo-
giaSi, maT Soris e.w. sicruis deteqtorze (pulsis
da sunTqvis sixSiris, aseve, sxva fiziologiuri
parametrebis registraciasTan erTad).
emociuri oflwarmoqmna atavizmis gamov-
linebad iTvleba; uZvelesi adamianebisTvis igi
mniSvnelovani iyo nadirobisa da mterTan brZolis
dros. oflis normaluri raodenobiT xelis (da
fexis) gulebis datenianeba amcirebs xaxunis
Zalas; es lokaluri hiperhidrozia. general-
izebuli (anu mTelis sxeulis masStabiT) hiper-
hidrozi agrilebs sxeuls, kerZod - fizikuri
datvirTvisas. garda amisa, emociuri faqtorebis
gavleniT iRliisqveSa midamoSi oflwarmoqmnis
gaZliereba apokrinuli saofle jirkvlebis bune-
brivi sekretis aorTqlebas da feromonebis gavr-
celebas (gafantvas) uwyobs xels.
medikosebisaTvis saintereso iqneba Semdegi
fenomenebi/cnebebi: nomidrozi - ofli nei-
traluri suniT, osmidrozi – mZafrsuniani
465
ofli, bromhidrozi - ofli cudi suniT, hema-
tidrozi - sisxliani ofli, qromhidrozi -
Seferili ofli, uridrozi - Sardovanas ga-
Zlierebuli gamoyofa ofliT.
mamakacebi qalebze daaxloebiT 4-jer met
ofls gamoyofen: jer erTi, androgenebi aZlierebs
oflwarmoqmnas; meorec, mamakacis sxeulis zeda-
piris farTobi, da Sesabamisad - gasagrilebeli
farTobic, metia, vidre qalisa. iTvleba, rom ad-
amianebis did nawils sxeulis marjvena naxevari
ufro Zlierad eofleba, vidre marcxena.
sxeulis zedapiridan wylis aorTqlebis ori
gza arsebobs:
- gamoyofili oflis aorTqleba,
- kanis zedapirze difuziis gziT moxvedrili
wylis aorTqleba - wylis `SeumCneveli~ dakargva.
ukanaskneli meqanizmi ganapirobebs wylis
(dRe-RameSi 600 ml-mde) da siTbos dakargvas, ma-
galiTad, haergamtari gzebis lorwovani garsebiT.
sicivis moqmedebisas filtvebiT siTbos am gziT
gacemis damcvelobiTi Semcireba viTardeba bron-
qebis spazmis xarjze, rac zrdis bronqebis wina-
Robas (15%-mde) da SeiZleba gamoiwvios `sicivis
qoSinis~ ganviTareba. adamianebSi es reaqcia ufro
mkveTrad gamoxatulia bronq-filtvis paTologi-
is arsebobisas.
siTbos gacemis Secvlis adaptaciur meqaniz-
mTa uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs
Termoregulaciis funqciuri sistemis qceviT
komponents. sicivis pirobebSi qceviTi regu-
lacia SeiZleba sakmaod efeqturi iyos, arsebi-
Tad zRudavs ra organizmis kontaqts garemos-
Tan. adamianis tansacmeli, gaSiSvlebuli sxeu-
lidan siTbos gacemasTan SedarebiT, siTbos da-
kargvas daaxloebiT orjer amcirebs. `arqtiku-
li tipis~ tansacmels ki siTbos gacemis Semci-
reba 5-6-jer SeuZlia .
adamianis temperaturuli komfortis zona
damokidebulia garemos maxasiTeblebze, ganisazR-
vreba misi saxiT, temperaturiT, tenianobiT (Tu es
garemo haeria), moZraobis siCqariT, sxeulis tempe-
raturisgan gansxvavebuli temperaturis mqone sag-
nebis arsebobiT. gansazRvrul pirobebSi tempera-
turuli komfortis mdgomareoba viTardeba - am
dros Termoregulaciis meqanizmTa aqtivoba mini-
maluria. komfortis zona (Termoneitraluri zo-
na) haeris 50%-iani tenianobisa da haeris tempera-
turisa da Senobis kedlebis temperaturis tolo-
bisas `Txlad~ Cacmuli mjdomare adamianisaT-
vis 25-26 oC-ia. gaSiSvlebuli adamianisTvis
komfortis temperatura aseTive pirobebSi
28 oC-ia.
46 6
organizmSi komfortis zonis farglebs miRma
pirobebSi viTardeba siTbos warmoqmnisa da siTbos
gacemis procesTa adaptaciuri cvlilebebi, rom-
lebic uzrunvelyofs sxeulis temperaturis mud-
mivobas. regulirebadi diapazonis farglebs miRma
Termoregulaciis meqanizmebi sakmarisi aRar aris
da, Sesabamisad, hipo- an hiperTermia viTardeba . re-
gulirebadi diapazoni SeiZleba gafarTovdes siT-
bos/sicivis mimarT winaswari adaptaciis, damcve-
lobiTi tansacmlis gamoyenebis, wylisa da sakve-
bis miRebis cvlilebebis xarjze.
niutonis kanonis Tanaxmad, sxeulis mier
gacemuli siTbo proporciulia sxeulisa da
garemos temperaturis sxvaobisa.
Sesabamisad, sxeulis temperaturis mudmivoba gare-
mos temperaturis Semcirebisas SeiZleba miRweul iqnas
siTbos warmoqmnis gaZlierebiT, oflis gamoyofis
mi nimizebiT, siTbos gacemis S ezRudviT da sxeu-
lis `garsis~ qsovilTa vazokonstriqciuli reaq-
ci ebis aqtivaciiT.
garemos temperaturis mniSvnelovani ma-
tebisas `garsis~ sisxlZarRvebi farTovdeba, siT-
bos gacema Zlierdeba aorTqlebiT. Tumca, nivTie-
rebaTa cvlis done am dros ar scdeba ZiriTadi cv-
lis farglebs.
adamianis Seguebis xasiaTi garemos Semcire-
bul an momatebul temperaturasTan, aseve, gani-
sazRvreba sxeulis gacivebadi an gamTbari zeda-
piris farTobiT, individualuri TaviseburebebiT.
ase, zogierT adamianSi sxeulis stabiluri tempe-
raturis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofa metwilad
siTbos warmoqmnis cvlilebaTa xarjze xdeba, zo-
gierTSi ki, aseTive pirobebSi - siTbos gacemis re-
gulirebis xarjze.
kanis Tmian safarvelTan mimarTebaSi
sainteresoa Semdegi:
Tmis folikulebi sisxlZarRvTa ori wnuliT
maragdeba: folikulis zeda nawili - dvrilqveSa
wnulidan, qveda nawili da kanis dvrili ki-
kanqveSa wnulidan.
folikulis sisxlZarRvovan qselSi ori tipis
kapilarebia: e.w. mTliani da fenestrirebuli .
am ukanasknelTa endoTeliumSi forebia, romelic
nivTierebaTa transendoTelur transports
uwyobs xels.
fenestrirebuli kapilarebi ufro aRiniSneba
Tmis folikulis kanis dvrilis SigniTa da gareTa
mxares.folikulis sxva nawilebi mTliani
kapilarebis qseliT maragdeba.
fenestrirebuli kapilarebis aseTi SerCeviTi
ganlageba folikulis mitozurad aqtiuri nawilis
saWiroebiTaa pirobadebuli, kerZod - sakvebi
nivTierebebiTa da hormonebiT maTi ukeT
momaragebis interesiT.
Tmis folikulis refleqsis cnebis qveS
igulisxmeba folikulis da misi mimdebare sisx-
lZarRvTa qselis pasuxi folikulSi aRmocenebul
meqanikur gaRizianebaze.
folikuli da irgvlivi sisxlZarRvebi simpa-
Tikuri adrenerguli boWkoebiT inervirdeba,
romelTac tonuri Semaviwrovebeli gavlena aqvT.
Tavis kanis Tmis folikulebi paravertebruli gan-
gliebidan momdinare postgangliuri (adrenergu-
li) boWkoebiT inervirdeba (pregangliuri qolin-
erguli boWkoebi zurgis tvinis kisris qveda seg-
mentebidan momdinareobs). simpaTikuri efeqtebi
alfa- da beta- adrenoreceptorebiT realizdeba.
alfa1- da alfa2-adrenoreceptorebis agzneba fo-
likulis muskulaturis SekumSvas iwvevs (“batis
kanis~ fenomeni), beta2-adrenoreceptorebisa ki -
kumSvadi efeqtis Sekavebas, folikulis irgvliv
vazodilatacias da Tmis amwevi kunTebis
modunebas.
Tmis folikulis kunTovani boWkoebi da irgv-
livi sisxlZarRvovani qseli, SesaZloa, erTi da
igive motoneironis gantotebebiT inervirde-
bodes, rac am struqturebis axlo da mWidro gan-
lagebiT da maTi funqciuri erTianobiTaa piro-
badebuli.
Tmis amwevi kunTebisa da maTi irgvlivi sisx-
lZarRvebis muskulaturis modunebis sinqronize-
ba wamyvania Tmis folikulis fazuri transfor-
maciisTvis. amdenad, Tmis folikulis refleq-
sis efeqturi marTva, SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani
aRmoCndes Tmis cvenis prevenciisa da mkur-
nalobisTvis ( T.Tamazashvili, 2010).
sxeulis temperaturis regulaciis
meqanizmebi
Termorecepcia xorcieldeba A-delta da C
tipis wvril sensorul boWkoTa Tavisufali dabo-
loebebiT. arsebobs periferiuli (kanSi, kanqveSa
qsovilebSi, CoCxis kunTebsa da Sinagan organoeb-
Si) da centraluri Termoreceptorebi (cns-Si).
kanis Termoreceptorebi axdenen garemos
temperaturis cvlilebebis signalTa gadacemas
Termoregulaciis centrebSi da, agreTve, uzrun-
velyofen temperaturul SegrZnebaTa formire-
bas. kanis sicivis receptorTa ricxvi mravaljer
aRemateba siTbos receptorTa ricxvs; Sinagan
organoebsa da qsovilebSi, aseve, sicivis recep-
torebi sWarbobs .
zurgisa da Sua tvinSi , agreTve, hipoTalamus-
Si (gansakuTrebiT - mis medialur preoptikur mi-

damoSi) aRmoCenilia centraluri Termorecep-
torebi, romlebsac Termosensorebs uwodeben.
es neironebia, romelic aigzneba maTi uSualo ga-
civebisas an gaTbobisas 0,011oC-iT an metiT da Se-
degad cvlis organizmis rogorc siTbos warmoqm-
nis, aseve ,siTbos gacemis intensivobas. magaliTad,
hipoTalamusis preoptikuri midamos gaTbobisas
dauyovnebliv imatebs oflis gamoyofa, farTov-
deba kanis sisxlZarRvebi, siTbos warmoqmna ki ik-
lebs. siTbur neironTa ganmuxtvaTa gaxSireba win
uswrebs sunTqvis sixSiris matebas, romlis dro-
sac siTbos gacema izrdeba. ukana hipoTalamusTan,
Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia Sua da zurgis tvinis
TermomgrZnobiare struqturebi. amgvarad, Ter-
moregulaciis funqciuri sistemis centralur
aparats bevri Semavali arxi aqvs.
Termoregulaciis centri . Termoregula-
ciaSi wamyvan rols hipoTalamusis struqture-
bi asruleben, rac damtkicebul iqna tvinis gadaW-
ris meTodiT. ase, kataSi hipoTalamusis rostra-
lurad gadaWra ar iwvevs Termoregulaciis arse-
biT cvlilebebs, magram Sua tvinTan hipoTalamu-
sis kavSiris darRvevis Semdeg cxoveli praqtiku-
lad kargavs temperaturuli gaRizianebisas siT-
bos warmoqmnisa da siTbos gacemis Secvlis unars.
varaudoben hipoTalamusSi Termoregulaci-
ur neironTa sami saxis arsebobas:
- aferentul neironTa, romlebic signalebs
periferiuli da centraluri Termoreceptorebi-
sagan iReben,
- CarTul, anu interneironTa,
- eferentul neironTa, romelTa aqsonebi
Termoregulaciis sistemis efeqtorTa aqtivobas
akontroleben.
periferiuli Termoreceptorebidan informa-
cia wina hipoTalamusis medialur preoptikur
midamoSi midis. aq xdeba periferiidan miRebul sig-
nalTa Sedareba centralur TermosensorTa aqti-
vobasTan, romlebic asaxaven tvinis temperaturis
mdgomareobas.
am ori wyaros informaciis integraciis sa-
fuZvelze ukana hipoTalamusi ganapirobebs
signalTa gamomuSavebas, romlebic marTaven
siTbos warmoqmnisa da gacemis procesebs. swo-
red aqaa aRmoCenili neironebi, romelTa aqti-
voba damokidebulia rogorc hipoTalamusis pre-
optikuri midamos, aseve, zurgis tvinis kiser-
gulmkerdis ganyofilebis neironTa lokalur
siTbur gaRizianebaze.
ukana hipoTalamusis dorsomedialur nawilSi,
mesame parkuWis kedelTan aRmoCenilia kankalis
motoruli centri. is aigzneba sxeulis tempera-
467
turis Semcirebisas gradusis wiliTac ki (regula-
cia fiziologiuri parametris gadaxraze - `Seu-
TanxmeblobiT~). am dros jer imatebs kunTebis
tonusi , xolo Semdeg viTardeba kankali. es cent-
ri dakavSirebulia zurgisa da mogrZo tvinis mo-
torul centrebTan.
kanis Termoreceptorebi centralur nervul
sistemas informacias garemos temperaturis moma-
tebis an Semcirebis Sesaxeb awvdis Sinagani garemos
temperaturis gadaxramde. am dros irTveba Ter-
moregulaciuri meqanizmebi, romlebic am gadaxras
aicileben Tavidan (regulacia fiziologiuri pa-
rametrebis gadaxramde - `SeSfoTebiT ~).
arsebobs Termomaregulirebeli reaqciebi,
romelic xorcieldeba zurgisa da mogrZo tvinis
meSveobiT. rogorc Cans, aseTi meqanizmebi monawi-
leobs `lokalur adaptaciaSi ~, rodesac sxeu-
lis gansazRvruli nawilebis mdgradoba gacivebi-
sa da gaxurebis mimarT izrdeba, magaliTad, kis-
ris an xelebis vazomotorul da oflis gamomyof
reaqciaTa xarjze.
Tavis tvinis umaRlesi struqturebi, ker-
Zod - axali qerqi, aseve, monawileobs Termore-
gulaciaSi. damtkicebulia pirobiT-refleqsuri
meqanizmis roli winmswreb vegetatur da qceviT
reaqciaTa organizebaSi, romelic mimarTulia
organizmis temperaturuli konstantis optima-
luri sididis SenarCunebisaken.sicivesTan indi-
vidualuri mdgradobis ganviTarebaSi mniSvne-
lovan rols SeiZleba asrulebdes imprintingi
- mexsierebis adreuli forma.
Termoregulaciis eferentuli gzebi.
siTbos warmoqmnis regulacia xorcieldeba
somaturi nervuli sistemiT, romelic rTavs
Termomaregulirebel SekumSviT reaqciebs da sim-
paTikuri nervuli sistemiT, romelic aaqti-
vebs araSekumSviT siTbos warmoqmnas. beta-adre-
noreceptorebis farmakologiuri blokadisas
siTbos warmoqmnis `arakankalis~ meqanizmi gamoi-
ricxeba. simpaTikuri nervebis daboloebebSi ga-
moTavisuflebuli noradrenalini astimuli-
rebs ruxi cximovani qsovilidan Tavisufal cxi-
movani mJavebis gamoyofas da maT Semdgom CarTvas
metabolizmis reaqciebSi. Tirkmelzeda jirkvle-
bidan kateqolaminebis gamoyofa aseTive efeqts
iwvevs. amis Sedegad Zlierdeba JangviTi da fos-
folirebis procesTa SeuTanxmebloba, imatebs
pirveladi siTbos gamoyofa.
Termoregulaciis humorul meqanizmTa
monawileoba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gare-
mos temperaturis ganmeorebiT cvlilebebTan
adaptaciisas. adamianis sicivesTan adaptaciaSi
46 8
farisebri jirkvlis roli gaurkvevelia. cxove-
lebSi Tiroqsinis sekreciis momateba viTardeba
sicivis ramdenimekviriani zemoqmedebisas. am
dros jirkvlis masa 20-40%-iT imatebs, Tiroqsi-
nis sekreciis mateba iwvevs ujreduli metaboliz-
mis aqtivacias. adamiani aseT gacivebas iSviaTad ga-
nicdis. Tumca, zogierT kvlevaSi naCvenebia, rom
jariskacebSi, romlebic xangrZlivi droiT msaxu-
robdnen arqtikul ubnebSi da, agreTve, eskimoseb-
Si SeiniSneba ZiriTadi cvlis momateba. SesaZlebe-
lia, farisebr jirkvalze sicivis mastimulirebe-
li moqmedeba warmoadgens toqsikuri Tireoidu-
li Ciyvis ganviTarebis sixSiris matebis erT-erT
mizezs civi klimatis pirobebSi macxovreblebSi.
siTbos gacemis regulacia dakavSirebu-
lia simpaTikur noradrenergul neironTa aq-
tivobasTan, romelTa agznebam SeiZleba ga-
moiwvios kanis sisxlZarRvTa sanaTuris Se-
viwroeba da, aseve, simpaTikur qolinergul
neironebTan, romlebic saofle jirkvlebs
aagzneben.
sicxis pirobebSi kanis sisxlZarRvTa gafar-
Toebam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos saofle jirkvlebi-
dan bradikininis gamoyofas. arsebobs monacemebi
kininebis monawileobis Sesaxeb siciviTi vazodi-
lataciis formirebaSic.
mniSvnelovani fsiqikuri daZabvisas mtevnebi-
sa da terfebis kanis sisxlZarRvTa Seviwroebas Se-
iZleba Tan axldes am ubnebSi oflis gamoyofa. Ter-
moregulaciis TvalsazrisiT aseT paradoqsul
movlenas SeiZleba ewodos emociuri oflis ga-
moyofa; is ar aris adaptaciuri xasiaTisa da gan-
pirobebulia simpaTikuri nervuli sistemis Warbi
aqtivaciiT.
sxeulis saSualo integraluri temperaturis
mcired gadaxrisas icvleba mxolod siTbos `gace-
ma~ garsis sisxlZarRvovan reaqciaTa xarjze. Tu
temperaturis gadaxra grZeldeba, viTardeba qce-
viTi SeguebiTi reaqciebi; garemos maRali tempera-
turisas, agreTve, imatebs oflis gamoyofa. gare-
mos dabali temperaturisas ki Cndeba Semdegi kun-
Turi reaqcia: jer kunTebis tonusi imatebs, xolo
Sinagani temperaturis Semcirebisas viTardeba kan-
kali.
Termoregulaciis sistemaSi regulirebad pa-
rametrad iTvleba organizmis Signagani garemos
temperatura. funqciuri sistemis mdgradobisaT-
vis regulirebadi temperatura sxeuli s `birTvis~
is jamuri temperaturaa, romlis drosac ar irT-
veba arc W arbi siTbos gamoyofis, da arc orga-
nizmis sicivisagan damcavi meqanizmebi.
sxeulis `birTvis~ temperaturis Semcirebis
tendenciisas (cirkulirebadi sisxlis temperatu-
ra) aqtivirdeba sicivis hipoTalamusuri Termore-
ceptorebi. hipoTalamusis TermomgrZnobiare nei-
ronTa (sicivis Termosensorebi) garda, viTardeba
sicivis sisxlZarRvTa da organoTa Termorecepto-
rebis aqtivacia. maTi impulsacia iwvevs qimiuri
Termoregulaciis hipoTalamusuri centris neiro-
nuli aparatis damatebiT aqtivacias. am centris aq-
tivobis matebis Sedegad qimiuri Termoregulaci-
is periferiuli aparatis - organizmSi siTbos war-
moqmnis elementebis muSaoba Zlierdeba.
Termoregulaciis centris da, agreTve, siT-
bos gacemis periferiuli aparatis neirofizio-
logiuri aqtiuroba aseT situaciaSi mcirdeba, ri-
Tac organizmis Sinagani garemos temperaturis
Semcirebis aRniSnuli tendencia iblokeba.
organizmis Sinagani garemos temperaturis
momatebisas procesebi sapirispiro sqemiT vi-
Tardeba - aqtiurdeba hipoTalamusuri siTburi
Termorecetorebi, sisxlZarRvTa, Sinagan orga-
noTa siTburi recetorebi, fizikuri Termore-
gulaciis centraluri da periferiuli meqaniz-
mebi. siTbos `Camogdebis~ procesebi Zlierdeba,
organizmSi siTbos warmoqmna ferxdeba.
Termoregulaciis analogiuri meqanizmebi
amuSavdeba temperaturuli zemoqmedebisas kanis
Termorecetorebze, romlebic reagireben orga-
nizmis gare garemos temperaturis cvlilebeze.
kanis Termorecetorebze dabali temperatu-
ris zemoqmedebisas aferentuli nervuli impul-
saciis xarjze xdeba centris agzneba, romelic
akontrolebs siTbos warmoqmnas - qimiuri Termo-
regulaciis centrisa.
es iwvevs organizmSi siTbos warmoqmnis peri-
feriul meqanizmTa aqtivacias, siTbos `Camogde-
bis~ meqanizmebi ferxdeba. kanis receptorTa ar-
seboba funqciur sistemas aZlevs regulirebadi
konstantis optimalur doneze stabilizaciis
procesis ufro daxvewilad organizebis saSuale-
bas.
funqciuri sistemis centralur aparatTa
`gadawyoba~ kanis receptorTa gaRizianebis Sem-
TxvevaSi mimdinareobs winswrebiT Sinagani gare-
mos sisxlis temperaturis realur cvlilebeb-
Tan mimarTebaSi - kanis receptorebidan wamosu-
li informacia iqceva organizmis Sinagani gare-
mos temperaturis SesaZlebeli Secvlis gamaf-
rTxilebel signalad.
Termoregulaciis funqciuri sistemis hipoTa-
lamusuri aparatis winswrebiTi reaqciebi fizi-
ologiuri normis pirobebSi regulirebadi tempe-

raturuli konstantis rxevebis minimizebas axdens.
kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom organiz-
mis bunebrivi aqtivobis pirobebSi Termoregula-
ciis funqciuri sistemis uzrunvelyofaSi didi
wvlili aqvs regulaciis qceviT rgols . qcevi-
Ti reaqciebi garemos temperaturis matebis, an
Semcirebis pirobebSi yovelTvis mkacrad specifi-
kuri da sakmaod efeqturia.
hiperTermia da hipoTermia
hiperTermia sxeulis temperaturis gazr-
daa 37 oC-is zemoT. is aRmocendeba garemos maRa-
li temperaturis xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis, orga-
nizmis mier siTbos arasakmarisi gacemisa da Warbi
siTbos warmoqmnis Sedegad.
hiperTermiis dros Termoregulaciis yvela
efeqtoruli procesi maqsimalurad gaaqtivebu-
lia: eqsteroreceptorTa agzneba (garemos maRa-
li temperaturis SemTxvevaSi) iwvevs Termoregu-
laciis meqanizmTa amoqmedebas Sinagani garemos
temperaturis momatebamde.
drois xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi adami-
ans ZaluZs sxeulis 43oC-is temperaturis `gaZle-
ba~, magram misi gadarCenisTvis drois ufro xangrZ-
livi periodis ganmavlobaSi zRvrul temperaturas
42oC warmoadgens . Tumca, 40-41oC temperaturisas
SesaZloa ganviTardes tvinis mZime dazianebebi -
tvinis qsovilis SeSupeba, neironTa sikvdili.
hipoTermia sxeulis temperaturis daqveiTe-
baa 35oC-mde da ufro qvemoT. is SeiZleba iyos da-
bali temperaturis garemoSi organizmis xangrZli-
vi yofnis Sedegi. organizmis gacivebis sawyis sta-
diaze Termoregulaciis procesebi mniSvnelovnad
aqtiurdeba, magram Tu hipoTermia grZeldeba, sxe-
ulis temperatura iwyebs dacemas; roca igi 31oC-s
aRwevs, viTardeba cnobierebis dakargva, xolo 24-
28oC-ze, Cveulebriv, dgeba sikvdili.
zogierTi qirurgiuli operaciisas gamoyene-
badi hipoTermiis dros, organizmis gacivebis gar-
da, sxeulis regulirebadi temperaturis Sesanar-
Cuneblad mimarTuli SeguebiTi reaqciebis bloki-
rebis mizniT farmakologiur preparatebs iyeneben.
aseT situaciaSi sxeulis temperatura organizmis-
Tvis saSiSroebis gareSe SeiZleba Semcirdes 24-
28oC-mde; am dros mcirdeba tvinis mier Jangbadis
moxmareba. aseT pirobebSi Cndeba sunTqvis organo-
ebisa, an gulis muSaobis 15-20 wuTiT gamorTvis Se-
saZlebloba, rac iZleva qirurgiuli operaciis Ses-
rulebis saSualebas.
469
adaptacia garemos temperaturis periodul
cvlilebebTan. gakaJeba da janmrTeloba
Segueba garemos temperaturis mravaljerad
momatebasa da SemcirebasTan - temperaturuli
aklimatizacia - organizmis erTian reaqciaa, ro-
melic misi praqtikulad yvela sistemis monawi-
leobiT viTardeba .
organizmze sicivis zemoqmedebisas siTbos
warmoqmnis gazrdasTan SeuRlebulia kunTebis Se-
kumSvaTa margi qmedebis koeficientis TandaTano-
biT ganviTarebadi kleba, ris Sedegadac energo-
xarjvis umetesi nawili mimarTulia siTbos gafan-
tvasa da sxeulis gaTbobisken. es gardauvals xdis
Jangbadis moxmarebis gazrdasa da misi transpor-
tirebis sistemis aqtivacias, e.i. filtvis ventila-
ciisa da gulis kumSviTi aqtivobis gazrdas, arte-
riuli wnevis matebas. sisxlSi izrdeba hemoglobi-
nis koncentracia, kunTebSi TandaTan matulobs mi-
oglobinis raodenoba.
sisxlis mimoqcevis gadanawilebam (kanis sisx-
lZarRvebSi mikrocirkulaciis SemcirebiT da Se-
fardebiTi gazrdiT centralur ganyofilebebSi,
msxvil sisxlZarRvebsa da gulis RruSi ) SeiZleba
gamoiwvios winagulTa volumreceptoruli refleq-
sebis ganviTareba. amis Sedegad SeiZleba gaizar-
dos Sardis gamoyofa - e.w. sicivis diurezi da
natriumurezi - rogorc antidiurezuli hormo-
nisa da aldosteronis sekreciis Semcirebis Sede-
gi.
gansazRvrul pirobebSi SeiZleba ganviTardes
dabali/maRali temperaturis mimarT adaptaciis
plastikuri varianti - Segueba, anu toleranto-
ba (laT. tolerantio-moTmineba).
sicivis xangrZlivi zemoqmedebisas Segueba
imasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rom kankalis ganviTare-
bisa da siTbos warmoqmnis zRurbli gadaadgilde-
ba ufro nakleb temperaturaTa mxares. am dros mo-
lekulur, ujredul da qsovilur doneze viTar-
deba cvlilebebi, romlebic xels uwyobs organiz-
mis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sistemaTa mdgrado-
bis gazrdas `birTvis~ temperaturis cvlilebaTa
mimarT. aseTi movlena aRmoCenilia, kerZod, myvin-
TavebSi - margalitis maZieblebSi, romelTa Sroma
dakavSirebulia daaxloebiT 10oC temperaturis
wyalSi periodul CaSvebebTan, xolo CaSvebis ja-
muri xangrZlivoba aRwevs ramdenime saaTs dReSi.
sxeulis temperatura SeiZleba 36oC-ze naklebic
iyos, magram organizmis funqciebi am dros umniS-
vnelod iyos Secvlili.
dedamiwis tropikul regionTa mudmiv
macxovrebelTa Soris, piriqiT, viTardeba siTbos-
47 0
Tan Segueba: am adamianTa sxeulis temperatura mo-
matebulia mosvenebis drosac da maTSi siTbos ga-
cemis gazrda iwyeba sxeulis 0,5oC-iT ufro maRali
temperaturisas, vidre zomieri klimatis raion-
Ta mcxovrebebSi.
neirohumoruli meqanizmebiT ganpirobebul-
ma adaptaciurma reaqciebma sicivisa da sicxis gan-
meorebiT zemoqmedebaze SeiZleba gavlena moax-
dinos organizmis mdgradobaze garemos sxva faq-
torTa zemoqmedebisadmi, rac damokidebulia
temperaturis cvlilebis xasiaTze - xangrZlivo-
baze, intensivobaze, sixSireze.
adamianebSi, romlebic didi xnis ganmavloba-
Si imyofebian dabali temperaturis pirobebSi,
TandaTan energetikulad ufro ekonomiuri reaq-
ciebi viTardeba da matulobs parasimpaTikuri
nervuli sistemis maregulirebeli aqtivoba . am
dros SeiZleba Semcirdes sayrden-mamoZravebeli,
endokrinuli da saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis da
onkologiur daavadebaTa sixSirec.
yvela es dadebiTi efeqti viTardeba ara saw-
yis etapebze, aramed sicivis periodul zemoqme-
debaze xangrZlivi adaptaciis Sedegad. swored ase-
Ti reJimis dros SeiZleba SeiniSnebodes organiz-
mis rezervTa `gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoeba~ si-
civis zemoqmedebaTa Soris periodebSic. cxove-
lebSi gacivebis dros Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebis
sekreciul ujredTa birTvebSi mcirdeba dnm-is
Semcveloba, RviZlis ujredebSi iklebs glikoge-
nis koncentracia, Tumca, sicivis eqspoziciaTa So-
ris periodebSi am nivTierebaTa raodenoba sawyis-
ze metia.
Tu adaptaciis adreul etapebze, umTavre-
sad, genotipuri (Tandayolili) meqanizmebi
“muSaobs”, romelic eqstremalur pirobebSi War-
bi da mflangvelia, ufro gvian vadebSi viTar-
deba ufro moqnili da ekonomiuri fenotipuri,
individualuri meqanizmebi; organizmis rezer-
vebi am dros ara marto droulad aRdgeba, ara-
med izrdeba kidec.
bazaluri/bazisuri temperatura
bazaluri/bazisuri temperatura organiz-
mis yvelaze dabali temperaturuli maCvenebelia
mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi (rogorc wesi -Zilis
dros, an gamoRviZebisTanave). qalis organizmSi
ovulacia iwvevs bazaluri temperaturis mo-
matebas 0,25oC– 0,5oC-iT (sxva monacemebiT - 0,3oC–
0,9oCiT); amitomac, bazaluri temperaturis gazom-
va swor nawlavSi funqciuri sadiagnostiko tes-
tia, romelic qalis organizmis hormonuli homeo-
stazis Sefasebis da menstrualuri ciklis fer-
tiluri fazis gansazRvris saSualebas iZleva (Tum-
ca - iribad!). es testi SemuSavebulia britaneli
mkvlevaris, marSalis mier (1953). bazaluri temper-
aturis gazomva gamoiyeneba biologiuri kontra-
cepciis mizniT, Tu ar aris sxva saSualebebis/me-
Todebis gamoyenebis survili an SesaZlebloba .
amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom bazaluri tempera-
turis maCvenebelze bevri fizikuri Tu
fsiqologiuri faqtori moqmedebs (alkoholis
miReba, nawlavebis aSliloba, stresi, sxv.), risi
gaTvaliswinebac aucilebelia. bazaluri temper-
aturis gazomvis vaginuri, an oraluri meTodi ara-
standartizebuli da arazustia.
ovulaciis win mzardi folikulis mier estra-
diolis warmoqmnis intensivoba maqsimaluria; ovu-
laciis Semdeg yviTeli sxeuli warmoqmnis proges-
terons, uwyobs ra xels endometriumis momzade-
bas ganayofierebuli kvercxujredis implantaci-
isaTvis. estradioli ganapirobebs bazaluri tem-
peraturis Semcirebas, progesteroni ki -momate-
bas. yovelive es ovulaciis vadis gansazRvris sa-
Sualebas iZleva. amitomacaa SesaZlebeli baza-
luri temperaturis mrudis cvlilebebiT qalis
fertilobis xarisxis Sefaseba.
Termoregulaciis Taviseburebebi
xandazmul adamianebSi
xandazmul adamianebSi organizmis Sinagani
temperatura SeiZleba SenarCundes 34-35oC-is do-
neze. kankalis meqanizmi am dros ar irTveba. es imas-
Tanaa dakavSirebuli, rom Termoregulaciis fun-
qciuri sistema xandazul adaminebSi `gadaprogra-
mirebulia~ ufro dabali temperaturis SenarCu-
nebaze. sxva mxriv funqciuri sistema normalu-
rad muSaobs. amasTan erTad, xandazmuli da moxu-
ci adamianebi garemos temperaturis cvlilebebs
uaresad eguebian, rac ufro mniSvnelovnad vlin-
deba sicivis zemoqmedebisas. aseT pirobebSi xan-
dazmul adamianebSi metaboluri reaqciebi da kan-
Si vazokonstriqciis ganviTarebis siCqare Semci-
rebulia, hipoTermiis albaToba izrdeba.
qalebSi es Taviseburebebi naklebadaa gamoxa-
tuli. xandazmuli asakis adamianebi, axalgazrdeb-
Tan SedarebiT, naklebad tolerantulni arian ga-
daxurebasTan mimarTebaSic, Tumca, es ara asakTan,
aramed gawrTvnilobis donesa da janmrTelobis
mdgomareobasTan ufro aris dakavSirebuli.