organizmTa mravalferovneba da sistematika

sur. 3.7. xavsis sasicocxlo cikli.

samefo umaRlesi mcenareebi Plantae (Metapita)

mcenareTa mier axali garemos _ xmeleTis aTvisebam umaRles mcenareTa formireba ganapiro-
ba. erTgvarovani wylis garemosgan gansxvavebiT maT xmeleTze gacilebiT rTul da cvalebadD gare-
mosTan mouxdaT Segueba.
evoluciis procesSi mcenareebs axali adaptaciebi Camouyalibda, sxeulis agebuleba da
gamravlebis sistema gaurTulda. wyalmcenareebisagan gansxvavebiT umaRlesi mcenareebis sxeuli
diferencirebulia. gaaCnia qsovilebi, maTgan agebulia organoebi. umaRles mcenareTa organoebs
ajgufeben: zrdis anu vegetatur organoebad (fesvi, Rero, foToli) da gamravlebis anu generaciul
organoebad (magaliTad, sporianebSi sporangiumi, sadac sporebi yalibdeba; farulTeslovnebSi ki
_ yvavili, nayofi da Tesli)
umaRles mcenareebs or did jgufad yofen: sporovani mcenarebi anu arqegoniatebi (mag.,
xavsnairebi, gvimranaiebi da sxv.) da Teslovnebi (SiSvelTeslovnebi, farulTeslovnebi).
mcenareebi cxovelebisgan Semdegi niSnebiT gansxvavdeba: 1. axasiaTebT avtotrofuli kve-
bis tipi, axdenen fotosinTezs; 2. ara aqvT sivrceSi moZraobiT gadaadgilebis unari; 3. axasiaTebT
sxeulis ganuwyveteli zrda; 4. axasiaTebT osmotrofuli kveba (sakvebis sxeulis zedapiriT Sewova);
5. aqvT celulozovani ujredis kedeli; 6. moepovebaT ujredis wveni, romelic didi zomis centra-
lur vakuolSia moTavsebuli; 7. gaaCniaT specifikuri organoidebi _ plastidebi.
xavsnairebi. am ganyofilebaSi gaerTianebulia martivi agebulebis, mcire zomis, sporovani
mcenareebi. saxeobaTa mravalferovnebiT mxolod yvavilovan mcenareebs CamorCebian. gvxdeba yve-
la kontinentze. saarsebod irCeven tenian adgilebs da SeuZliaT mwir da unayofo adgilebze da-
saxleba. didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba tundrasa da notio maRalmTianeTSi. xavsnairebi mxolod bala-
xovani mcenareebia. RerofoTlovan xavsebs miekuTvneba gugulis seli. igi izrdeba tyeebSi (bevria
naZvnarSi), mdeloebze, WaobebSi da sxv. gaaCnia nairqsovilovani organoebi: Rero da foToli. fesvi
ara aqvs. Reros boloze ikeTebs gamonazardebs _ rizoidebs, riTac niadags emagreba da niadagur
kvebas axorcielebs. Reroze mWidrod aris ganlagebuli patara, lancetis formis foTlebi. ujreds
gaaCnia qloroplastebi, amdenad xavsi avtotrofia.
gugulis seli, ise rogorc nebismieri sxva xavsi mravldeba rogorc usqesod, ise sqesobrivad.
RerofoTlovani mcenare sqesian Taobas (gametofiti) warmoadgens. (Taoba, romelic sporebs iZle-
31.
 Tavi 3

va, sporofitia. igi mcenaris

ganviTarebis ciklis diploi-
duri fazaa. Taoba, romelzec
sasqeso ujredebi warmoiqmne-
ba gametofitia da haploidur
fazas warmoadgens). xavsnai-
rebi _ heteromorful sasi-
cocxlo ciklSi gabatonebu-
li sporofituli mcenareebia.
xavsebis evolucia warimarTa
imgvarad, rom sasicocxlo
ciklSi damoukidebloba moi-
pova gametofitma, xolo spo-
rofiti gamartivebulia da
dakarguli aqvs damoukide-
blad arsebobis unari.
zogierT Reros wver-
ze mcenare ikeTebs mamro-
biT sasqeso organos _ an-
Teridiums, masSi mwifdeba
spermatozoidebi. sxva indi-
vidis Reros wverze viTarde-
ba mdedrobiTi sasqeso orga-
no _ arqegoniumi, romelSic
mwifdeba kvercxujredi. ga-
nayofierebisTvis aucilebe-
lia wyali. amdagvar garemos
wvima an uxvi nami qmnis. anTe-
ridiumSi momwifebuli sper-
matozoidebi SoltebiT ga-
dadgildeba arqegoniumisken
da erT-erTi masSi arsebul
kvercxujreds anayofierebs.
zigotidan formirdeba usqe-
so Taoba - sporogoniumi. igi
Sedgeba grZeli svetisgan,
sur. 3.8. gvimris sasicocxlo cikli. romelic kolofiT bolovde-
ba. kolofSi sawyisi ujrede-
bis meiozuri gayofis gziT yalibdeba sporebi. spora sqeli garsebiT dafaruli haploiduri erTi
ujredia. sporebi qaris meSveobiT vrceldeba garemoSi. xelsayrel pirobebSi moxvedrili sporidan
datotvili Zafnairi sxeuli _ protonema viTardeba. igi dasabams aZlevs RerofoTlovan mcenares
(sur. 3.7). xavsis sporofitia kolofi svetiT. Zafnairi protonemis arseboba miuTiTebs imaze, rom
xavsebi odesRac arsebuli, uZvelesi mwvane wyalmcenareebisgan warmoiSva.
WaobebSia gavrcelebuli TeTri anu torfis xavsi _ sfagnumi. igi mravalwliani mcenarea. ga-
aCnia datotvili Rero, romlzec moTeTro, wvrili lanceta foTlebia ganlagebuli. sfagnumis fo-
Toli Sedgeba mcire zomis mwvane (qloroplastebis Semcveli) da didi zomis mkvdari ujredebisgan.
es ukanaskneli wyliTaa amovsebuli. sfagnums rizoidebi ar gaaCnia. wyalsa da mineralur marilebs
sxeulis zedapiriT iwovs. sasqeso organoebi aris anTeridiumi da arqegoniumi. torfian Waobebze
sfagnumi qmnis mTlian safars da torfis mTavari warmomqmnelia. torfi warmoadgens saukeTeso
organul sasuqs. igi sawvavadac gamoiyeneba. torfidan Rebuloben cvils, parafins, karbolis mJa-
vas, meTanols, ZmarmJavasa da sxva nivTierebebs.
gvimranairebi uZvelesi sporovani mcenareebia. gavrcelebulia mTel dedamiwaze: tyeebSi,
velebze, Waobebsa da udabnoebSi, mravalferovani formebi gvxdeba tropikul tyeebSi. ZiriTadad
balaxovani mcenareebia, mxolod tropikul tyeebSi gvxdeba xemagvari gvimrebi. gvimrebs aqvs fesvi,
Rero, martivi an rTuli foToli. CvenSi farTod gavrcelebuli gvimraa Caduna. igi tenian foTlo-
van tyeebsa da daCrdilul adgilebSi izrdeba. misi Rero (fesura) miwaSia moTavsebuli. aqvs 1 m-de
sigrZis rTuli foTlebi. foTlis qveda zedapirze ikeTebs yavisfer meWeWebs – sorusebs. masSi mra-
vali sporangiumia, romelSic sporebi yalibdeba. sporidan viTardeba guliseburi formis 2-4 mm.
zomis mwvane firfita _ winazrdili (sqesiani Taoba _ gametofiti). masze viTardeba anTeridiumebi
da arqegoniumebi. anTeridiumSi warmoiqmneba mravali mcire zomis Soltebani gameta _ spermato-
zoidebi. arqegoniumSi yalibdeba erTi kvercxujredi. ganayofirebisaTvis saWiroa wyliani garemo.
arqegoniumSi moxvedrili spermatozoidi anayofierebs kvercxujreds. zigotidan RerofoTliani
32.
organizmTa mravalferovneba da sistematika

mcenare (sporofiti) viTardeba. gvimris

sasicocxlo ciklSi adgili aqvs TaobaTa
monacvleobas. xavsebisgan gansxvavebiT,
orive Taoba (sporofiti da gametofiti)
damoukidebeli organizmebia. gvimranai-
rebis heteromorful sascocxlo cikl-
Si gabatonebulia sporofituli Taoba
(sur. 3.8).
silamazis gamo zogierTi gvimra
gamoyenebulia, rogorc dekoratiuli
mcenare, erTeuli _ sakvebad an samkurna-
lod. saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi Setanili
gvimrebidan aRsaniSnavia torfian Wao-
bebSi gavrcelebuli samefo gvimra. Cadu-
nasagan gansxvavebiT, mas gaaCnia unayofo
da sporiani foTlebi. gvxdeba aWaraSi,
afxazeTsa da guriaSi. mezozouri eris
qvanaxSiris periodSi saxlobdnen nai-
rgvari gvimranairebi, maT Soris gigantu-
ri gvimrebi. xemagvari gvimrebi (zogier-
Ti simaRliT 30 m-s aRwevda) gauval tyis
masivebs qmnidnen. am periodis tyeebma
warmoqmnes qvanaxSiris sabadoebi. Tana-
medrove gvimrebi, qvanaxSiris periodSi
gabatonebuli uzarmazari da mravalfe-
rovani jgufis, mxolod umniSvnelo Se-
morCenili naSTia.
SiSvelTeslovnebi yvelaze Zve-
li Teslovani mcenareebia. farTodaa
gavrcelebuli dedamiwaze. CrdiloeT
naxevarsferoSi evraziisa da amerikis
CrdiloeTiT, vrcel teritoriaze tyis
masivebs qmnis. gabatonebulia maRalmTis sur. 3.9. fiWvis sasicocxlo cikli. 1. toti mdedrobiTi da
zeda nawilSi. SiSvelTeslovnebi xe an mamrobiTi girCebiT. 2. mamrobiTi girCis ganivi Wrili. 3. samt-
buCqovani mravalwliani, ZiriTadad ma- vre parki (mikrosporangiumi) 4. mtvris marcvali (mamrobiTi
radmwvane mcenareebia. gametofiti). 5. Teslis ganivi Wrili. 6. Teslkvirtis ganivi
SiSvelTeslovnebis mTavari Ta- Wrili (mdedrobiTi gametofiti). 7. momwifebuli Tesli qer-
visebureba Teslis arsebobaa, romelic qliT. 8. qerqli ori TeslkvirTiT. 9. mdedrobiTi girCis gani-
mcenaris gamravlebasa da gavrcelebas vi Wrili.
emsaxureba. erTujrediani sporisagan
gansxvavebiT, TeslSi arsebuli Canasaxi garemos araxelsayreli faqtorebisgan saimedod aris da-
culi da momaragebulia sakvebiT. igi didxans SeiZleba iyos mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi. xelsayreli
pirobebis dadgomisTanave Rivdeba da viTardeba mcenare. meore mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba is aris,
rom ganayofiereba aRaraa dakavSirebuli wyalTan. mtvris marcvlis haeriT gadatanam gamoricxa
wyali, rogorc gametebis Sexvedrisa da ganayofierebis aucilebeli garemo. SiSvelTeslovnebSi
mkveTrad ar aris gamoxatuli TaobaTa morigeoba, sqesiani Taoba (gametofiti) Zalze reducirebu-
lia da viTardeba sporofitze (usqeso Taoba).
SiSvelTeslovanTa Soris yvelaze warmomadgenlobiTi jgufia wiwvovnebi. maT miekuTvneba:
fiWvi, naZvi, soWi, uTxovari, kedari, kviparozi, Rvia, seqvoia, lariqsi da sxv. ganvixiloT fiWvis
gamravleba. gazafxulze fiWvis norC totebze viTardeba mowiTalo didi girCebi, romlebic mde-
drobiTia da patara zomis moyviTalo girCebi, romlebic mamrobiTia. mamrobiTi girCis centralur
RerZze mravali qerqlia mimagrebuli. TiToeul maTganze ori samtvre parkia, romelSic mtvris
marcvlebi yalibdeba. momwifebul mtvris marcvals aqvs ori sahaero parki. misi daxmarebiT mtvris
marcvali didxans Cerdeba haerSi da qars sakmaod Sors gadaaqvs. mdedrobiTi girCis centralur
RerZTan dakavSirebulia qerqlebi. calkeul qerqls ori Teslkvirti gaaCnia. isini SiSvladaa, swo-
red aqedan warmodgeba mcenareTa am jgufis saxeli _ SiSvelTeslovnebi. qariT gadatanili mtvris
marcvlebi Teslkvirtis webovan wverze xvdeba da xdeba damtverva. damtvervis Semdeg qerqlebi mWi-
drod ekvrian erTmaneTs. girCa izrdeba, xevdeba da mwvaned ifereba. damtvervasa da ganayofierebas
Soris intervali (12-14 Tve) sakmaod didia.
mamrobiTi gameta (Soltebi ar gaaCnia da amitom spermias uwodeben da ara spermatozoids)
anayofierebs TeslkvirtSi arsebulFkvercxujreds. zigotidan Canasaxi viTardeba, xolo Teslkvir-
tidan Tesli yalibdeba (sur. 3.9). igi Seicavs endosperms, romelSic sakvebi nivTierebebia dagro-
33.
 Tavi 3

sur. 3.10. yvavilovani mcenaris (bali) sasicocxlo cikli. yvavilis Semadgeneli nawilebi jami,
gvirgvini mtvrianebi da butko (4). 1. dingi. 2. sveti. 3. naskvi. 5. samtvre parki. 6. mtvrians Zafi. 7.
mtvris marcvali. 8. spermiebi. 9. TeslkvirtSi moTavsebuli Canasaxovani parki. SuaSi centraluri
ujredi. 10. kvercxujredi. 11. samtvre miliT mitanili spermiebidan erTi kvercxujreds anay-
ofierebs, meore ki centralur diploidur ujreds. 12. nayofi. 13 nayofis ganivi Wrili.
vebuli. momwifebuli Teslebi girCidan garemoSi ifanteba. Tesls gaaCnia frTisebri gamonazardi,
romelic xels uwyobs qariT gavrcelebaSi.
SiSvelTeslovanebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs mcenareuli safaris Seqmnasa da adamianis sameur-
neo saqmianobaSi. gansakuTrebiT mTian regionebSi aferxeben Tovlis dnobas, akaveben wvimis wylebs,
riTac icaven niadags niaRvriT Camorecxvisagan, aCereben Rvarcofisa da mewyeris ganviTarebas. isi-
ni haerSi gamoyofen fitoncidebs, romlebic spoben paTogenur mikroorganizmebs. wiwvovan tyeSi
haeri sufTaa da mdidaria JangbadiT. wiwvovnebis merqani Zvirfasi saamSeneblo masalaa. misgan Re-
buloben qaRaldsa da sxvadasxva qimiur (magaliTad, skipidars, vanils, xis spirts da misT.) nivTie-
rebebs. wiwvovan tyeebs anadgurebs xanZari, gansakuTrebiT ki adamiani usistemo da mopovebiTi xis
WriT.
saqarTveloSi SiSvelTeslovanTa zogierTi saxeoba gadaSenebis piras imyofeba da Setanilia
wiTel wignSi (magaliTad, Savi Rvia, eldarisa da biWvinTis fiWvi, urTxeli, aRmosavleTis brtyel-
tota).
farulTeslovnebi anu yvavilovani mcenareebi saxeobaTa mravalricxovnobiTa da mraval-
ferovnebiT mcenareTa sxva jgufebs aRemateba. isini yvela klimatur zonasa da ekologiur piro-
bebSi izrdeba, qmnis foTlovan tyeebs, xolo preriebSi, savanasa da stepebSi _ balaxovan safars.
udabnoSi cxovrebasTanaa Seguebuli kaqtusi, agava da nairgvari ekliani buCqi. zogierTi yvavilo-
vani mcenare mdinareebSi, tbebsa da zRvebSi izrdeba. saxnav-saTes savargulze, plantaciaSi, xexilis
baRsa Tu bostanSi adamiani nairgvar kulturul yvavilovan mcenares amravlebs, zrdis parkebsa da
oranJereebSi.
farulTeslovnebi sxva mcenareebTan SedarebiT rTuli agebulebisaa. mxolod maT gaaCniaT
unikaluri struqtura _ yvavili. igi sqesobrivi gamravlebis organoa. yvavilsafari (jami da
gvirgvini) icavs centralur nawilSi moTavsebul reproduqciul nawils _ mtvrianasa da butkos.
yvavilTanaa dakavSirebuli damtverva, ganayofiereba, Canasaxis ganviTareba, nayofisa da Teslis Ca-

34.
organizmTa mravalferovneba da sistematika

moyalibeba. (ix. $6.6; sur. 3.10)

yvavilebi gansxvavdebian agebulebiT, formiT, zomiT, SeferilobiT. damtverva SeiZleba
TviTdamtverviT an jvaredini damtverviT moxdes.
jvaredini damtverva xorcieldeba qariT (anemfilia), wyliT (hidrofilia) an cxovelebiT
(zoofilia). damtveravi cxovelebis mixedviT gamoyofen entomfilur, orniTofilur da teriofi-
lur mcenareebs.
farulTeslovnebi xe, buCqovani da balaxovani (erT an mravalwliani), mcenareebia. danarCen
umaRles mcenareebTan SedarebiT aqvT rTulad agebuli vegetatiuri (fesvi, Rero, foToli) or-
ganoebi. foToli asrulebs fotosinTezisa da traspiraciis (wylis aorTqleba) funqciebs. misi
meSveobiT xorcieldeba aircvla (sunTqva) garemosTan. tipiuri foToli Sedgeba yunwisa da fir-
fitisgan. sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareebis foTlebi erTmaneTisagan firfitis zomiTa da dakbil-
viT, formiT (momrgvalo, elifsuri, gulisebri, rombisebri, Tirlmlisebri da misT.) da daZarRviT
(badisebri, rkaluri, parareluri da misT.) gansxvavdeba. foToli SeiZleba iyos martivi an rTuli
(samyura, frTarTuli, TaTrTuli da misT.).
Rero sayrden, gamtar da zogjer nivTierebaTa damagrovebel funqcias asrulebs. igi fesvs
foTolTan akavSirebs. Rero SeiZleba iyos balaxovani (mag., xorbali, simindi, RiRilo da misT.)
da merqniani (mag., muxa, wabli, Wadari da misT.). Rero mravalgvaria: swormdgomi, mcocavi, mxoxavi,
mxviara. zogierTi mravalwliani balaxovani mcenare miwisqveSa saxecvlil Reros (bolqvi, fesura,
tuberi) inviTarebs.
fesvi wyalsa da masSi gaxsnil mineralur marilebs iwovs niadagidan da mcenares amagrebs nia-
dagze. ganarCeven mTavarRerZian da funja fesvTa sistemebs. zogierTi mcenare saxecvlil fesvs
(mag., Zirxvena, fesvtuberi, sabrjeni, sahaero da misT.) ikeTebs.
nayofi warmoiqmneba yvavilis naskvidan. mas nairgvari agebuleba da forma gaaCnia. nayofi Te-
slis dacvasa da gavrcelebas emsaxureba. nayofSi erTi an ramdenime Teslia moTavsebuli. agebule-
bis mixedviT arCeven erTlebnian da orlebnian Tesls. nayofebisa da masTan erTad Teslis gavrce-
leba sxvadasxva gziT (mag., wyliT, qariT, cxovelebiT da sxv.) SeiZleba moxdes.
farulTeslovnebi ekosistemis mniSvnelovani nawilia. isini sxva mwvane mcenareebTan erTad
axdens mzis energiis fiqsacias da garemos amdidrebs JangbadiT. kulturul mcenareebisgan Rebu-
loben sakveb produqtebs, teqnikur nedleuls, bevri maTgani gamoiyeneba saSen masalad, saTbobad.
farulTeslovnebisgan amzadeben sxvadasxva saxis qimiur nivTierebebs da samkurnalo preparatebs.
saqarTveloSi anTropogenuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT yvavilovan mcenareTa zogierTi saxe-
oba gadaSenebis piras imyofeba da Setanilia wiTel wignSi (mag., bza, qarTuli nekerCxali, kavkasi-
is akaki, kolxuri da qarTuli Txili, pontouri muxa, kaklis xe, qarTuli nuSi, kolxuri jonjoli,
verxvi, Zelqva, qarTuli zambaxi da sxv.)

samefo cxovelebi Animalia

cxovelTa samefoSi sakmaod mravalferovani, mravalricxovani da sxeulis rTuli organi-
zaciis mqone mravalujrediani organizmebia gaerTianebuli. mcenareTa samefosgan gansxvavebiT
axasiaTebT: 1. heterotrofuli kvebis tipi; 2. ar gaaCniaT ujredis kedeli; 3. samaragod igroveben
glikogens; 4. ara aqvT plastidebi; 5. nivTierebaTa cvlis saboloo produqtebia Sardovana da Sar-
dmJava.
sokoebisa da sxva heterotrofebisgan gansxvdebian sakvebis mopovebisa da miRebis wesiT. axa-
siaTebT ylapviTi kveba anu mitacebuli sakvebi xvdeba saWmlis momnelebel arxSi, masSi mimdina-
reobs monelebisa da Sewovis procesi, mounelebeli narCenebi ki gareT gamoidevneba. maT gaaCniaT
specializebuli ujredebi, erTnairi agebulebisa da funqciis ujredebi qmnis qsovilebs, es ukana-
skneli ki organoebsa da sistemebs.
evoluciis procesSi CamouyalibdaT sxvadasxva sakvebiT kvebis unari, am niSniT isini sam jgu-
fad iyofian: 1. balaxis mWamelebi _ herbivora; 2. mtaceblebi anu cxoveluri sakvebiT mkvebavebi _
karnivora; 3. nairmWamelebi _ omnivora.
nawlavRruianebi. amJamad es jgufi or damoukidebel tipad aris gayofili: 1. msusxavebi; 2. sa-
varcxlurebi. msusxavebis tipSi gaerTianebulia dabal safexurze mdgomi, wyalSi binadari cxove-
lebi. umravlesoba mimagrebul cxovrebas (polipebi) eweva, rigi Tavisuflad mcxovrebi (meduzebi)
formebia. maTi sxeuli parkiseburi agebulebisaa da kedeli ori Srisgan (eqtoderma, entoderma)
Sedgeba. eqtodermas mravali msusxavi ujredi aqvs, romlebic msxverplis daWerasa da TavdacvaSi
exmareba. axasiaTebT sxiuri simetria. tipiuri warmomadgenelia mtknari wylis hidra. mas gaaCnia ci-
lindruli sxeuli, romlis ukana bolo emagreba substrats. wina bolo Tavisufladaa da bolovdeba
piriT, romlis irgvliv sacecebia ganlagebuli. saWmlis moneleba xdeba sxeulis siRrueSi. sakvebis
miReba da narCenebis gamoyofa piris xvreliT xorcieldeba. aqvT varskvlaviseburi formis nervuli
ujredebi, romlebic morCebiT erTimeores ukavSirdeba da qmnis nervul bades. mravldeba usqesod
(dakvirtviT) (sur. 6.1). da sqesobrivad. hermafroditi cxovelia. erTsa da imave cxovelSi mwifdeba

35.
 Tavi 4

pre- da postsinafsuri ubnebis erTmaneTis mopirdapired ganlagebuli membranebi gamijnulia

20-40 nm-is sisqis ujredTaSorisi sivrciT – sinafsuri napraliT.
postsinafsuri ubans SeiZleba warmoadgendes dendriti an misi xorklebi, neironis soma da
aqsonis borcvakic.
imis mixedviT, Tu nervuli ujredis romeli ubnebi monawileoben sinafsis pre- da post-
sinafsuri komponentebis warmoqmnaSi ganasxvaveben: aqso-somatur, aqso-dendritul, aqso-xork-
lovani aqso-aqsonur, da sxva tipis sinafsebs.
moxseniebuli tipis sinafsebSi presinafsuri ubani warmoqmnilia aqsonis gafarToebuli da-
boloebiT. aqso-somaturi sinafsebis postsinafsur komponents warmoadgens neironis sxeulis
plazmuri membranis garkveuli monakveTi, aqso-dendritul sinafsebSi _ msxvili da wvrili den-
dritebi, aqso-xorklovan sinafsebSi _ dendritis xorkli,
mamoZravebeli nervuli boWkoebis daboloebebi ConCxis ganivzolian kunTebSi qmnis nerv-
kunTovan sinafsebs. maTi saSualebiT nervuli impulsi cns-dan kunTebs gadaecema da maT SekumSvas
iwvevs.

4.6.2. umaRlesi mcenareebis qsovilebi

umaRlesi mcenareebi, anu xmeleTis mcenareebi qlorofilis Semcveli avtotrofuli or-
ganizmebia. maT miekuTvneba xavsebi, gvimranairebi, Svitanairebi, likopodiumnairebi, SiSvelTe-
slovani, farulTeslovani, anu yvavilovani da sxv. mcenareebi.
umaRlesi mcenareebis umetesobis qsovilebia: warmomSobi (meristemuli), mfaravi, gamtari,
meqanikuri, ZiriTadi da sekretoruli (gamomyofi). aRniSnuli qsovilebidan gayofis unari mxo-
lod warmomSobi qsovilis ujredebs aqvs.
warmomSobi qsovili
warmomSobi qsovili, anu meristema (berZn.
meristos – gayofadi) Sedgeba intensiuri gayofis
unaris mqone da mcenaris sicocxlis manZilze fi-
ziologiurad aqtiuri ujredebisagan, rac mce-
naris masis ganuwyvetel matebas ganapirobebs.
meristemidan viTardeba umaRlesi mcenareebis
danarCeni qsovilebi. adgilmdebareobis mixedviT
ganarCeven kenwrul, gverdiT, meoreul da Car-
Tul (interkalarul) meristemas.
kenwruli meristema ylortisa da fesvis
sigrZeSi, xolo gverdiTi meristema (kambiumi
da pericikli) – Rerosa da fesvis sisqeSi zrdas
ganapirobebs. meoreuli meristemidan viTarde-
ba mfaravi qsovili – korpi. CarTuli (interka-
laruli) meristema lokalizebulia mcenaris
sur. 4.72. Reros ganivi Wrili calkeul, aqtiurad zrdad ubnebSi.
1 – faSari gulguli, 2, 3 – qsilema, 4 – floema, 5 – mfaravi qsovili
sklerenqima, 6 – periderma, 7 _ epiderma mfaravi qsoviliTaa dafaruli mcenaris
zedapiri. is, ZiriTadad, erTmaneTTan mWidrod
mijrili ujredebisagan Sedgeba. mfaravi qsovili
mcenares gamoSrobisagan, meqanikuri dazianebisagan da sxva araxelsayreli zemoqmedebisagan icavs.
garda amisa, misi meSveobiT xdeba mcenareSi airTa cvlisa da transpiraciis (wylis aorTqlebis)
regulacia, wylisa da mineraluri marilebis Sewova. mfaravi qsovilis saxeebia epiderma, epiblema
da periderma (sur. 4.72).
epidermiTaa dafaruli mcenaris foTlebi da mwvane ylortebi, agreTve nayofebi da yvavilis
calkeuli nawilebi. epiderma Sedgeba erTmaneTTan mWidrod mijrili ujredebis erTi Srisagan. epi-
dermis ujredebs Soris wyvil-wyvilad moTavsebulia lobios Teslis formis mwvane ujredebi, e. w.
bageebi. am ujdebiT bagis xvrelia SemosazRvruli. swored bageebi uzrunvelyofs airTa cvlasa da
transpiracias.
epiblema fesvebis mfaravi qsovilia. misi meSveobiT xdeba niadagidan wylisa da mineraluri
marilebis ASewova. epiblemis ujredebs aqvs gamonazardebi – bususebi, romelic adidebs fesvis nia-
dagTan Sexebis zedapirs.
periderma mravalwliani mcenareebis Rerosa da fesvebis mfaravi meoreuli qsovilia. peri-
dermis gareTa Sris ujredebi droTa ganmacvlobaSi kvdeba da damcav qerqs warmoqmnis. qerqi kargad
icavs mcenareTa Reroebs meqanikuri dazianebis, temperaturis mkveTri cvlilebis, mzis sxivebiT
gadaxurebisa da paTogenuri mikroorganizmebisagan.
90.
ujredi _ elementaruli cocxali sistema

meqanikuri qsovili
meqanikuri qsovilebi mcenaris
sayrdens qmnis, uzrunvelyofs misi orga-
noebis simtkices da winaaRmdegobas uwevs
mcenareze momqmed statikur da dinamiur
datvirTvebs. es qsovilebi ZiriTadad Sed-
geba mkvdari ujredebis sqeli da mkvrivi
kedlebisagan.
gamtari qsovilebi
gamtari qsovilebiT mcenareebSi
sakvebi nivTierebebi gadaadgildeba. ganar-
Ceven qsilemas (WurWlebsa da traqeidebs)
da floemas (sacrisebr milebs) (sur. 4.73,
4.74). WurWlebi da traqeidebi agebulia
grZeli, mkvdari, sqelkedliani ujredebi-
sagan, romlebic erTmaneTze sigrZivad aris
ganlagebuli. maTi ganivi tixrebi CaSlilia
da warmoqmnilia erTiani mili. WurWlebiT
mcenaris fesvebidan foTlebisaken wyali
da mineraluri marilebi gadaadgildeba.
sacrisebri milebi vertikalurad ganla-
sur. 4.73. erTlebniani mcenaris Reros sqema.
gebuli cocxali wagrZelebuli ujredebis
wyebaa, maTi ganivi tixrebi dasvretilia. sa-
crisebri milebiT fotosinTezis produqtebi foTlebidan mcenaris zrdis konusisaken, miwisqveSa
organoebisaken, nayofebisa da Teslebisaken gadaadgildeba. gamtari qsovilis sqelkedliani ujre-
debi sayrden funqciasac asrulebs.
ZiriTadi qsovilebi
mcenaris sxeulis umetes nawils ZiriTadi qsovili warmoadgens. funqciebis mixedviT ga-
moyofen saasimilacio, samarago, wylisa da haeris Semcvel qsovilebs. saasimilacio qsovilis
ujredebi qloroplastebs Seicavs da fotosinTezs axorcielebs. samarago qsovilSi sxvadasxva
nivTiereba grovdeba. haeris Semcveli qsovilis (aerenqimis) meSveobiT wylis mcenareebi wyalsate-
vis zedapirze tivtivebs. aerenqima Sedgeba erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ujredebisagan. isini isea
ganlagebuli, rom maT Soris haeriT Sevsebuli didi moculobis sivrceebia. mSrali adgilis mcena-
reebis wylis Semcvel qsovilSi wyalia damaragebuli.
gamomyofi qsovilebi
sekretorul (gamomyof) qsovilebs miekuTvneba is warmonaqmnebi, romlebsac mcenareebidan
metabolizmis produqtebisa da wylis gamoyofis an izolaciis unari aqvs. sekretoruli qsovilebis
komponentebs mcenaris yvela organo Seicavs. nivTierebaTa gamoyofis adgilis mixedviT ganarCeven
Sinagani da garegani sekreciis qsovilebs.
yvavilovan mcenareTa vegetatiuri (fesvi, Rero, foToli) da generaciuli (yvavili, nayofi,
Tesli) organoebi rTuli agebulebisaa da sxvadasxva saxis qsovilebs Seicavs. magaliTad:

a b
sur. 4.74. gamtari qsovilebis ujredebis sqema.
a – floema (sacrisebri milebi), b – qsilemis (WurWlebis) ujredebi

91.
 Tavi 4

sur. 4.74. foTlis agebulebis sqema.

a) foTlis firfita dafarulia epidermiT, romelic bageebs Seicavs. zeda da qveda epidermas
Soris ganlagebulia mafotosinTezebeli qsovili – mesrisebri da Rrublisebri parenqima. foT-
lis ZarRvebi Sedgeba gamtari qsovilebisagan – WurWlebisagan, romelTa meSveobiT foToli wyli-
Ta da mineraluri marilebiT maragdeba, da sacrisebri milebisagan, romelTa meSveobiT organuli
nivTierebebis wyalxsnarebi mcenaris sxva organoebisaken gadaadgildeba. meqanikuri qsovili gana-
pirobebs foTlis simtkicesa da drekadobas (sur. 4.75).
b) fesvis wveroSi warmomSobi qsovilia, romelic fesvis sigrZeSi zrdas ganapirobebs. wyli-
sa da mineraluri marilebis Sewova xdeba epiblemis ujredebis bususebis meSveobiT. fesvis centr-
Si lokalizebulia gamtari qsovili; kerZod, WurWlebi, romlebSic fesvis mier Sewovili wyali da
mineraluri marilebi Rerosa da foTlebisaken gadaadgildeba. WurWlebis garSemo sacrisebri mi-
lebia, romlebSic foTlebidan fesvebisaken organuli nivTierebebi miedineba. zogierTi mcenaris
fesvSi Zlier aris ganviTarebuli samarago qsovili. aseTi fesvebi, e. w. Zirxvenebi aqvs stafilos,
Warxals, oxraxuSs.
g) merqniani mcenaris Rero sami Srisagan – qerqis, merqnisa da gulgulisagan Sedgeba. qerqi
gare Srea da dafarulia damcvelobiTi mfaravi qsoviliT – korpiT; Semdegi Srea safevi, romelic
gamtari (sacrisebri milebis), meqanikuri da ZiriTadi qsovilebisagan Sedgeba. qerqis qveS ganlage-
bulia warmomSobi qsovili – kambiumi. misi ujredebis gayofis Sedegad Rero sisqeSi izrdeba. merqa-
nic gamtari (WurWlebisa da traqeidebisagan), meqanikuri da ZiriTadi qsovilebisagan Sedgeba. Re-
ros centrSi lokalizebulia dammaragebeli ujredebisagan Semdgari faSari gulguli.

92.